Soap production is harmful to the environment. Detergents and their effect on dirt. Equipment: SMS - washing powder myth, car shampoo, dishwashing liquid, Petri dish, microscope, glass slides

24.07.2020

On the environment "

One of the most pressing problems today is the protection of the environment from various pollution - industrial waste and human waste products. The main sources of pollution are directly related to household service enterprises, which dump synthetic detergent compounds contained in detergents into water bodies. ... Not only industrial enterprises harm rivers by throwing toxic substances into them. People also pollute water bodies with synthetic detergents, for example, when they wash their car with car shampoo in the river, wash or wash dishes. Pouring even a small amount of powder or dishwashing detergent into the water, we destroy many microorganisms, algae, and invertebrates. SAS can accumulate in the body and cause irreversible pathological changes ..

Relevance of the problem:The choice of my research topic was due to the fact that the use of SMS and their release into natural water bodies is growing every year. I wanted to see how synthetic detergents affect aquatic plant organisms and plant test.
Based on this, the purpose of this work is: To study the effect of synthetic detergents on plants and living organisms. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set:

1. Study the literature on this topic.

2. To study the research methodology.

3. Experimentally investigate the effect of synthetic detergents on plants and living organisms.

4. Make a conclusion.

Equipment: SMS - washing powder myth, car shampoo, dishwashing liquid, Petri dish, microscope, glass slides.

Research objects: Elodea canadensis, watercress, unicellular organisms.

Experience 1. Effect of SMS on aquatic plants. I conducted my research in the fall of 2014 according to the methods. The selection of aquatic plants was carried out in the Ashkadar River. Single-celled organisms were diluted in hay solution. 1. We took a synthetic detergent and prepared an aqueous solution from it in a ratio of 100 g. water 30 gr. Powder or liquid. 2. Place the sprigs of Elodea in a glass with river water and SMS solution. Every three days we added a drop of the prepared solution. 3. After 10 days, we took out the sprigs of Elodea and compared them: the differences could be seen with the naked eye, the color of the plants changed and took on a grayish-green color. The experiment was carried out in three replicates. 4. Next, we prepared a micropreparation: a leaf of elodea from a vessel with clean water and an SMS solution.

5. In turn, we examined the slides under a microscope and compared the state of plant cells.

Results.


Control		Without changes	Without changes	Without changes
Washing powder (hand wash)	The leaves are green, the water is not cloudy	The water becomes greenish, the leaves lose their brightness	The water is cloudy, the leaves turn brown, a film forms on the surface of the water	The leaves are completely discolored.
Dishwashing liquid	The leaves are green, the water is not cloudy	Leaves lose brightness	The water becomes cloudy, the leaves are brown	Cloudy water, leaves are dull
Car shampoo	Green leaves water is not cloudy	Without changes	The water turns gray	Leaves fade a little

Having done the experiment, I found out that washing powder has the most detrimental effect on aquatic plants. Even a small amount of this SMS kills chloroplasts in plants. Having examined the leaves under a microscope, we did not find chloroplasts in them. Dishwashing detergent destroys leaf cells and plant stems. Car shampoo leaves discolor and chlorophylls die. Consequently, SMS have a negative effect on plants at the cellular level, destroying plant cell walls and causing changes in the cytoplasm.

Experiment No. 2. The influence of SMS on the test of the plant.The studies were carried out according to the methods proposed in the "Workshop on Ecology and Environmental Protection", 2003, as well as in the textbook for universities "Environmental Monitoring" edited by 2005. Watercress seeds are very sensitive indicators of toxic substances. Within 10 days, according to the method, she watered with CMC solutions and entered all observations into the table. The control was watered with distilled water. I conducted the experiment for ten days, and put the results in the table.

From the data in Table 1, it can be seen that: the most favorable for the growth and development of seedlings of test plants is the substrate with. Dishwashing detergent "Fairy" and Auto shampoo as in these samples 50% of watercress seeds germinated and washing powder "Myth" turned out to be an unfavorable substrate, as in these samples less than 50% of cress of watercress germinated. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that SMS affects the germination of watercress seeds.

Experience number 3.Study of the impact of SMS on the inhabitants of reservoirs. This work was carried out on the simplest - single-celled creatures are convenient for observation under a microscope and are important for the ecosystem, since they are the initial link in the food chain. On a slide, 2 drops of liquid with protozoa and a drop of pure water were applied, to which the minimum amount of CMC taken at the tip of the dissecting needle was added. Then a drop of the CMC solution was connected with a thin bridge (using a dissecting needle) to one of the drops with protozoa. After that, we observed the behavior of the protozoa in this and another (control) drop, noting the nature of the changes taking place and the time.
The research results are presented in tab.

Observations have shown that under the influence of even a small amount of SMS, the vital activity of microorganisms changes significantly. The nature of the movement of the simplest becomes different: from translational it turns into rotational (in one place). After a while, the protozoa die.

Output:During the study, the effect of solutions of synthetic detergents on plants and living organisms was studied. The objects of the study were an aquatic plant, watercress and unicellular organisms. As a result of the study, the following results were obtained.

Synthetic detergents are designed to remove dirt from various materials and surfaces. They greatly facilitate the work of housewives and save time.

SMS have a negative effect on aquatic plants at the cellular level, damaging cell walls and causing cell death.

Even small amounts of CMC affect the growth and development of plants and cause the death of embryos.

As a result of the experiment, it was found that hand-wash detergent has a more destructive effect. Dishwashing liquid and car shampoo are less harmful.

The results of the study show that synthetic detergents have a detrimental effect on plants, they destroy cells, inhibit the processes of plant development, and can cause the death of embryos in seeds. Therefore, it is necessary to control the flow of SMS into water bodies with wastewater and prevent the ingress of detergent solutions into the soil and directly into water bodies.

Literature.

1., Gushchin on ecology: Textbook / ed. ... - M.: AO MDS, 1996.- 192s.

2. Ashikhmina environmental monitoring. Textbook. methodical. allowance / Ed. ... - M .: Agar, 2000

3., "Environmental workshop": tutorial with a set of instruction cards. - St. Petersburg. Christmas + 2003.

Internet sites: 1.1 http: // www. volganet. ru /, 2.2 http: // www. edc. samara. ru

Yadryshnikova Alena

The purpose of the abstract is to identify the degree of influence of synthetic detergents on the environment, in particular on plants. Sociological research made it possible to determine the rate of SMS consumption per person, the place where dirty water is poured after washing, washing dishes, cleaning premises. The negative influence of SMS on the physiological development of tomato seedlings has been experimentally proved.

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MOU "Krasnoznamenskaya secondary school"

abstract

in chemistry and ecology

Topic: " The impact of synthetic detergents on the environment»

Completed: 11th grade student

Yadryshnikova Alena

Head: Olga A. Richter,

Teacher

Krasnoznamenskoe

2011

annotation

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
………………….…………………………………………….5
…………………………………………….…..….5
Chemical composition of synthetic detergents and their impact on the environment……………………………………………………………………………………….………………….…………………..8
………………………9
Research part……………………………………………………………………………………..………....6
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………13
Literature ………………………………………………………………………………………………...…………….….14
Application. …………………………………………………………...……………………………….………..……..…..15

Introduction

Since ancient times, people have been using detergents to maintain cleanliness. All of them had a natural basis: they used alkaline salts (potash from plant ash, natural soda), hydrophilic clays (for example, bentonite), sap or water extract from some plants. But, with the emergence in the nineteenth century. soap industry, natural detergents quickly lost their economic value.

Any detergent is a complex chemical solution. The basis of a synthetic detergent is surfactants - various sulfonic acid salts or polyethylene glycol ethers, as well as various auxiliary substances that improve detergency, stain removal enzymes and fragrances.

Living in the countryside, I repeatedly observed how housewives poured dirty water onto the ground after washing clothes and washing dishes. Therefore, the purpose of my research work was to identify the degree of influence of synthetic detergents on the environment, in particular on plants.

In the course of the work, the following tasks were solved:

with the help of a sociological study, to study the range of synthetic detergents used by the population, to determine the average indicator of their consumption per 1 person and the place where dirty water is poured after washing clothes, washing dishes, cleaning premises;
to prove experimentally the negative effect of synthetic detergents on the physiological processes of living organisms (by the example of plants).

During the work on the topic, I used the following methods:

Search;

Questioning;

Research.

The history of detergents

The simplest detergent was obtained in the Middle East more than 5,000 years ago. Most likely, it was opened by pure chance, when meat was fried over a fire, and fat was poured onto ash, which has alkaline properties. Taking a handful of this simplest soap in hand, the ancient man discovered that it dissolves easily in water and washes off along with the dirt. At first, it was mainly used for washing and treating ulcers and wounds. And only from the 1st century A.D. e. the man began to wash himself with soap. Soap production has a long history, but the first synthetic detergent appeared only in 1916. The invention of the German chemist Fritz Ponter was intended for industrial use; household synthetic detergents, more or less harmless to hands, began to be produced in 1935. Since then, a range of synthetic detergents (CMCs) have been developed for specific applications, and their manufacture has become an important branch of the chemical industry.

Classification of synthetic detergents

Synthetic detergents are formulations based on synthetic detergents. Usually they contain 10-40% synthetic detergents and additives that increase the detergent power, ensuring their release, taking into account the properties of the washed materials. Detergents can be categorized by purpose, consistency, type of detergent and content.

By consistency Distinguish between solid (lumpy, granular, powder), ointment (paste) and liquid detergents. The most widely used are powder products. Convenient detergents in the form of granules and pastes. Liquid products dissolve easily and are well dosed. They are effective for washing textiles and washing dishes, cars, glass, etc. The production of liquid products will increase. Their production is simpler and cheaper (the drying process is eliminated), they do not generate dust, like powders, they are easier to dose.

Depending on the type Detergent Detergents are divided into soaps and synthetic detergents. The detergent content in the product ranges from 5 to 85%. Most household detergents contain 10–75% detergent. In the production of soaps, solid animal fats (beef, lamb, pork, etc.), liquid vegetable fats (sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, etc.), salomas (lard from oil) are used - solid fat obtained by hydrogenation (saturation with hydrogen at the site of double bonds ) vegetable liquid oils, soap stock (a by-product of vegetable oils refining).

Solid lumpy laundry soap is 60, 66, 70 and 72%, liquid - 40% (1st grade) and 60% (premium);

Powder soaps are crushed and dried soaps (68-82%) or compositions containing 10-25% fatty acids in a mixture with alkaline salts (soda ash, trisodium phosphate, sodium silicate).

By appointment detergents are divided into household, toilet, special (medical, technical, etc.). Household, in turn, are divided into:

Detergents for washing clothes made of cotton and linen fibers contain 20-40% detergent (usually sulfonol) - up to 55% alkaline salts (tripolyphosphate, soda ash, sodium silicate), 10-15% sodium sulfate, a small amount of aromatic substances (fragrances) , bleaching agents and carboxymethyl cellulose. These agents form strongly alkaline cleaning solutions (pH 10-11);

Detergents for washing products made of woolen and silk fibers contain 35% of alkyl sulfate, up to 55% of neutral salts (sodium sulfate), a small amount of alkaline electrolytes, bleaches, and fragrance. In the cleaning solution, these agents create an environment close to neutral (pH 7.3-8.5);

Detergents for laundry made of synthetic fibers also create a near neutral environment. In composition, they resemble products intended for washing woolen and silk fabrics, but they contain an increased amount of carboxymethyl cellulose and electrolytes;

Detergents for washing wool, silk and synthetic fibers usually do not contain active alkalis such as sodium carbonates and silicates;

Universal detergents are recommended for washing products made from plant, animal and chemical fibers. These products do not contain highly alkaline salts (soda ash), as a result of which the washing solution has a moderately alkaline reaction (pH 8-9.5). Multipurpose products are available without bleach (conventional type) and with peroxide bleach;

Detergents for washing dishes, sinks, bathtubs and other household items are formulations that must wet surfaces well, have high emulsifying, dissolving and foaming properties. These products usually interact with dirt on the surface to be cleaned. The composition of the products includes detergents (synthetic and soaps), organic solvents, alkaline and other chemical compounds;

Means for washing glass (window, mirrors, crystal) additionally contain a gloss reducer (dyes such as methylene blue, etc.);

Means for washing (cleaning) carpets, furniture upholstery, artificial fur, leather contain components that contribute to the formation of abundant foam, which envelops and softens dirt, when the foam is removed, dirt is also removed, and the product does not have time to get wet. Dishwashing, bath and sink detergents may also contain antiseptics that have antibacterial properties.

4. The chemical composition of synthetic detergents and their impact on the environment

Detergents form the basis of all SMS and determine their properties; it is micelle-formingsurfactantsthanks to which the solutions have detergency. Detergents are divided into two classes: ionic substances that dissociate into ions in water, and non-ionic substances that are not subject toelectrolytic dissociation... Ionic detergents are said to be anionic if the surfactant ions are negatively charged, and cationic if the surfactant positively charged ions are negatively charged in an alkaline medium and positive in an acidic medium. Anionic detergents are most widely used. All fatty soaps and most synthetic detergents are obtained on their basis. For the production of commercial fatty soaps are mainly sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids, made fromvegetable oils and animal fats... Organic components of detergents play an important role: carboxymethylcellulose, which prevents resorption - re-deposition of contaminants from the detergent solution onto the washed surface; optical brighteners (dyes) used to eliminate the yellow tint of unpainted fabrics; the so-called hydrotropes, which increase the solubility and accelerate the dissolution of detergents in water. Some detergents contain enzymes that remove insoluble protein contaminants, organic bactericides (hexachlorophene, trichlorocarbanilide, etc.), foam stabilizers (for example, alkylolamides) or defoamers; many detergents add fragrances (fragrances). Most (80-90%) of the synthetic detergents on sale are powders; also produced tablets, "vermicelli", flakes, flakes, pastes and liquids.

When synthetic detergents enter the environment (water bodies), they change its acid-base balance. Aquatic organisms are adapted to a specific pH value. When the pH drops to 4.5 - 5.0, a significant number of aquatic organisms that form the basis of the food chain can disappear. This, in turn, affects birds, fish, reptiles and mammals, for which the dead species serve as a source of food. Above pH 9.0, water also becomes unsuitable for most aquatic organisms. Caviar and fish fry are especially sensitive to changes in acidity. A decrease in the pH value can also contribute to the transfer of metal ions contained in bottom sediments into the water, which, under normal conditions, settle to the bottom with suspended particles and are buried in the bottom sediments.

Recently, phosphates have been increasingly found in natural water samples. The culprit is a man. We use laundry detergents that contain phosphates added to reduce the hardness of the water during washing. And in our country there is still no technology that allows to purify wastewater from phosphates to the required degree. Untreated sewage, after treatment facilities, is discharged into rivers.

Environmental pollution with synthetic detergents

One of the most pressing problems today is the protection of the environment from various contaminants - industrial waste and human waste products. The main sources of contamination are directly related to household service enterprises, for example, laundries that use detergents, the most important of which are synthetic detergents. Waste drains from laundries, discharged into the sewer, contain all the chemical compounds that make up synthetic detergents, as well as impurities (dirt particles passing from the cleaning surface of the clothes during the washing process - soot, various mineral-oil and fatty contaminants, fibers of the washed products). Depending on the type and amount of alkaline salts that make up the CMC, the pH of wastewater is 7-10 units. Thus, laundry effluents are complex in composition, have an alkaline environment and are largely contaminated with organic substances, surfactants and dirt particles.

The disadvantage of most CMC is their difficult bioavailability (digestibility) in wastewater by microorganisms, since in fact they are poisons for them. Therefore, wastewater containing synthetic detergents heavily pollutes water bodies (rivers, lakes). The penetration of surfactants into water bodies adversely affects the organoleptic (color, smell, taste) and bacteriological indicators of water. This occurs not only due to the properties of the indicated substances, but mainly as a result of stabilization of other compounds in water, which is possible due to the ability of surfactants to solubilize and emulsify. Thus, it is unacceptable to discharge wastewater from laundries into water bodies without preliminary treatment.

6. Research part.

In the spring-summer period of 2011, I carried out research work in three areas on the territory of the village of Krasnoznamenskoye.

First direction - sociological research.When doing the work, I conducted research with a group of people of different ages in order to find out what kind of detergents they use, how often they use them and where they pour water after washing clothes / washing dishes. 60 people took part in the survey. Below are the questions of the questionnaire and the answers of the subjects. Table 1

As a result of research, I found that 23% of respondents pour water after washing their clothes / washing dishes on the grass in the yard. At the same time, 67% of the subjects wash their clothes once a week, and 43% wash the dishes twice a day. The most frequently used dishwashing detergents are: "Drop", "Fairy", "AOS", "Sorti", "Biolan", and for washing clothes: "Tide", "Ariel", "Pemos", "Myth", "Sarma", "Biolan".

The composition of the most commonly used washing powderstable 2

The composition of the most commonly used dishwashing detergentsTable 3

Second direction - home experiment. Individuals participating in the study took part in a home experiment that allowed us to determine the average SMS consumption for each family during the week. After analyzing the results obtained, it turned out that, on average, about 50 g of washing powder, 10 g of dishwashing detergent and 35 g of soap are consumed per week in Krasnoznamenskoye village. And that's not counting shampoo and shower gels, which are now very popular.

Third direction - experiment on the windowsill. I was prompted by the idea that if an ordinary powder, remaining on clothes, even in microscopic doses, negatively affects the human microflora, causes allergies and other negative reactions, then, in my opinion, it should also negatively affect any other living beings for example plants. I sowed tomato seeds in three pots. I watered the tomatoes in the first pot with clean drinking water, in the second - with water with the addition of washing powder, in the third - with water with the addition of dishwashing detergent. At the same time, all conditions were the same: soil, number of sown seeds, depth of seeding, frequency and volume of watering. Unfortunately, all my assumptions were fully justified. Table 4 shows the results of the experiment.

Table 4

30 pcs.

The analysis of the results obtained showed that the most dangerous of the studied samples is washing powder, even a 5% solution allowed us to determine the negative effect on tomato seedlings. By the end of the experiment, the tomato seedlings began to die: the leaves withered, the plants wilted and almost all died.

The Kaplya dishwashing detergent completely suppresses the growth processes in tomato seedlings: the plants grow slowly, the leaves are withered and have a darker color.

Soap solution of 5% concentration has little effect on the growth of plant embryos, but when I increased the percentage of soap in the solution, it more strongly affected the seedlings, the soap solution, thickening, envelops the seeds and restricts air access to them. As a result, seedlings, watered with soapy water, began to grow much worse.

I did not continue to experiment with the grown seedlings further, as I realized that if I transferred further research to the garden bed, I risked very much harm the land in our garden and future neighboring crops.

Summing up the general results of my research, I can say with certainty that I received a result proving the negative role of SMS on plants,calculated the average volume of SMS usage per person, which makes it possible for environmental forecasting.I also want to note that by conducting a survey, I found that 23% of respondents pour used water after washing clothes / washing dishes on the grass in the yard. This means that by pouring out this water, they expose the environment to dangerous chemical pollution.

7. Conclusion

Nowadays all over the world environmental problems are very acute, and in particular the problem of environmental protection from the harmful effects of household chemicals. Since everyone monitors their hygiene, uses detergents, washing their things, washing dishes, this topic concerns everyone. In my work, I researched the effect of synthetic detergents on the environment and proved that SMS negatively affects plants, ultimately killing them. Therefore, housewives need to remember that pouring water after washing clothes and washing dishes should be in a specially designated place for this, not allowing this water to get into reservoirs, wells, plants, etc. After all, we care about our health, we do not want to poison ourselves with nitrates and GMOs, so why do we forget about the nature that surrounds us, which pleases us with its beauty since childhood. This beauty needs to be preserved and increased.

Many years ago MV Lomonosov said: "Chemistry stretches out its hands widely in human affairs." And how right he was! Store shelves are full of household chemicals. In order to solve the environmental problems generated by scientific progress, when developing new formulations of synthetic detergents, attention must be paid to the selection of biologically "soft" substances, i.e. easily decomposed by bacteria in natural conditions and not causing great harm to plants. And utility companies in cities and large settlements need to use new modern wastewater treatment systems using electrochemical and sorption methods.

8. Literature

1. Ashikhmina T.Ya. School environmental monitoring. Teaching aid / T.Ya. Ashikhmina. - M.: AGAR. -2000.-386.

2.. Gabrielyan O.S. Chemistry. Grade 10. Textbook for educational institutions (basic level) / O.S. Gabrielyan. - M: Bustard, 2010 .-- 230 p.

3. Nevolin F. V., Chemistry and technology of synthetic detergents, 2nd ed., M., 1971.-p. 71

4. Tsvetkova M.V. 1000 useful tips for the garden and garden / M.V. Tsvetkova. - Kharkiv: Book Club "Family Leisure Club", 2010. - 224 p.

5. Chenykaeva E.A., Spiridonova A.I. Tips for gardeners: A reference guide. - 4th ed., - M .; Kolos, 1998 - p. 287.

9. Appendix

Seedlings of tomatoes 1 month after planting

Watered with clean water

Sprinkled with detergent solution

Sprinkle with dishwashing liquid

Impact of synthetic detergents on the pond ecosystem

Environmental project

According to the figurative expression of Leonardo da Vinci, water is the "blood of the Earth". It is the most important component of human life support, an indispensable condition for the existence of all living things.

Aquatic ecosystems are sensitive to changes in natural processes under the influence of natural cycles and anthropogenic activities. The aim of this work was to study the features of the effect on the pond ecosystem of synthetic detergents (CMC) containing surfactants (surfactants). The pond of the village of Selkovo, associated with the protected natural area of \u200b\u200bthe Sergiev Posad district of the Moscow region, a complex of damp forests and small swamps, was chosen as the object of research.

The quality of water in a reservoir is a factor that determines the sustainability of an ecosystem. In recent years, the recreational load on landscapes outside the green zone of Moscow has increased significantly. An example of this is, in particular, the Selkovsky pond, conveniently located not far from the road of the first group of federal significance. It is often possible to see how vacationers have a significant negative impact on the ecosystem of the reservoir, simply out of ignorance, without noticing it. For example, among the local population there is a dangerous tendency to clean and wash carpets directly on the banks of the pond. The problem can be partially resolved by improving the environmental literacy of the population, drawing attention to this issue and explaining the consequences of such impacts on the available popular science material. Therefore, one of the goals of the work was to draw up, on the basis of the data obtained, specific and understandable recommendations for an environmentally competent attitude towards the natural wealth of the reservoir.

The purpose of the work was also to draw up recommendations for conducting classes with younger students, containing descriptions of visual and accessible experiences on the topic.

I. Literature review

1. Water as a habitat

The aquatic environment is characterized by a great peculiarity of physical and chemical properties important for the life of organisms: transparency, high specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity, high density and viscosity, mobility (fluidity), vertical circulation, smoothed temperature fluctuations. Natural waters always contain various salts, in particular, carbonates, sulfides, and chlorides, which are very important for living organisms. Due to its buoyancy force, water supports both fine structures and massive organisms with equal ease. At the same time, the aquatic environment is characterized by weak aeration and less light than in the terrestrial-air environment.

Which of the properties of water can be called the most important? Nothing is most important in nature, just as there is nothing secondary. Of all the amazing properties of water, perhaps the most interesting is its ability to form an extremely strong surface film, which appears due to the very strong mutual attraction of the molecules of the uppermost layers. In the depths of the water layer, each of its molecules is evenly surrounded by other similar molecules and experiences the same attractive forces in all directions. The molecule of water, which is on the surface, is attracted from below by the same molecules of the liquid as it is, and from above it only occasionally the molecules of gases that make up the air sweep over it. The force acting on such a molecule tends to draw it from the surface into the volume of the liquid - the sum of the forces of attraction acting "downward" is greater than the forces acting "upward". Therefore, the density of water on the surface is slightly higher than in the main layer. As a result, a surface tension force arises, which is the highest of all liquids except mercury (but it is still a metal) for water, and amounts to 72 mN / m.

The "crowd" of molecules tending downward leads to the appearance of a kind of elastic membrane capable of supporting objects whose density is greater than the density of water, unless, of course, these objects are wetted, i.e. themselves do not attract water molecules to themselves, disrupting the structure of the surface film. If you carefully place a steel needle or a safety razor blade on the surface of the water so as not to tear the film with an awkward motion, these objects will not drown.

An important factor for the life of the inhabitants of reservoirs is the acidity of the water, which is characterized by the hydrogen index - pH. In any freshwater body of water, by definition, it must be fresh, i.e. have no sour or alkaline taste. But most often water has a slightly alkaline reaction (pH up to 8.0), because it always contains cations: they are washed out from the soil and underlying rocks, and are also formed (such as, for example, an ammonium cation) during the decomposition of organic residues. The inhabitants of rivers, lakes and ponds have adapted to this composition of water. Water maintains a weakly alkaline reaction due to its natural buffering properties - the ability to neutralize substances with different acidity indicators entering it. However, the capabilities of buffer systems in water bodies are different and are determined by the properties of the underlying rocks, the thickness of the soil layer and the composition of the soil around the water body.

2. Inhabitants of the aquatic environment and factors affecting them

The variety of organisms that have mastered the habitat of the aquatic environment of life - hydrobionts, is very great. Among the life forms of aquatic organisms are distinguished benthos- bottom organisms; plankton- organisms floating in the water column, often carried by the current, less often moving themselves; periphyton- organisms attached to plants and objects immersed in water; nekton- actively swimming organisms and, finally, neuston- organisms floating on the surface of the water or immediately under the surface film, up to 5 cm in depth.

The amazing properties of the water film are used by a number of living organisms - after all, life on the border of two communities, as you know, has a noticeable advantage. The surface of any body of water is a unique ecological niche where two completely different habitats meet - air and water. Neustonic organisms are divided into those who live on the surface of the water film - epineuston(in fresh water bodies these are bugs - water striders and smoothies and beetles-twirling beetles), and those that keep under it - hyponeuston. Interestingly, some representatives of the hyponeuston use the lower surface of the water film as a support - these are mosquito larvae, some water beetles and various snails.

The most famous inhabitants of the surface of reservoirs, of course, are water striders. They live only on a water film, never submerging, gliding along the surface of the water, touching it only with the very tips of their paws, covered with hard brushes of non-wetted hairs. The body of the water strider is covered with a special scaly cover, which also protects against wetting. However, if it gets wet, for example, during rain, the insect can drown. Water film for water striders is also a source of information. Based on the nature of the vibrations of the water film, perceived by elastic membranes located between the segments of the legs, the insect learns from which side the danger is threatening or where the potential victim is. Water striders can themselves cause such fluctuations, giving certain signals to relatives. Such communication is used for interaction between opposite sexes and is a necessary condition for the reproduction of individuals of a given species.

Focusing on vibrations transmitted along the surface of the water and perceived by the sensitive tips of the paws, the predatory bedbug also finds its prey. Unlike water striders, smoothies stick to the surface film not from above, but from below, i.e. belong to the hyponeuston. Twigs (beetles of this. Gyrinidae) are considered the best swimmers among water beetles. The main organ that allows the whirligig to receive information about the surrounding events are three pairs of antennae-antennae directed horizontally forward and adjacent to the surface water film. These antennas perceive all signals coming through the water, and the beetles react to them so quickly that even in complete darkness they are able to correct their course and bypass an obstacle that has arisen only 1–1.5 cm.

On the surface of the water, hanging from the bottom to the surface tension film, mollusks - coils and pond snails - can wander. Moreover, they not only hold onto the surface film, but can crawl on it no worse than on the surface of any solid object.

For inhabitants of deeper layers of water, the surface tension force is not so significant. More important factors for them are acidity (when it rises, hard times come for all aquatic inhabitants), the oxygen content in the water, its chemical composition, transparency. For example, oxygen content is especially important for mayfly larvae, and water acidity is significant for eggs of amphibians, snails, fish, plankton. It is not found in acidic waters, for example, the larva of anopheles mosquito: it prefers neutral and slightly alkaline water bodies, poor in organic residues. The common mosquito larvae have opposite requirements.

3. SMS - water pollutants

The most common chemical pollutants of water bodies are detergents (from the English. deterge- to clean) - surface-active synthetic substances (surfactants or surfactants) used in industry and in everyday life as detergents.

An important property of surfactants is surface activity, i.e. the ability of molecules to adsorb at the interface and to lower the surface tension of a liquid In order to wet a contaminated surface, the cleaning solution must have a sufficiently low surface tension compared to pure water. Scientists have long noticed that the purer the water, the more effort is needed to break its surface film. Molecules dissolved in substances, wedging between water molecules, make the surface film less durable. A feature of surfactant molecules is the presence of a polar carboxyl group (–СООNa) with hydrophilic properties, and a long non-polar hydrocarbon chain with hydrophobic properties. The hydrophilic part contributes to the dissolution of the substance in water, the hydrophobic part contributes to its expulsion. As a result, the entire surface of the water is covered with a kind of "palisade" of surfactant molecules, forming a layer about 0.1 nm thick. This water surface has an increased wetting ability.

Dramatically - more than twice - lowers the surface tension of the soap. This means that soapy water can penetrate into the farthest corners, into the smallest pores. The soap solution contains both free surfactant molecules and colloidal particles - micelles, which provide solubilization - dissolution of substances insoluble under normal conditions by including them inside micelles. Surfactant molecules, penetrating between the particles of the pollutant and the fibers, create a wedging pressure, as a result of which the pollutant is detached from the surface. The detergent effect of surfactants is also due to the fact that detergents form highly stable foams, the hydrophobic bubbles of which float the dirt particles. Entering with waste water into rivers and reservoirs, these substances form “mountains” of stable foam on the surface of the water. In this case, all organisms in these reservoirs suffer. For example, all living things died in the River Thames, and even navigation was hampered because of the foam that accumulated within London.

Large amounts of surfactants are not necessary to achieve a good wash effect. Moreover, significant amounts of detergent during washing can be harmful. This is because detergents are composed of single molecules only in very dilute solutions. An increase in the concentration of such solutions up to 2–3% leads to the fact that surfactant molecules begin to unite, forming micelles. First, they have a spherical shape, then they are transformed into elongated lamellar micelles. At a concentration of 7–8%, continuous micellar layers appear, the detergent solution thickens strongly, loses its fluidity and detergent activity. This means that the widespread opinion in everyday life that you need to take more powder for better washing is wrong and even harmful. When washing, you must strictly adhere to the instructions given on the detergent label.

Synthetic detergents (CMC) are compositions, which, in addition to surfactants, include various additives, organic and inorganic. No matter how different the names of shampoos, washing powders, etc., the main components of all SMS will be the same components, the difference is only in the dosage (Table 1).

Table 1. Properties of SMS and their effect on microorganisms

Of all the components that make up the CMC, polyphosphates, which are designed to bind ions that determine water hardness, pollute the environment the most. Hydrolysis products of polyphosphates - monophosphates - accumulate in wastewater. They do not pose an immediate threat to humans, but are considered dangerous for aquatic ecosystems, since they cause eutrophication of water bodies. Eutrophication of waters is an increase in their biological productivity as a result of the accumulation of nutrients. Eutrophication leads to the massive development of microscopic algae and other microorganisms, as well as bacteria that decompose dead organic matter. In this case, a significant amount of oxygen is consumed, and toxic decay products are released into the water, which leads to a deterioration in the living conditions of aquatic organisms.

SMS is also a powerful deoxygenator, i.e. substances that actively destroy oxygen dissolved in water. Therefore, they are dangerous to all life in the water, even in very low concentrations. For example, 1 mg of detergent in 1 liter of water is toxic to fish.

Most surfactants currently in use are biodegradable. For example, alkyl sulfates and soaps derived from fats decompose quickly and efficiently. they contain unbranched hydrocarbon chains, which are “teeth” by many bacteria. But alkylarylsulfonates, which are included in almost all CMC, decompose worse, their branched chains, which have an isostructure, cannot be "digested" by bacteria.

Water pollution with detergents is further complicated by the fact that even their biological destruction is not a solution to the problem, since the products of such destruction in some cases are toxic. Microorganisms, filtering water through themselves and thus receiving nutrients, together with them a dose of the pollutant is received. Pollution spreads along the food chain, the concentration of such a substance per unit weight of each subsequent consumer increases.

Recently, it has turned out to be more promising to make household detergents not in the form of powders, but in the form of pastes or gels. They are cheaper to manufacture and do not cause allergies.

II. Description of the object and research methods

The object of the study was a pond located in the village of Selkovo in a depression in the relief in the river bed and which arose more than 30 years ago as a result of the construction of a dam. The area of \u200b\u200bthe water surface of the pond is 1.5 hectares, the total volume is 70 thousand m3, the maximum depth is 2.7 m. The pond is fed by the waters of the inflowing river, melt water and precipitation.

Work steps and methods

The research methodology was selected by us in such a way that the equipment used was simple, and the results of the work were visual and accessible. The author studied a large number of literary sources and tested a significant number of techniques in practice, choosing the most simple and intuitive.

1. Introduction to the ecosystem of the pond - the method of studying natural ecosystems was applied.

2. Selection of SMS samples - for the research, the most famous detergents were used in advertising and according to the results of a survey of the population.

3. Assessment of the properties of water and the effect of SMS on them. Determination of water acidity was carried out using a universal indicator paper. The foaming properties of the detergents were assessed visually. The surface tension of water was assessed using the following experiment: instead of one pan of a beam balance, a standard slide suspended on threads was used. The balance beam was balanced by placing a weight on the second pan. A crystallizer with water was placed under the glass slide so that the glass "adhered" to the surface of the liquid. Gradually placing additional weights on the pan, we noted the moment when the glass came off the surface. In this way, the surface tension of a liquid can be measured in arbitrary units.

4. Study of the impact of SMS on the inhabitants of reservoirs. This work was carried out on the simplest - single-celled creatures are convenient for observation under a microscope and are important for the ecosystem, as they are the initial link in the food chain. On a slide, 2 drops of liquid with protozoa and a drop of pure water were applied, to which the minimum amount of CMC taken at the tip of the dissecting needle was added. Then a drop of the CMC solution was connected with a thin bridge (using a dissecting needle) with one of the drops with protozoa. After that, we observed the behavior of the protozoa in this and another (control) drop, noting the nature of the changes taking place and the time.

III. Results of work

1. State of the pond ecosystem

The producers in the ecosystem of the pond are algae, including phytoplankton and aquatic flowering plants of the coastal zone - floating pondweed, canadian elodea, riverine horsetail. On the shore there are thickets of broadleaf reed mace, lacustrine reeds, umbelliferae, etc. Consumables of the first order are presented a large number species, second-order consumers are less diverse. The activity of decomposers can be judged by the quality of the water, which remains clean and transparent for most of the year. We used a standard pond community scheme to speak to an audience.

As a result of an increase in the demographic load on the landscape, due to the increasing number of vacationers in the summer, the amount of wastewater containing SMS is currently increasing. Cases of accumulation of foam flakes near the drain have been observed. So far, this component of anthropogenic pollution has not caused significant damage to the ecosystem of the reservoir, but the current situation requires intervention.

2. Influence of SMS on the properties of water and its inhabitants

Observations have shown that under the influence of even a small amount of SMS, the vital activity of microorganisms changes significantly. The nature of the movement of protozoa becomes different: from translational it turns into rotational (in one place). After a while, the protozoa die. The research results are presented in table. 2.

Table 2. Composition of synthetic detergents

3. Influence of SMS on the force of surface tension

During the experiment, we determined that the pure water of the pond has a surface tension force equal to 7.5, the addition of even small amounts of soap to the water reduces it by almost half - to 4.8. The content of detergent in water affects the surface tension force even more significantly. It drops to 2.1.

Simplified diagram of the food web in the pond of the village of Selkovo

conclusions

1. SMS, getting into a pond, inevitably have a significant impact on the ecosystem.

2. Under the influence of CMC components, such important physicochemical indicators as acidity (pH value), transparency, surface tension, ion composition, and the amount of dissolved oxygen change.

3. A change in the acidity of water can lead to a change in the species composition of the ecosystem, the death of some species and an outbreak of the number of others, uncharacteristic for the given reservoir (for example, the larvae of the malaria mosquito). Changes in the composition of ions can lead to eutrophication.

4. The foam formed by SMS worsens the illumination of the underlying water layers, disrupting the conditions of photosynthesis.

5. Surfactants entering the water reduce the surface tension force, making it impossible for normal movement, food extraction, communication and reproduction of neuston organisms.

6. The components of CMC have an effect on all forms of aquatic organisms, microorganisms, the initial link in the food chain, are especially sensitive to contamination with detergents.

7. One should not strive to increase the amount of CMC in the detergent solution - this does not give a gain in quality.

1. Acquaintance with the ecosystem of the pond - a story with a demonstration of tables, micropreparations of the simplest (aquatic inhabitants), models, collections.

2. Study of the effect of detergents on the life of the pond. Acquaintance with the results of the experiments proposed in this project.

To show the change in the surface tension of water under the action of SMS, we recommend making a flat spiral of several turns from a copper wire, lubricate it with petroleum jelly and very carefully lower it onto the water surface. If you drop a drop of surfactant into the middle of the spiral, the spiral begins to rotate. The experience can be demonstrated through an overhead projector. When conducting classes in elementary grades, it makes sense to make animal models ("water striders") out of paper, stick them on the blade of a safety razor. If you carefully put such a model on the surface of clean water, it will remain afloat. When the SMS solution is added to the water, the model sinks.

3. Demonstration of the influence of SMS on protozoa can be carried out frontally. It is recommended to pre-grow a culture of protozoa, for which it is enough to place several onions in the crystallizer, pouring a little water on its bottom. After 6-8 days, the culture is ready for demonstration.

Literature

Alekseev V.A.300 questions and answers on ecology. - Yaroslavl: Academy of Development, 1998.

Artemenko A.I. Organic chemistry and man. - M .: Education, 2000.

Butskus P.F.Reading book on organic chemistry. - M .: Education, 1985.

V.V. ZdanovichLife forms of aquatic organisms // Biology, 2003, no. 6.

Iordansky A.There will be sour rain // Chemistry and Life, 1983, no.

Miller T.Living in the environment. Vol. 1. - M .: Progress, 1993.

Nifant'ev E.E., Paramonova N.G. Foundations of Applied Chemistry. - M .: VLADOS, 2002.

Olga M. OlginExperiments without explosions. - M .: Chemistry, 1986.

Petryanov I.V.The most extraordinary substance in the world. - M .: Pedagogy, 1981.

Ponomareva I.N.Ecology. - M .: Ventana-Graf, 2001.

Raikov B.E., Rimsky-Korsakov M.N.Zoological excursions. - M.: TOPIKAL, 1994.

Reimers N.F. A short dictionary of biological terms. - M .: Education, 1995.

Sergeev B.F. Entertaining physiology. - M .: Education, 2001.

Feoktistova N.Yu. Running on water // Biology, 2002, no. 37.

Shulpin G. Chemistry of washing // Science and Life, 1981, no. 3.

Elementary physics textbook. ed Landsberg G.S. T.1. - M .: Nauka, 1972.

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Introduction

Relevance and feasibility of the study

Relevance

One of the problems of our society is the effect of synthetic detergents on the life of aquatic plants and human health.

The first direction is the intake of fresh water for household, drinking and industrial needs, including irrevocable ones.

The second direction of the "use" of water resources by sectoral farms is the pollution of water bodies with harmful substances.

Getting into the sewer system containing SMS, wastewater complicates the operation of treatment facilities, causing abundant foam formation.

In my work, I want to prove that accumulating in activated sludge, SMS has a depressing effect on the vital activity of aquatic plants and human health in general. My research work is entirely devoted to the harmful effects of SMS on the aquatic environment and human health, I believe this must be prevented.

That is why I chose this topic for my research work.

The effect of synthetic detergents on the aquatic environment.

The degree of influence of synthetic detergents on the vital activity of aquatic plants and human health.

Study of the effect of synthetic detergents on the life of aquatic plants and human health.

Analyze information sources on this issue.

Formulate the goal, objectives and hypothesis of the research.

To study the effect of synthetic detergents on aquatic plants and human health.

Determine how harmful synthetic detergents are to human health.

Make a conclusion and conclusions.

Synthetic detergents are thought to be detrimental to aquatic life and human health.

Study of the influence of synthetic detergents on the vital activity of aquatic plants and human health - experimentally.

This work can be used by residents of various villages for the prevention and correction of human health and the life of aquatic plants.

2.Theoretical background

2.1. Information on synthetic detergents

Synthetic detergents (SMS) - multicomponent compositions used in aqueous solutions to intensify the removal of contaminants from various hard surfaces - fabrics, fibers, metals, glass, ceramics. In a narrower sense, synthetic detergents are usually understood as household detergents for washing linen and clothes, unlike soap, suitable for washing in water of any hardness. Therefore, it is convenient to use them for machine washing. The composition of CMC is different, but almost all of them contain surfactants, various additives are also introduced into the CMC - fragrances, antistatic agents, bleaches, solvents, corrosion inhibitors, preservatives, defoamers, dyes, pigments and others.

Detergent (Surfactant) - detergent, surfactant related to soaps - salts of higher fatty acids. At present, detergents include synthetic substances that are similar in detergent action to soap. There are three types of detergent mixtures most common: soap, detergent powder, and shampoo.

2.2 Effect of synthetic detergents

After the washing solution has worked out, it enters the city sewage system with wastewater, then into treatment facilities, and sometimes, without any cleaning, directly into the ground or water body. Getting into the sewer system containing SMS, wastewater complicates the operation of treatment facilities, causing abundant foam formation. Accumulating in activated sludge, SMS has a depressing effect on the development of microorganisms. SMS and its components harm fish and other aquatic organisms. Particularly great harm is done to planktonic and benthic organisms, which form the basis of food chains in a reservoir. Plankton perishes when the content of surfactants is 1-1.5 mg / l, fish - 3-5 mg / l.

Many cleaning products contain substances that have a negative effect on the human body. When working with detergents and cleaning substances, we inhale the chemical vapors of these substances, and they, in turn, enter our bloodstream through the lungs. Human skin also absorbs chemicals. Toxic elements of chemical preparations, when in contact with the skin, enter the body. The fragrances of the cleaning products overpower the base odor, but more than half of the chemicals in fragrances are petroleum products. When they enter the human body, they, as a rule, are not excreted, but accumulate in it, and this leads to the formation of cancer cells in the body.

2.3. Data on contamination with synthetic detergents The effluents of large mechanized laundries contain surfactants from 200 mg / l and more. The consumption of surfactants per inhabitant is 3.5 g per day. With water consumption in the range of 150-350 liters per person per day, the average calculated concentration of surfactants in municipal wastewater is 7.1-20 mg / l. Detergents (surfactants) belong to a wide group of substances that lower the surface tension of water. They are part of synthetic detergents (CMC), widely used in everyday life and industry. Together with the wastewater of synthetic surfactants, they enter mainland waters and the marine environment. A prominent representative is washing powders, detergents. Phosphate-based laundry detergents not only directly affect human health, but also cause enormous damage to the environment.

Sodium phosphate has the ability to pass through state-of-the-art sewage treatment plants and into open water bodies. Sinking to the bottom, it becomes a fertilizer for blue-green algae, which begin to multiply actively and the water begins to bloom. Only 1 gram of sodium phosphate stimulates the formation of 5-10 kg of algae, and according to the magazine "Business" in 2009, 180-220 tons of washing powders were sold in Ukraine, that is, according to minimum estimates, 27 tons of sodium tripolyphosphate got into the water. Blue-green algae are harmless only at first glance. The active reproduction of blue-green leads to a deterioration in the taste of water and the appearance of an unpleasant odor. An increase in the critical mass of algae activates the processes of self-decomposition, which lead to the use of oxygen contained in the water and the release of methane, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and other toxic substances into the water. As a result, not only fish die, there are cases of mass poisoning of domestic animals that drank water from reservoirs where blooming of blue-green algae was observed. The moment of the initial stage of decomposition of the biomass of blue-green algae, when the cells of microorganisms, for the most part, have not lost their ability to produce albo-toxins, and the nitrogen-containing components of dead cells begin to decompose, emitting toxic decay products, can pose a particular danger to humans. If in 1965 in 1 cubic meter. m of the Black Sea water was no more than 50 g of microorganisms, but now it is 20 times more.

3. Research methods

Theoretical (literature review, analysis of information on this topic)

Empirical (conducting research)

Analysis of the obtained results

3.1. Results of our own research

The proposed work presents the data of experimental experience of the effect of synthetic detergents on the vital activity of aquatic plants and human health.

The experiment was carried out by me in the micro laboratory of the Samara Children's Ecological and Biological Center.

Topic "The influence of synthetic detergents on the life of aquatic plants and human health"

Objectives of the work :

Equipment included: glass funnel holder for test tubes, glass rod, test tubes - 2 pcs., 50 ml beaker - 2 pcs., covers and specimen glasses, table for dry fuel, test tube rack, paper filter.

Equipment from the study: microscope, spirit lamp.

Reagents and materials: SMS solution, potassium or sodium chloride, pH test (indicator paper), pure water, sprigs of elodea.

Working process

1. I placed a sprig of elodea in a glass of clean water and in a glass with SMS solution.

2. After 20 minutes, she described the changes occurring with both branches: color, shape, state of the leaves.

3. I prepared two micropreparations of elodea leaves: from a vessel with pure water and from a vessel with SMS solution.

4. I examined the slides under a microscope one by one and compared the state of plant cells.

Observations after 20 minutes in solution

Plant changes
			(machine)		(handwash)
		hasn't changed	hasn't changed		hasn't changed
		did not change	brown		did not change
Leaf condition		more elastic
Plant cell condition
Plant cells
				(machine)	(handwash)
	survived			destruction	survived

Water purification from SMS

Conclusions:

When studying the effect of synthetic detergents on aquatic plants and human health, it was proved that under the influence of synthetic detergents (automatic machine) in the leaves of Eladeya, plant cells are destroyed. Accordingly, this leads to many disorders in living organisms.

Accumulating in activated sludge and water, SMS has a depressing effect on the vital activity of aquatic plants and human health in general: human skin absorbs chemicals and toxic elements of chemical preparations, and when it comes into contact with the skin, it enters the body. When they enter the human body, they, as a rule, are not excreted, but accumulate in it, and this leads to the formation of cancer cells in the body.

As a result of water purification from CMC with filtrate 12 (sodium chloride), I noted that the higher the salt concentration, the more CMC neutralizes and the solution becomes less aggressive.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we can say that after analyzing information sources on this problem and the experiment I conducted - research, it follows that under the influence of synthetic detergents, many violations occur in living organisms: the state of the leaves is loose, plant cells are destroyed.

SMS negatively affect not only directly human health, but also cause enormous damage to the environment.

I have proved that synthetic detergents accumulating in activated sludge and water have a depressing effect on the vital activity of aquatic plants and human health in general.

The method of water purification from SMS is the use of filtrate 12 (sodium chloride).

Literature Collections, reference books, study guides.

Alekseev V.A. 300 questions and answers on ecology. - Yaroslavl: Academy of Development, 1998.

Miller T. Life in the Environment, v.1. -M .: Progress, 1993.

Ponomareva I.N.Ecology. - M .: Ventana - Graf, 2001.

Reimers N.F. A short dictionary of biological terms. Education.

Feokisistova N. Yu. Running on Water. 2002.

Shulpin G. "Chemistry of washing". Science and life. 2015.

Internet resources.

Access mode:

Website http://www.grandars.ru/college/tovarovedenie/sinteticheskie-moyushchie-sredstva.html

Website https://www.webkursovik.ru/kartgotrab.asp?id\u003d-175103

Litkina V.Yu. 1

1 Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 25 named after Hero of the Soviet Union A.E. Ostaev,

Dzagoeva R.T. 1

1 Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 25 named after Hero of the Soviet Union A.E. Ostaev

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Introduction

More than twenty years ago, detergents were produced for the rapid development of the chemical industry in recent decades and at the same time the growth of needs and demands modern man led to a sharp increase in the output of household chemicals. At present, about 30 million tons of household chemicals are produced annually in the world, and by the end of our century this figure will probably increase by 4-5 times! chemical plants, their number was much smaller. Previously, dishes were washed with baking soda or laundry soap. In some localities, wood ash was used for washing clothes and other purposes. It was mixed with water, defended, and the clarified solution was used for washing clothes, dishes and much more.

We can no longer imagine our life without detergents, because without them it would be much more difficult to cope with washing dishes, floors and much more. The abundance of detergents nowadays attracts people appearance and profitable advertising, but not many are interested in their composition, properties. Most people do not ask the question "what is the benefit or harm from this or that remedy?"

Every home has synthetic detergents. Most contain active chlorine. I am aware of the data, which says that active chlorine not only harms the cleaning surfaces, but also negatively affects the mucous membranes and the respiratory tract.

Synthetic detergents are produced in various states of aggregation: aerosols, pastes, powders, and so on. The world science has long classified seemingly harmless washing powders as the most dangerous chemicals that harm the environment and especially human health.

Until recently, soap and soda were considered basic detergents. Soda softens the water and makes the solution more alkaline. Trisodium phosphate was also used to soften the water, and ammonia was used when washing woolen fabrics.

Scientists' opinions on the impact of SMS on human health are also contradictory.

Many arguments about the benefits of SMS have been received from scientists:

It is not necessary to soften the water before washing

Much easier to wash text messages than grease soap

When room temperature dissolves well in water

Active substances quickly break down dirt, fixing it by decay

It has been noticed that with synthetic detergents it can be washed even in sea water.

The positive qualities can be listed for a long time, but now you can look at the reverse side of the coin. There is a lot of data about the harm caused by SMS on the human body: for many, chemicals from ordinary washing powders and liquids cause allergies, irritation of the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes.

Recently, scientists of the American Chemical Society have proved that SMS can become one of the causes of cancer, because they are not completely washed off during water purification. Another discovery was that in mammals, surfactants (surfactants) in water mimic female hormones, increasing the risk of impotence in men and breast cancer in women. I believe my project is relevant. The use of SMS is often harmful to our health, but we also cannot do without them.

I decided to conduct a survey among teachers and students of my school № 25 to find out which tools are used more often and to analyze the reasons for their choice. As a hypothesis, it was suggested that if you know information about the composition and properties of detergents, you can avoid health problems.

Objective- research on synthetic detergents.

To test the hypothesis, the following tasks were set and solved:

Find out the composition of detergents.

To study the chemical characteristics of detergents and the principle of their action.

Determine the effectiveness and safety of synthetic detergents.

Conduct a sociological survey to identify the most popular dishwashing detergents, personal hygiene products, washing powders, and soaps.

Conduct a scientific experiment to determine the impact of SMS on the environment.

Research methods

1.Social Survey

2. Scientific experiment.

Main part

SMS (Synthetic detergents) - detergents (from the English. Deterge - to clean) - a variety of compositions of inorganic and organic chemical compounds.

Typically, two or more surfactants can be incorporated into modern CMCs. So, detergents can simultaneously contain nonionic substances, alkyl sulfates and sulfanol, and in some cases soap. Products containing several surfactants tend to wash laundry better.

To destroy grease contamination, alkalis are added to detergents. Soda and silicic acid salt are introduced as alkaline additives.

One of the most important additives is polyphosphates.

Sodium tripolyphosphate (as a rule, they are injected into SMS in pasty and powdery forms)

Potassium tripolyphosphate or tripolyphosphate double salt (included in liquid CMC).

Hence, we can conclude that tripolyphosphates soften water, and also increase the washing ability of almost all surfactants. Thanks to tripolyphosphates, modern CMCs can be washed even in seawater.

Magnesium and calcium salts found in water form water-insoluble compounds with all surfactants (including soap) and settle on the laundry. That is why the linen takes on a grayish tint and becomes stiff. Polyphosphates with calcium and magnesium salts form water-soluble compounds. But for this, there must be a lot of them in the detergent solution. Therefore, when washing in hard water, more detergent must be added to the washing solution than indicated on the packaging.

For washing cotton and linen fabrics, chemical bleaches are added to some products, which in most cases is sodium perborate. This compound releases oxygen at a sufficiently high temperature (above 65 ° C), as a result of which it oxidizes and discolours organic compounds, while disinfecting the product. Hence, we can conclude that colored laundry can be washed with these means only at a low temperature, below 65 ° C, at which the bleach begins to act.

the fragility of the paint or the nature of the fibers of the fabric makes it necessary to wash only at low temperatures, for example, at 30-45 ° C; to disinfect the linen, it is re-treated with a sodium hypochlorite solution. They do exactly the same if they want not only to disinfect linen during cold wash, but also to carry out a deeper bleaching of white clothes at the same time.

It is very difficult to wash off proteinaceous contamination (blood, egg white, some sauces, etc.). They can be removed only with special detergents that contain enzymes (enzymes) - substances of biological origin. For a certain time and provided that the temperature of the solution does not exceed 40 ° C, enzymes destroy proteins. Therefore, after soaking dirty laundry in solutions of detergents containing enzymes, protein contamination is easier to remove during washing. But you can also use cold water to wash off protein contamination. If you see an inscription with the prefix "bio" on the packaging, then you should know that such products necessarily contain various enzymes. It is imperative to soak linen in such CMC at a low temperature - not higher than 35-40 ° C.

In addition to these substances, CMC can contain many other useful additives. For example, fluorescent substances (white dyes) are added to make the linen snow white, because they are able to absorb light in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum and emit it in blue. In order for the washed linen to have a pleasant smell, perfume fragrances are introduced into all detergents. Plant production is desirable.

Some substances contribute to the formation of copious foam in the washing solution; usually designed for hand wash. Alkylolamides are usually used as foam stabilizers. Some housewives believe that the more foam, the better the detergent. It seems to me that this is just a fiction, because this idea has developed since the days when only soap was used for washing. The abundance of foam does not determine the detergency of synthetic detergents.

Moreover, there are surfactants that are excellent at removing dirt without foam. Foam, in my opinion, is needed only when hand washing things made of delicate fabrics, knitted items and some others that are washed without wetting them too much so that they do not lose their shape during drying. Abundant and persistent foam in detergent solutions will damage the machine itself and wear out the laundry. We have already talked about how important it is that the dirt that has passed into the washing solution remains in it until the end of the wash, without settling on the laundry. This is provided by surfactants, however, to enhance the effect, an additional component, carboxymethyl cellulose, is added to detergents for cotton and linen fabrics.

There are other functional additives: stabilizers for the decomposition of chemical bleach, hydrotropes - substances that improve the solubility of components, complexones - substances that bind iron salts, as well as salts of calcium, magnesium and other metals, etc.

SMS classification.

Currently, a wide range of different products are produced for washing. They can be grouped as follows.

Group I - detergents: universal; are used for washing various fabrics and pre-soaking laundry.

Group II - means of complex action, with the help of which it is possible, simultaneously with washing, for example, to tint or disinfect things; these products are usually intended for hand washing.

Group III - bleaches; they remove stains from the laundry that remain after washing, and also bleach the laundry.

Group IV includes bluing agents.

Group V - means for antistatic treatment, they are used for the last rinsing of washed products made of nylon, nylon, acetate fiber and wool. After such processing, electrical charges do not accumulate on the products when worn.

Group VI - softeners; they are also used in the last rinse of garments and give cotton, linen and rayon fabrics a soft feel - a pleasant velvety feeling. After this treatment, the fabric is well ironed.

Group VII - finishing agents. They are impregnated with fabrics after washing. This group includes means for starching, fixing folds and hydrophobizing tissues; the latter impart water-repellent properties to fabrics.

Conducting a social survey

I conducted a survey among students and teachers, giving them questionnaires with questions that needed to be answered.

What detergent do you use to wash your dishes? Why?

What kind of soap do you use? Why? Which brand do you prefer?

What do you look for when you buy detergents?

What do you know about the composition of detergents?

Which products do you prefer for personal hygiene?

Poll results

Most of the participants gave preference to the AOS detergent as it cleans away any dirt better.

Of the people I interviewed, most use solid soap because liquid soap cannot be completely washed off your hands.

On this issue, the opinion of people was divided, 50% use shower gel. 35% - solid soap. 15% uses liquid soap.

More than 73% of the people surveyed do not know anything about SMS and about 30% have general ideas.

Many people have no idea what kind of harm detergents can cause.

Scientific experiment.

I ran an experiment on three stalks of nettles. By placing them in three different glasses.

With plain water

With the addition of regular solid soap

With the addition of homemade soap

In 1 photo, it took only 15 minutes after I put the stems with the root system in the glasses. In the 2nd and 3rd glasses we can see a clear reaction of plants to synthetic detergents.

photo 1

In the second photo, 5 days have passed since the start of the experiment. Here I can note that in the 3rd glass the leaves turned yellow more than in the 2nd. yellowed leaves. This may be due to the fact that laundry soap is intended for washing contains alkali, and in the 3rd soap is intended for washing hands and may contain oils to restore the skin. The stem remaining in the 1st glass remains unchanged.

Photo 2

In the third photo, a week has passed since the start of the experiment. We can already start to turn yellow in all glasses, but in the 2nd and 3rd glasses there are much more of them.

Photo 3

Two weeks have passed in the last photo. Here we can see yellowed leaves on all three growths, but in the first glass they are insignificant compared to the other two.

From my experiment, we can conclude that synthetic detergents have a bad effect on green nettle sprouts. Due to the substances that are part of the SMS, plants begin to die faster than in a normal environment. Consequently, detergents have a detrimental effect on the entire environment as a whole.

Output

As a result of my research work, I concluded that detergents, of course, fit the work and are very easy to find. Each product is unique in its own way and before using them you need to study the composition that is written on the labels. And also follow the instructions for their use. Thank you for your patience and your attention to my presentation. I hope that you will take into account my work and will follow all the rules I set out above. As William Shakespeare said: "Health is more valuable than gold!" Goodbye!

Materials used:

"Chemistry for You" AM Yudin, V.N. Suchkov, Yu.A. Korostelina

"Chemistry in everyday life" A.M. Yudin, V.N. Suchkov