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First nuclear weapons test

In 1896, the French physicist Antoine Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactive radiation.

On the territory of the United States, in Los Alamos, in the desert expanses of New Mexico, an American nuclear center was created in 1942. On July 16, 1945, at 5:29:45 local time, a bright flash lit up the sky over the plateau in the Jemez Mountains north of New Mexico. A distinctive mushroom-shaped cloud of radioactive dust rose 30,000 feet. All that remains at the explosion site are fragments of green radioactive glass, into which the sand has turned. This was the beginning of the atomic era.

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• Chemical weapon
• Nuclear weapon
• Biological weapons

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NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND THEIR DAMAGING FACTORS

Questions studied:

• Historical data.
• Nuclear weapon.
• Characteristics of a nuclear explosion.
• Basic principles of protection from the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.

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In the early 40s. In the 20th century, the physical principles of a nuclear explosion were developed in the United States.

By the summer of 1945, the Americans managed to assemble two atomic bombs, called “Baby” and “Fat Man”. The first bomb weighed 2,722 kg and was filled with enriched Uranium-235. “Fat Man” with a charge of Plutonium-239 with a power of more than 20 kt had a mass of 3175 kg.

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In the USSR, the first test of an atomic bomb was carried out in August 1949. at the Semipalatinsk test site with a capacity of 22 kt.

In 1953, the USSR tested a hydrogen, or thermonuclear, bomb. The power of the new weapon was 20 times greater than the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, although they were the same size.

In the 60s of the 20th century, nuclear weapons were introduced into all types of the USSR Armed Forces.

In addition to the USSR and the USA, nuclear weapons appear: in England (1952), in France (1960), in China (1964). Later, nuclear weapons appeared in India, Pakistan, North Korea,

in Israel.

History of the creation of nuclear weapons

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NUCLEAR WEAPONS are explosive weapons of mass destruction based on the use of intranuclear energy.

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Atomic bomb device

The main elements of nuclear weapons are: body, automation system.

The housing is designed to accommodate a nuclear charge and automation system, and also protects them from mechanical, and in some cases, thermal effects. The automation system ensures the explosion of a nuclear charge at a given point in time and eliminates its accidental or premature activation.

It includes:

Safety and cocking system,

Emergency detonation system

Charge detonation system,

Power supply,

Detonation sensor system.

The means of delivering nuclear weapons can be ballistic missiles, cruise and anti-aircraft missiles, and aircraft. Nuclear ammunition is used to equip aerial bombs, landmines, torpedoes, and artillery shells (203.2 mm SG and 155 mm SG-USA).

Various systems have been invented to detonate the atomic bomb. The simplest system is an injector-type weapon, in which a projectile made of fissile material crashes into the target, forming a supercritical mass. The atomic bomb launched by the United States on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, had an injection-type detonator. And it had an energy equivalent of approximately 20 kilotons of TNT.

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Atomic bomb device

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Nuclear weapons delivery vehicles

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Nuclear explosion

• Light radiation
• Radioactive contamination of the area
• Shock wave
• Penetrating radiation
• Electromagnetic pulse
• Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion

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The (air) shock wave is a region of strong pressure spreading from the epicenter of the explosion - the most powerful damaging factor. Causes destruction over a large area, can “flow” into basements, cracks, etc.

Defense: cover.

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Its action lasts for several seconds. The shock wave travels a distance of 1 km in 2 s, 2 km in 5 s, 3 km in 8 s.

Shock wave injuries are caused both by the action of excess pressure and by its propelling action (velocity pressure) caused by the movement of air in the wave. Personnel, weapons and military equipment located in open areas are damaged mainly as a result of the projectile action of the shock wave, and large objects (buildings, etc.) are damaged by the action of excess pressure.

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2. Light radiation: lasts several seconds and causes severe fires in the area and burns to people.

Protection: any barrier that provides shade.

Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

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The light emitted by a nuclear explosion is visible, ultraviolet and infrared radiation, lasting for several seconds. For personnel, it can cause skin burns, eye damage and temporary blindness.

Burns occur from direct exposure to light radiation on exposed skin (primary burns), as well as from burning clothing in fires (secondary burns).

Depending on the severity of the injury, burns are divided into four degrees: first - redness, swelling and soreness of the skin; the second is the formation of bubbles; third - necrosis of the skin and tissues; fourth - charring of the skin.

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Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

3. Penetrating radiation - an intense flow of gamma particles and neutrons, lasting for 15-20 seconds. Passing through living tissue, it causes rapid destruction and death of a person from acute radiation sickness in the very near future after the explosion. Protection: shelter or barrier (layer of soil, wood, concrete, etc.)

Alpha radiation comes from helium-4 nuclei and can easily be stopped by a piece of paper.

Beta radiation is a stream of electrons that can be protected from by an aluminum plate.

Gamma radiation has the ability to penetrate denser materials.

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The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is characterized by the magnitude of the radiation dose, i.e., the amount of radioactive energy absorbed by a unit mass of the irradiated environment.

A distinction is made between exposure dose and absorbed dose. Exposure dose is measured in roentgens (R).

One roentgen is a dose of gamma radiation that creates about 2 billion ion pairs in 1 cm3 of air.

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Reduction of the damaging effect of penetrating radiation depending on the protective environment and material

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4.Radioactive contamination of the area: occurs in the wake of a moving radioactive cloud when precipitation and explosion products fall out of it in the form of small particles.

Protection: personal protective equipment (PPE).

Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

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In areas where there is radioactive contamination, it is strictly prohibited:

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5.Electromagnetic pulse: occurs for a short period of time and can disable all enemy electronics (on-board computers of the aircraft, etc.)

Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

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On the morning of August 6, 1945, there was a clear, cloudless sky over Hiroshima. As before, the approach of two American planes from the east (one of them was called Enola Gay) at an altitude of 10-13 km did not cause alarm (since they appeared in the sky of Hiroshima every day). One of the planes dived and dropped something, and then both planes turned and flew away. The dropped object slowly descended by parachute and suddenly exploded at an altitude of 600 m above the ground. It was the Baby bomb. On August 9, another bomb was dropped over the city of Nagasaki.

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Nuclear weapons Historical background

On August 5, 1945, a bomb of extraordinary destructive power was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The first atomic bomb was prepared in the United States by mid-1945; The work on creating the bomb was led by Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967). The first Soviet atomic bomb was detonated in 1949 near the city of Semipalatinsk (Kazakhstan).

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In 1953, the USSR tested a hydrogen, or thermonuclear, bomb. The power of the new weapon was 20 times greater than the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, although they were the same size. In the Soviet Union, a group of scientists led by Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov (1902 or 1903-1960) studied nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons Historical background

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Nuclear weapons: Tests near Semipalatinsk for 1949-1962. carried out 124 ground, atmospheric and underground explosions. October 30, 1961: A 58 Mt hydrogen bomb was detonated that day. Countries possessing nuclear weapons tested them at special testing sites remote from densely populated areas: the former USSR - near Semipalatinsk and on the island of Novaya Zemlya; The nuclear test site on Novaya Zemlya was created in 1954. It was here that the majority (94% by power) of the USSR’s nuclear tests took place. The atmosphere of the planet received the most terrible blow

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Characteristics Nuclear weapons are the most powerful means of mass destruction. Types of nuclear charges: Atomic charges 2) Thermonuclear charges 3) Neutron charge 4) “Clean” charge The main elements of nuclear weapons are: Housing 2) automation system: - safety and cocking system - emergency detonation system - charge detonation system - power source - system explosion sensors

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The yield of nuclear weapons is 1) ultra-small (less than 1 kt); 2) small (from 1 to 10 kt); 3) medium (from 10 to 100 kt); 4) large (from 100 kt to 1 Mt); 5) extra-large (over 1 Mt).

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Types of nuclear explosions 1) air (high and low); 2) ground (surface); 3) underground (underwater).

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Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion 1) shock wave 2) light radiation 4) radioactive contamination of the area 3) Penetrating radiation 5) electromagnetic pulse

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Protection Basic: shelter in protective structures, dispersal and evacuation, use of personal protective equipment. Protection is also provided by subways, mines and various other mining openings, adapted basements, shelters (cracks) built in courtyards and other places where people are nearby, transport tunnels and underground pedestrian crossings. The damaging effect of a nuclear explosion is weakened by holes, ditches, beams, ravines, ditches, low brick and concrete fences, and culverts under roads.

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Destruction On January 3, 1993, the United States and Russia entered into the Treaty on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (START II Treaty). According to this agreement, by 2003 the number of nuclear warheads possessed by each party should not exceed 3000-3500 units. This amount is quite enough to ensure national security. At the end of 1995, there were 5,500 nuclear weapons in Russia, of which 60% were in the missile forces, 35% in the navy, 5% in the air force.

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Chemical weapons Historical background Chemical weapons were first used by Germany during the First World War against the Anglo-French troops. On April 22, 1915, near the city of Ypres (Belgium), the Germans released 180 tons of chlorine from cylinders. There were no special means of protection yet (gas masks were invented a year later), and the poisonous gas poisoned 15 thousand people, a third of them died.

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Characteristics Chemical weapons are toxic substances and the means by which they are used on the battlefield. The basis of the destructive effect of chemical weapons is toxic substances. Chemical munitions are distinguished by the following characteristics: - durability of the agent used - the nature of the physiological effect of the agent on the human body - the speed of the onset of the effect - tactical purpose

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According to the nature of their effect on the human body, toxic substances are divided into six groups: nerve-paralytic (VX (V-ex), sarin, soman) blister-like (mustard gas) generally poisonous (hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen chloride) asphyxiating (phosgene) irritant ( CS (ci-es), adamsite) psychochemical action (BZ (bi-zet), lysergic acid dimethylamide)

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Characteristics of the main toxic substances 1) sarin is a colorless or yellow liquid with almost no odor, which makes it difficult to detect it by external signs. 2) soman is a colorless and almost odorless liquid. Belongs to the class of nerve agents. 3) V-gases are low-volatile liquids with a very high boiling point, so their resistance is many times greater than that of sarin. 4) mustard gas is an oily dark brown liquid with a characteristic odor reminiscent of garlic or mustard.

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6) phosgene is a colorless, highly volatile liquid with the smell of rotten hay or rotten apples. 5) hydrocyanic acid - a colorless liquid with a peculiar odor reminiscent of the smell of bitter almonds; 7) lysergic acid dimethylamide - a toxic substance with psychochemical action.

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Protection Gas masks, respirators, and special anti-chemical clothing protect against chemical agents. Modern armies have special troops. In the event of radioactive, biological and chemical contamination, they carry out decontamination, disinfection and decontamination of equipment, uniforms, terrain, etc.

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Destruction In the 80s. In the 20th century, the United States owned more than 150 thousand tons of toxic substances. In the USSR by 1995, OM reserves amounted to 40 thousand tons. The first plant for the destruction of chemical agents in our country was built in the city of Chapaevsk (Samara region).

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Bacteriological weapons Historical background In 1935-1936. On the territory of Manchuria occupied by Japan, special laboratories were created, and later army research units were created, which developed bacteriological weapons and tested them on military personnel and civilians in China. The general public first learned about bacteriological, or biological, weapons in December 1949. After World War II, biological weapons were produced in the USA, England, Australia and Canada. Protection Shelters protect against infection by bacterial agents. A gas mask provides protection for the respiratory and vision organs, as well as the skin of the face from bacterial aerosol. In the absence of a gas mask, respirators, cotton-gauze bandages, dust masks, as well as available protective equipment are used: a scarf, a towel, a scarf, clothing, etc.

New types of weapons of mass destruction Beam weapons Lasers Radio frequency weapons Infrasonic weapons Radiological weapons Geophysical weapons

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Slide captions:

Life safety teacher: Proskurnikov A.S. Modern means of destruction

The history of mankind is inextricably linked with the emergence of increasingly advanced types of weapons and means of destruction. In the 20th century, new types of weapons appeared: nuclear, chemical, bacteriological, the use of which leads to massive destruction of manpower and equipment. Types of weapons that, as a result of their use, can lead to mass casualties or destruction of enemy personnel and equipment are usually called weapons of mass destruction.

Contamination zone is an area contaminated with substances within limits dangerous to human life.

Nuclear weapons are explosive weapons of mass destruction based on the use of intranuclear energy. Nuclear weapons, one of the most destructive means of warfare, are among the main types of weapons of mass destruction. It includes various nuclear weapons (warheads of missiles and torpedoes, aircraft and depth charges, artillery shells and mines equipped with nuclear chargers), means of controlling them and means of delivering them to the target (carriers). The destructive effect of nuclear weapons is based on the energy released during nuclear explosions Nuclear weapons

The shock wave is the main damaging factor of a nuclear explosion, since most of the destruction and damage to structures, buildings, as well as injuries to people are caused by its impact. Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy, including ultraviolet, visible and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and hot air. Penetrating radiation is a stream of gamma rays and neutrons. Its sources are nuclear fission and fusion reactions occurring in the ammunition at the moment of explosion, as well as the radioactive decay of fission fragments (products) in the explosion cloud. The duration of action of penetrating radiation on ground objects is 15-25 s. Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion

Radioactive contamination. Its main sources are fission products of a nuclear charge and radioactive isotopes formed as a result of the influence of neutrons on the materials from which nuclear weapons are made, and on some elements that make up the soil in the area of ​​the explosion. It is most dangerous in the first hours after radioactive fallout. An electromagnetic pulse is a short-term electromagnetic field that occurs during the explosion of a nuclear weapon as a result of the interaction of gamma rays and neutrons emitted with the atoms of the environment. The consequence of its impact may be the failure of individual elements of radio-electronic and electrical equipment. People can only be harmed if they come into contact with wire lines at the time of the explosion.

This is a weapon of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of certain chemicals. It includes chemical warfare agents and means of their use. Toxic substances (CS) are chemical compounds that can infect people and animals over large areas, penetrate various structures, and contaminate terrain and water bodies. They are used to equip missiles, aircraft bombs, artillery shells and mines, chemical landmines, as well as airborne discharge devices (VAP). OM is used in a drop-liquid state, in the form of steam and aerosol. They can penetrate the human body and infect it through the respiratory organs, digestive organs, skin and eyes. Chemical weapon

nerve agents (Vi-X, sarin) affect the nervous system when acting on the body through the respiratory system, when penetrating in a vaporous and droplet-liquid state through the skin, as well as when entering the gastrointestinal tract along with food and water. vesicant action (mustard gas) have a multilateral damaging effect. In a droplet-liquid and vapor state, they affect the skin and eyes, when inhaling vapors - the respiratory tract and lungs, when ingested with food and water - the digestive organs. asphyxiating agents (phosgene) affect the body through the respiratory system. generally poisonous (hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride) affect a person only when he inhales air contaminated with their vapors (they do not act through the skin). According to their effect on the human body, toxic substances are divided into

irritating agents (CS, adamsite, etc.) cause acute burning and pain in the mouth, throat and eyes, severe lacrimation, coughing, and difficulty breathing. psychochemical action (Bi-Z) specifically act on the central nervous system and cause psychological (hallucinations, fear, depression) or physical (blindness, deafness) disorders.

lethal actions are intended to fatally defeat an enemy or disable him for a long period of time. Such chemical agents include sarin, soman, Vi-X, mustard gas, hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen chloride, and phosgene. temporarily incapacitating are psychochemical substances that act on the nervous system of people and cause temporary mental disorders in them (Bi-Z). Irritating toxic substances (police agents) affect the sensitive nerve endings of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and act on the eyes. These include chloroacetophenone, adamsite, CC, CC. According to their tactical purpose, toxic substances are divided into

First World War (1914 - 1918; both sides) Tambov Uprising (1920 - 1921; Red Army against peasants, according to order 0116 of June 12) Rif War (1920 - 1926; Spain, France) Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935 - 1941 ; Italy) Second Sino-Japanese War (1937 - 1945; Japan) Great Patriotic War (1941 - 1945; Germany, see Defense of the Adzhimushkai quarries) Vietnam War (1957 - 1975; both sides) Civil War in North Yemen (1962 - 1970; Egypt) Iran-Iraq War (1980 - 1988; both sides) Iraqi-Kurdish conflict (Iraqi government forces during Operation Anfal) Iraq War (2003 - 2010; insurgents, USA) Chemical warfare wars

These are special ammunition and combat devices equipped with biological agents. This weapon is intended for mass destruction of manpower, farm animals and crops. Its damaging effect is based on the use of the pathogenic properties of microbes - pathogens of diseases in humans, animals and agricultural plants. Bacteriological weapons

Pathogenic microbes are a large group of tiny living creatures that can cause various infectious diseases. Depending on their biological characteristics, pathogenic microbes are divided into bacteria, viruses, rickettsia and fungi. The class of bacteria includes the causative agents of plague, cholera, anthrax, and glanders. Viruses cause smallpox and yellow fever. Rickettsiae are the causative agents of typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Serious diseases (blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, etc.) are caused by fungi.

Insect pests of agricultural crops include the Colorado potato beetle, locust, and Hessian fly. The Colorado potato beetle is a dangerous pest of potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage, eggplants, and tobacco. Locusts destroy various agricultural plants. The Hessian fly attacks wheat, barley and rye.

1934 - German saboteurs are accused of attempting to infect the London Underground. [source not specified 205 days], but this version is untenable, since at that time Hitler considered England as potential allies. 1942 - against German, Romanian and Italian units near Stalingrad (infected with tularemia through rodents). Not officially confirmed and generally doubtful. The memoirs mention that in parts of the Red Army in the Stalingrad area there were also frequent cases of tularemia. 1939-1945 - Japan: Manchurian detachment 731 against 3 thousand people - as part of development. As part of testing - in combat operations in Mongolia and China. Plans for use in the areas of Khabarovsk, Blagoveshchensk, Ussuriysk, and Chita have also been prepared. The data obtained formed the basis for developments at the US Army Bacteriological Center at Fort Detrick (Maryland) in exchange for protection from prosecution for employees of Detachment 731. According to some researchers, the anthrax epidemic in Sverdlovsk in April 1979 was caused by a leak from the Sverdlovsk-19 laboratory. According to the official version, the cause of the disease was the meat of infected cows. Another version is that this was an operation by US intelligence services. The use of biological weapons in modern history.

Conventional weapons include all fire and strike weapons that use artillery, anti-aircraft, aviation, small arms and engineering ammunition and missiles in conventional ammunition (fragmentation, high-explosive, cumulative, concrete-piercing, volumetric explosion), as well as incendiary ammunition and fire mixtures. Regular weapons

Fragmentation ammunition is intended primarily to hit people with lethal elements (balls, needles) and fragments. High-explosive ammunition is designed to destroy large ground objects (industrial and administrative buildings, railway junctions, etc.) with a shock wave and fragments. HEAT ammunition is designed to destroy armored targets. The principle of their operation is based on burning a barrier several tens of centimeters thick with a powerful jet of high-density gases with a temperature of 6000-7000 °C. Concrete-piercing ammunition is designed to destroy airfield runways and other objects with a concrete surface. Volumetric explosion ammunition is designed to destroy people, buildings, structures and equipment with an air shock wave and fire. Incendiary ammunition. Their damaging effect on people, equipment and other objects is based on the direct impact of high temperatures. This type of weapon includes incendiary substances and means of their combat use.

TEST Checking the acquired knowledge

A) weapons of mass destruction B) conventional weapons C) space weapons D) geodetic weapons E) air weapons 1. Modern weapons are divided into

A) weapons of maximum destruction B) weapons of mass destruction C) weapons of mass production 2. How is WMD deciphered?

A) nuclear B) genetic C) biological D) chemical E) toxic E) armored vehicles 3. WMD include weapons

A) weapons of mass destruction of explosive action, based on the use of intranuclear energy B) These are weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of certain chemicals C) these are special ammunition and combat devices equipped with biological agents 4. Nuclear weapons are

A) explosive weapons of mass destruction based on the use of intranuclear energy B) These are weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of certain chemicals C) these are special ammunition and combat devices equipped with biological agents 5. Biological weapons are

A) explosive weapons of mass destruction based on the use of intranuclear energy B) These are weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of certain chemicals C) these are special ammunition and combat devices equipped with biological agents 6. Chemical weapons are

A) shock wave B) electric discharge C) ionizing radiation D) high temperature E) fragments 7. Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion

1.contamination zone 2.toxic substances 3.notification 8. Define the concepts