Source - Wikipedia
Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov
Date of birth: June 25 (July 7) 1854
Place of birth: Borok estate, Mologsky district, Yaroslavl province, Russian Empire
Date of death: July 30, 1946 (age 92)
Place of death: Borok village, Nekouzsky district, Yaroslavl region, USSR
Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov (1854-1946) - Russian revolutionary populist. Member of the circle of “Chaikovites”, “Land and Freedom”, the executive committee of “Narodnaya Volya”. He was a participant in the assassination attempts on Alexander II. In 1882 he was sentenced to eternal hard labor, and until 1905 he was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul and Shlisselburg fortresses. Mason. Honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1918 - director of the Natural Sciences.
He left a large number of works in various fields of natural and social sciences. Also known as a writer, poet and author of historical works. He was awarded two Orders of Lenin (1944, 1945) and the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1939).
Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov was born in 1854 in the family estate of Borok, Yaroslavl region. Father - Mologsky landowner, nobleman Pyotr Alekseevich Shchepochkin (1832-1886). Mother - Novgorod peasant, former serf P. A. Shchepochkina Anna Vasilyevna Morozova (1834-1919). All their children together (two sons and five daughters) bore the surname of their mother, and the patronymic of their godfather, landowner Alexander Ivanovich Radozhitsky. Nikolai received mostly home education, but in 1869 he entered the 2nd Moscow Gymnasium, where, according to his own recollections, he studied poorly and was expelled. In 1871-1872 he was a volunteer student at Moscow University.
In 1874, he joined the populist circle of the “Chaikovites,” participated in “going to the people,” and conducted propaganda among the peasants of the Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Voronezh and Kursk provinces. In the same year, he went abroad, was a representative of the “Chaikovites” in Switzerland, collaborated with the newspaper “Rabotnik” and the magazine “Forward”, and became a member of the International. Upon returning to Russia in 1875, he was arrested. In 1878, he was convicted in the trial of 193 and, taking into account the preliminary detention, was released at the end of the trial. He continued his revolutionary activities, conducted propaganda in the Saratov province, and went underground to avoid arrest.
Shlisselburg Fortress. New prison.
He became one of the leaders of the organization “Land and Freedom”, and was the secretary of the editorial office of the newspaper “Land and Freedom”. In 1879, he took part in the creation of Narodnaya Volya and joined its Executive Committee.
He participated in the preparation of assassination attempts on Alexander II, and was a member of the editorial board of the newspaper Narodnaya Volya. In January 1880, due to theoretical differences with the majority of the leadership of Narodnaya Volya, he withdrew from practical work and, together with his common-law wife Olga Lyubatovich, went abroad, where he published a brochure “The Terrorist Struggle” outlining his views. If the Narodnaya Volya program considered terror as an exclusive method of struggle and subsequently provided for its abandonment, then Morozov proposed using terror constantly as a regulator of political life in Russia. The theory developed by Morozov was called “tellism” (from William Tell). In December 1880, Morozov met in London with Karl Marx, who gave him several works for translation into Russian, including the Manifesto of the Communist Party.
On January 28, 1881, even before the assassination of Emperor Alexander II by the Narodnaya Volya, Morozov was arrested at the border while illegally returning to Russia. In 1882, in the trial of 20, he was sentenced to life imprisonment. Until 1884 he was kept in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress, and since 1884 - in cells 2, 13, 15, 28, 29, 33 and 37 of the Shlisselburg Fortress. In the Shlisselburg convict prison he wrote 26 volumes of various manuscripts, which he managed to save and take out upon his release from prison in 1905.
In November 1905, during the revolutionary events, under the amnesty of October 28, 1905, N. A. Morozov was released after 25 years of imprisonment. During his imprisonment, he learned eleven languages, wrote many scientific papers on chemistry, physics, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, aviation, political economy and, completely devoting himself to science, began preparing his works for publication. He was arrested in 1911 and spent almost the entire year in prison. He was last arrested in 1912 in Crimea and imprisoned in the Dvina Fortress, released at the beginning of 1913 under an amnesty in honor of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty. As a result, with interruptions, he spent about 30 years in prison.
At the beginning of 1907, in the church of the village of Kopan near Bork, Nikolai Alexandrovich married Ksenia Alekseevna Borislavskaya (1880-1948), a famous pianist, writer and translator. They lived a long life together, but they had no children.
In 1908 he joined the Polar Star Masonic Lodge.
On January 31, 1909, N. A. Morozov was invited by S. V. Muratov on behalf of the Council of the Russian Society of Lovers of World Studies (ROLM) to the post of Chairman of the Council and remained its only chairman until its closure in 1932. Members of the Council were then repressed and some of them were amnestied only half a century later. Morozov, despite his critical position, was only forced to leave for his Borok estate, where he continued his scientific work, including in the astronomical observatory built for him by the Society.
In 1939, on his initiative, a scientific center was created in Bork; Now the Borok Geophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences also works there.
In 1939, Morozov, at the age of 85, graduated from Osoaviakhim sniper courses and three years later he personally took part in hostilities on the Volkhov Front. In July 1944 he was awarded the Order of Lenin.
He was buried in Borka Park on one of the lawns. In the year of the 100th anniversary of his birth, a bronze monument made by sculptor G. Motovilov was erected on his grave.
Political Views. Morozov and the revolution
Morozov did not share Bolshevik views. For him, socialism was the ideal of social organization, but he perceived this ideal as a distant goal, the achievement of which is associated with the worldwide development of science, technology and education. He considered capitalism to be the driving force behind the latter. He defended the position that a gradual, well-prepared nationalization of industry was needed, and not its forced expropriation. In his articles he proved the inconsistency of the socialist revolution in peasant Russia. On the issue of the socialist revolution he opposed Lenin. Here his position was closer to Plekhanov’s. Morozov participated in the elections to the Constituent Assembly on the lists of the Kadet Party, being in the same ranks with V.I. Vernadsky. On August 12, 1917, in Moscow at the Bolshoi Theater, on the initiative of the head of the Provisional Government A.F. Kerensky, a State Meeting was held, in which figures of the revolutionary movement were involved: Prince P.A. Kropotkin, E.K. Breshko-Breshkovskaya, G.A. Lopatin, G. V. Plekhanov and N. A. Morozov. In his speech at this meeting, Morozov argued that the proletariat cannot currently survive without the bourgeoisie.
On the eve of the October Revolution, N. A. Morozov took a conciliatory position, joining the Cadet Party, he was offered the post of Comrade Minister of Education, which he refused. N. A. Morozov was respected by all revolutionary parties as one of the few living Narodnaya Volya members.
Performance evaluation
Memory
The minor planet (1210) Morozovia and a crater on the Moon were named in honor of Morozov.
In the Leningrad region there is a village named after Morozov.
Streets in Vladivostok and Ramenskoye are named in honor of Nikolai Morozov.
The Shlisselburg powder factories were renamed in 1922 to the “Plant named after. Morozova".
In Borka (Yaroslavl region) there is a house-museum of Morozov.
Bibliography
Morozov N. A. Stories of my life: Memoirs / Ed. and note. S. Ya. Streich. Afterword B.I. Kozmina. T. 2. - M.: b. i., 1961. - 702 p.: p.
Morozov N. A. Christ. The history of mankind in natural science, vols. 1-7 - M.-L.: Gosizdat, 1924-1932; 2nd ed. - M.: Kraft+, 1998
Literature
Avrekh A. Ya. Masons and revolution. - M.: Politizdat, 1990. - P. 51. - 350 p. - ISBN 5-250-00806-2
Popovsky M.A. Defeated Time: The Tale of Nikolai Morozov. - M.: Politizdat. Fiery revolutionaries, 1975. - 479 p., ill.
Bronshten V. A. The defeat of the Society of World Science Lovers. Journal "Nature", 1990. No. 10, pp. 122-126.
Zakharova T. G. Borok - the birthplace of N. A. Morozov // Moscow Journal. - 2005. - No. 9. - P. 7-8.
Born on June 25 (July 7), 1854 in the family estate of Borok, Yaroslavl region, he was a Russian revolutionary populist.
Member of the Chaikovsky circle, Land and Freedom, and the executive committee of Narodnaya Volya. He was a participant in the assassination attempts on Alexander II. In 1882 he was sentenced to eternal hard labor, and until 1905 he was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul and Shlisselburg fortresses. Mason. Honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1918 - Director of the Natural Science Institute named after. P. F. Lesgaft.
He left a large number of works in various fields of natural and social sciences. Also known as a writer, poet and author of literature on historical topics. Awarded two Orders of Lenin (1944, 1945) and the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1939)
Biography
Father - Mologa landowner, nobleman Pyotr Alekseevich Shchepochkin (1832-1886). Mother - Novgorod peasant woman, former serf P. A. Shchepochkina Anna Vasilyevna Morozova (1834-1919). All their children together (two sons and five daughters) bore the surname of their mother, and the patronymic of their godfather, landowner Alexander Ivanovich Radozhitsky. Nikolai received mostly home education, but in 1869 he entered the 2nd Moscow Gymnasium, where, according to his own recollections, he studied poorly and was expelled. In 1871-1872 he was a volunteer student at Moscow University.
In 1874, he joined the populist circle of the “Chaikovites,” participated in “going to the people,” and conducted propaganda among the peasants of the Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Voronezh and Kursk provinces. In the same year, he went abroad, was a representative of the “Chaikovites” in Switzerland, collaborated with the newspaper “Rabotnik” and the magazine “Forward”, and became a member of the International. Upon returning to Russia in 1875, he was arrested. In 1878, he was convicted in the trial of 193 and, taking into account the preliminary detention, was released at the end of the trial. He continued his revolutionary activities, conducted propaganda in the Saratov province, and went underground to avoid arrest.
He became one of the leaders of the “Land and Freedom” organization, and was the secretary of the editorial office of the “Land and Freedom” newspaper. In 1879, he took part in the creation of Narodnaya Volya and joined its Executive Committee.
He participated in the preparation of assassination attempts on Alexander II, and was a member of the editorial board of the newspaper Narodnaya Volya. In January 1880, due to theoretical differences with the majority of the leadership of Narodnaya Volya, he withdrew from practical work and, together with his common-law wife Olga Lyubatovich, went abroad, where he published a brochure “The Terrorist Struggle” outlining his views. If the Narodnaya Volya program considered terror as an exclusive method of struggle and subsequently provided for its abandonment, then Morozov proposed using terror constantly as a regulator of political life in Russia. The theory developed by Morozov was called “tellism” (from William Tell). In December 1880, Morozov met in London with Karl Marx, who gave him several works for translation into Russian, including the “Manifesto of the Communist Party”
On January 28, 1881, even before the assassination of Emperor Alexander II by the Narodnaya Volya, Morozov was arrested at the border while illegally returning to Russia. In 1882, in the trial of 20, he was sentenced to life imprisonment. Until 1884 he was kept in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress, and since 1884 - in cells 2, 13, 15, 28, 29, 33 and 37 of the Shlisselburg Fortress. In the Shlisselburg convict prison he wrote 26 volumes of various manuscripts, which he managed to save and take out upon his release from prison in 1905.
In November 1905, during the revolutionary events, under the amnesty of October 28, 1905, N. A. Morozov was released after 25 years of imprisonment. During his imprisonment, he learned eleven languages, wrote many scientific papers on chemistry, physics, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, aviation, political economy and, completely devoting himself to science, began preparing his works for publication. He was arrested in 1911 and spent almost the entire year in prison. He was last arrested in 1912 in Crimea and imprisoned in the Dvina Fortress, released at the beginning of 1913 under an amnesty in honor of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty. As a result, with interruptions, he spent about 30 years in prison.
At the beginning of 1907, in the church of the village of Kopan near Bork, Nikolai Alexandrovich married Ksenia Alekseevna Borislavskaya (1880-1948), a famous pianist, writer and translator. They lived a long life together, but they had no children.
In 1908 he joined the Polar Star Masonic Lodge.
On January 31, 1909, N. A. Morozov was invited by S. V. Muratov on behalf of the Council of the Russian Society of Lovers of World Studies (ROLM) to the post of Chairman of the Council and remained its only chairman until its closure in 1932. Members of the Council were then repressed and some of them were amnestied only half a century later. Morozov, despite his critical position, was only forced to leave for his Borok estate, where he continued his scientific work, including in the astronomical observatory built for him by the Society.
In 1939, on his initiative, a scientific center was created in Bork; now the Institute of Inland Water Biology and the Borok Geophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences work there
In 1939, Morozov, at the age of 85, graduated from Osoaviakhim sniper courses and three years later he personally took part in hostilities on the Volkhov Front. In July 1944 he was awarded the Order of Lenin.
He was buried in Borka Park on one of the lawns. In the year of the 100th anniversary of his birth, a bronze monument made by sculptor G. Motovilov was erected on his grave.
Political Views
Morozov did not share Bolshevik views. For him, socialism was the ideal of social organization, but he perceived this ideal as a distant goal, the achievement of which is associated with the worldwide development of science, technology and education. He considered capitalism to be the driving force behind the latter. He defended the position that a gradual, well-prepared nationalization of industry was needed, and not its forced expropriation. In his articles he proved the inconsistency of the socialist revolution in peasant Russia. On the issue of the socialist revolution he opposed Lenin. Here his position was closer to Plekhanov’s.
Morozov participated in the elections to the Constituent Assembly on the lists of the Kadet Party, being in the same ranks with V.I. Vernadsky. On August 12, 1917, in Moscow at the Bolshoi Theater, on the initiative of the head of the Provisional Government A.F. Kerensky, a State Meeting was held, in which figures of the revolutionary movement were involved: Prince P.A. Kropotkin, E.K. Breshko-Breshkovskaya, G.A. Lopatin, G. V. Plekhanov and N. A. Morozov. In his speech at this meeting, Morozov argued that the proletariat cannot currently survive without the bourgeoisie.
On the eve of the October Revolution, N. A. Morozov took a conciliatory position, joining the Cadet Party, he was offered the post of Comrade Minister of Education, which he refused. N. A. Morozov was respected by all revolutionary parties as one of the few living Narodnaya Volya members.
MOROZOV, NIKOLAY ALEXANDROVICH(1854–1946) - Russian public figure, populist revolutionary, thinker, scientist, honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, writer, poet.
Party and literary pseudonyms - “Sparrow”, “Zodiac”.
Born on June 25, 1854 in the village of Borok, Nekouzsky district, Yaroslavl province. The illegitimate son of a wealthy landowner and a freed peasant serf, he received a good education at home, completing it at the 2nd Moscow Classical Gymnasium. There, fascinated by the natural sciences, he founded the “Secret Society of Naturalists-Gymnasium Students.” Starting from the 5th grade of the gymnasium, he attended lectures at Moscow University, dressed in a student uniform, and thoroughly studied the university museum collections.
In 1874, carried away by populist ideas, he joined the Moscow circle of N.V. Tchaikovsky (“Tchaikovsky”), together with his comrades he “went among the people” - he conducted propaganda among the peasants of the Moscow, Kursk and Voronezh provinces. Police persecution forced him to return to Moscow, from where he went to St. Petersburg, and by the end of 1874 to Geneva. There he collaborated in P.L. Lavrov’s magazine “Forward” and joined the International Workers’ Association (I International).
In January 1875 he tried to return to Russia, but was arrested at the border and allowed into the country under the guarantee of his father. Leaning towards the bourgeois-liberal idea of progress through the dissemination of natural science and precise knowledge among the people, Morozov devoted himself to the revolutionary struggle, not so much for the sake of “peasant socialism”, but in the name of the program of civil liberties. Having gone illegal, he again began propaganda among peasants - this time in the Saratov province.
In 1878, having returned to St. Petersburg, he joined the organization “Land and Freedom” and became one of the editors of its underground publication of the same name.
In 1879, with the split of “Land and Freedom” into “Black Redistribution” and “People’s Will”, he joined the Narodnaya Volya organization and edited their printed organ. In 1880 he emigrated to Geneva, where he wrote the brochure “The Terrorist Struggle,” theoretically substantiating the tactics of the Narodnaya Volya. According to his comrades, he became “one of the first ardent heralds of the Narodnaya Volya trend” (V.N. Figner). At the same time he published his first collection of poems - Poems. 1875–1880(It is no coincidence that Russian Marxists called Morozov a liberal with a bomb).
Having moved from Geneva to London, he met K. Marx.
While trying to return to Russia on January 28, 1881, he was again arrested at the border near Verzhbolov. After the assassination of Alexander II on March 1, 1881, he was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress and in 1882 tried in the “Trial of 20” and sentenced to life hard labor. The court report preserved his verbal portrait: “more than average height, very thin, dark blond, long face, small facial features, large silky beard and mustache, wearing glasses, very handsome, speaks quietly, slowly.” During the investigation, he openly stated: “By my convictions, I am a terrorist.”
After the trial he was imprisoned in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress.
A long imprisonment in a ravelin without the right to use printed materials, with constant “torture of insufficient food and lack of air” did not break his will. Having received permission to use theological literature after some time, he mastered the Hebrew language (Morozov knew 11 foreign languages in total). In prison, he began an in-depth study of biblical history, as well as the chronology of celestial events during the life of Christ. His meticulous work led him to a new understanding of the chronology of world history. Having been transferred to the casemate of the Shlisselburg fortress and given the opportunity to use scientific books, throughout the entire period of his 25-year imprisonment he persistently engaged in “the work of thought” (creative scientific activity), creating works on chemistry, physics, astronomy, mathematics, and history. The books he wrote in prison were published after his release in November 1905 (among them - Periodic system of the structure of matter: theory of the formation of chemical elements. M., 1907; Revelations in thunder and storm: the history of the Apocalypse. M. - St. Petersburg, 1907; Fundamentals of qualitative physical and mathematical analysis and new physical factors discovered by it in various natural phenomena. M., 1908; D.I.Mendeleev and the significance of his periodic system for the chemistry of the future. M., 1908, etc.).
Enthusiastic revolutionary youth perceived him as the personification of the coming democratic revolution. Soon after his release, Morozov's scientific merits were noticed in society, he was awarded the title of professor of physical chemistry at the Higher Free School of P.F. Lesgaft. Soon he was appointed director, first of the biological laboratory, and then of the entire Natural Science Institute. P.F. Lesgaft. It was at this institute, on the initiative of Morozov, that the development of a number of problems related to space exploration began.
Often giving public scientific lectures, he traveled to many cities in Russia, speaking in Siberia and the Far East. Interesting are Morozov’s attempts to publish “scientific poetry” on astronomical topics, theoretically conceptualized by him in the article Poetry in science and science in poetry(“Russian Gazette”. 1912, No. 1).
For the publication of a collection of poems Star Songs(M., 1910) was put on trial and spent the entire year of 1911 in the Dvina Fortress. I used my conclusion to write a multi-volume Stories of my life; the memories in it are brought to the foundation of “Narodnaya Volya”. L.N. Tolstoy highly appreciated his gift as a writer: “I read it with the greatest interest and pleasure. I really regret that there is no continuation of them... Talentedly written!
Morozov’s poems contained calls for social heroism (comparable to the poetry of N.A. Nekrasov and V.S. Kurochkin), for the glorification of the revolutionary struggle, and the glorification of sacrificial heroism.
In the 1910s, having become interested in aeronautics, as a researcher, he flew the first airplanes, including over the Shlisselburg fortress 10 years after his liberation from it (he was already about 60 years old). Having been elected after returning from a long imprisonment to honorary members of many scientific societies, he taught at the Higher Women's Courses of P.F. Lesgaft, and taught a course on “World Chemistry” at the Psychoneurological Institute.
Lev Pushkarev, Natalya Pushkareva
Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov was born on June 25, 1854 on the Borok estate in the Yaroslavl province. His mother was the serf peasant woman A.V. Morozova; the father is a young rich landowner Shchepochkin, who fell in love with his serf, gave her her freedom and married her. The son from this marriage (not sanctified by the church) received his mother's surname.
Nikolai Morozov was brought up in his father's house, distinguished from childhood by great curiosity and a special passion for natural sciences: he collected herbariums and mineral collections, read books from the home library, climbed onto the roof of the house at night and spent hours studying the starry sky. Morozov's stay at the Moscow classical gymnasium, where he entered in 1869, was short-lived. For his active participation in the organization of the “secret society of natural scientists of high school students” and the publication of a handwritten illegal high school journal, which, along with scientific articles, also contained notes on political topics, Morozov was expelled from the 6th grade.
In the early 1870s, Morozov met prominent revolutionary populists S. M. Kravchinsky, D. A. Klemenets and others and soon took part in the propaganda of liberation ideas among the peasantry. In this work, dressing up and posing as either a blacksmith or a shoemaker, Morozov spends the summer of 1874, moving from village to village, talking with peasants, reading and distributing forbidden literature among them. When mass arrests began among the populists, Morozov returned to Moscow, where he was persecuted by the police.
Soon, in the same 1874, he was forced to go abroad. In Geneva, Morozov established connections with Russian emigrants, became the editor of Bakunin's magazine "Rabotnik", and collaborated with the London newspaper "Forward!", published by P. L. Lavrov. Here he was accepted as a member of the International. In 1875, he tries to return to Russia illegally, but he is detained at the border by gendarmes as one of the “most dangerous Russian conspirators.” (Under this definition, Morozov’s name appears on the list of persons that was secretly distributed by the government to all police agencies of the empire for an enhanced search and transfer to prison.)
From 1875 to 1878, Morozov spent time in the St. Petersburg house of preliminary detention. Without wasting time, trying, if possible, to study mathematics, physics, and astronomy, he studied foreign languages in prison, preparing to become a professional revolutionary. His first poems were written there. During his imprisonment, Morozov was put on trial in the “trial of the 193s,” which lasted almost three months. As a result, he was again sentenced to prison, but he received credit for three years of his time in prison.
Upon leaving prison, Morozov, having learned that his sentence was subject to review as “too lenient,” immediately went into illegal status. By this time, he joined the organization of revolutionary populists "Land and Freedom", where he soon became one of the leading figures. Together with G. V. Plekhanov, he edits the magazine "Land and Freedom". In view of the emerging disagreements with Plekhanov, who denied individual terror as a method of political struggle, Morozov created a special body - the "Land and Freedom" sheet, dedicated to the propaganda of terror, and, finally, in 1879, became part of a terrorist group with the motto "Freedom or Death" ", which secretly arose inside "Land and Freedom". After the final split of Earth and Waves, Morozov was a member of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya (it also included A.I. Zhelyabov, S.L. Perovskaya, A.D. Mikhailov, V.N. Figner and others) and editor its press organ.
Attempts on the life of Alexander II followed one after another, in the preparation of which Morozov took an active part. In 1880 he again had to emigrate abroad. During his trip to London, he meets and talks with K. Marx.
Informed by a letter from Sofia Perovskaya about the need for his return to his homeland, Morozov in 1881 makes a second attempt to cross the Russian border and again falls into the hands of the gendarmes. In 1882, in the “trial of 20,” Morozov was sentenced to life imprisonment, which he served first in the Alekseevskaya ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress (4 years), and then, from 1834, in the Shlisselburg Fortress (21 years). He was released under an amnesty only in the fall of 1905, after 25 years of solitary confinement.
Morozov devoted all the years of his stay in the Shlisselburg fortress to the development of scientific issues that occupied him, mainly in the field of chemistry and astronomy. With an incredible effort of will, he forced himself to work, write, do calculations, make tables. This allowed him, immediately after leaving prison, to publish his works one after another: “Periodic systems of the structure of matter” (1907), “D. I. Mendeleev and the significance of his periodic system for the chemistry of the future” (1908). At the same time, during his imprisonment, most of his poems were created, which he published in the book “Star Songs”. The publication of this book in 1910 led to prosecution and a new one-year sentence, which Morozov served in the Dvina Fortress. Morozov used his year in prison to write his memoirs. ("Tales of My Life", vols. 1-4, Pg., 1916-1918 (3rd ed. - vols. 1-2, M., 1965).)
After the October Revolution, Morozov devoted himself entirely to scientific, pedagogical and social activities. He was elected director of the Natural Science Institute named after P. F. Lesgaft, an honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Morozov is the author of the books “Revelations in a Thunderstorm and a Storm” (1907) and “Christ” (a seven-volume work of 1924-1932), in which, based on data from astronomy and geophysics, he tried to substantiate a completely new concept of world history, which has no scientific value, but remarkable in its own way.
In recent years, Morozov lived in his homeland, on the Borok estate in the Yaroslavl region, which was assigned to him on the personal instructions of V.I. Lenin.
Morozov's poems of the 1870-1880s were published in collections and periodicals of the free Russian press abroad; The first collection of poems by N. A. Morozov, “Poems 1875-1880” (Geneva, 1880), was also published abroad. The revolutionary events of 1905 and Morozov’s subsequent amnesty made it possible to publish the first legal collections of his poems: “From the Walls of Captivity. Shlisselburg Motifs” (Rostov-on-Don, St. Petersburg, 1906) and “Star Songs” (M., 1910) . Only after the October Revolution was an almost exhaustive collection of Morozov's poetic works published: "Star Songs. The first complete edition of all poems before 1919." (book 1-2, M., 1920-1921).
Books
In the brilliant book of a Russian scientist who spent 27 years in prison, you will get an answer to the question: is the ancient dream of alchemists about the convertibility of simple substances into each other close to fulfillment? This book shows how, throughout the long period of its existence, chemistry, with the exception of its temporary disappointment in the 19th century, set as its ultimate goal to prove the transformability of metals and metalloids and establish the laws of their natural evolution from the all-pervading world ether, and at the same time to give us ways, imitating nature, to actually transform them into each other in our earthly laboratories.
St. Petersburg, 1909
Download - pdf format (61.89 Mb.)
Memoirs of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov - an honorary academician, an outstanding scientist in the field of natural science, the oldest revolutionary, covering his childhood, revolutionary activities, 25-year imprisonment in the Shlisselburg fortress and some period after liberation. In addition, the publication includes some of his letters. Morozov's memoirs are in the nature of a fiction story. L.N. Tolstoy gave a high assessment to their artistic side.
Download - first volume in PDF (15.31 Mb.)
Download - second volume in PDF (22.78 MB.)
The work “Periodic systems of the structure of matter” was written by him while serving a sentence in the Shlisselburg fortress for participation in revolutionary activities. In his book, Morozov develops the idea of the complex structure of atoms and thereby substantiates the essence of the periodic law of chemical elements. He defends the theoretical possibility of atomic decomposition, which at that time seemed unconvincing to most physicists and chemists, because there was not yet sufficient experimental evidence for this statement. N.A. Morozov also expresses the idea that the main task of the chemistry of the future will be the synthesis of elements. Developing the idea of J. Dumas, N.A. Morozov proposed a periodic system of hydrocarbons - “carbohydrides”, by analogy with the periodic table - “in increasing order of their share weight”, and constructed tables reflecting the periodic dependence of a number of properties of aliphatic and cyclic radicals on the molecular weight. N.A. Morozov suggested that chemically neutral elements should exist among atoms. A number of atomic weights of elements of the zero and first groups calculated by N.A. Morozov coincided with the atomic weights of the corresponding isotopes determined many years later. A deep analysis of the properties of the elements of the zero and eighth groups of the periodic system of Mendeleev led N.A. Morozov to the idea of the need to combine them into one zero type, which was also justified by subsequent works. “Thus,” wrote the famous chemist Professor L.A. Chugaev, “N.A. Morozov could predict the existence of the zero group 10 years before it was actually discovered. Unfortunately, due to circumstances beyond his control, this prediction was not could have been published then and appeared in print much later." It is striking and indisputable that more than 100 years ago N.A. Morozov boldly and confidently accepted the point of view of the complex structure of atoms and the convertibility of elements, allowing for the possibility of artificial production of radioactive elements, recognizing the extraordinary reserves of intra-atomic energy. According to Academician I.V. Kurchatov, “modern physics has fully confirmed the statement about the complex structure of atoms and the interconvertibility of all chemical elements, which was once discussed by N.A. Morozov in the monograph “Periodic Systems of the Structure of Matter.”
The life of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov was full of bright, contradictory, fateful and incredible events. Due to his encyclopedic knowledge, creative potential and enormous capacity for work, N.A. Morozov is an exceptional phenomenon. Whatever he was: a terrorist, a freemason, an inventor, a pilot, an encyclopedist, a writer and poet, a sniper... He didn’t waste time in Dvinsk either: while imprisoned in the fortress, N.A. Morozov wrote memoirs and learned Hebrew.
I dreamed of becoming a scientist, but became a terrorist
According to one version, 15-year-old Nikolai Morozov was expelled from the 2nd Moscow Gymnasium in 1869 due to poor studies, and a little later - in 1971 and 1872 - he was a volunteer student at the Faculty of Medicine of Moscow University. According to another, he was expelled from the gymnasium without the right to enter higher educational institutions in Russia for his democratic views - his home education affected him. Thus, by denying him the right to education, the tsarist government itself pushed him onto the revolutionary path.
The next decade of his life was stormy: in 1874 he became a “populist” and participated in “going to the people”, conducting propaganda among the peasants. He became one of the leaders of the Land and Freedom organization, and in 1879 he joined the executive committee of Narodnaya Volya, where the revolver, dagger and dynamite were considered the main means of political struggle. Morozov was an ardent radical and proposed constantly using terror as a regulator of political life. In 1880, in London, he met with Karl Marx and was closely acquainted with Nikolai Kibalchich, Sofia Perovskaya, and Andrei Zhelyabov, executed for the murder of Emperor Alexander II.
He was arrested in 1881 (even before the assassination of the emperor) and in 1882 he was sentenced to life imprisonment - his participation in one of the seven attempts on Alexander II’s life was proven, when Narodnaya Volya members dug under the railway. He spent three years in solitary confinement in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress. It was only in 1887 that he was given paper for the first time, and the following year ink. In 1984, he was transferred to the Shlisselburg fortress, where he remained for 21 years.
“I was not sitting in a fortress, I was sitting in the Universe”
In the cold solitary confinement of the Shlisselburg convict prison, Morozov did more than just serve his sentence. He studied science daily and made several discoveries of world significance. He recalled: “Some calculations had to be done for several days in a row and written in numbers and transformations on twenty pages of paper, and then reduced to one page. And at the end of such tedious operations my head was ready to burst, and it was impossible to quit in the middle and rest, so as not to lose the connection between the beginning of the calculations and their end.”
During his imprisonment, he learned eleven foreign languages from a self-instruction manual, and after his release under the amnesty of 1905, he managed to take out of prison 26 volumes of manuscripts on various sciences - chemistry, physics, mathematics, astronomy, aviation, political economy, history, mathematics, biology, etc. At large he was actively involved in scientific and pedagogical activities. At the suggestion of D.I. Mendeleev, in 1906, for his work “Periodic systems of the structure of matter,” Morozov was awarded the degree of Doctor of Chemistry without defending a dissertation. Later, academician Igor Kurchatov noted: “Modern physics has fully confirmed the statement about the complex structure of atoms, developed at one time by N.A. Morozov.”
He teaches at the St. Petersburg Higher Free School of P.F. Lesgaft - teacher, anatomist and doctor, creator of the scientific system of physical education. He was elected a member of the Russian, French and British Astronomical Societies and the Russian Physico-Chemical Society, and he was elected chairman of the Russian Society of World Science Amateurs. Academician Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov spoke of Morozov this way: “This scientific enthusiasm, completely disinterested, passionate love for scientific research should remain an example and model for every scientist, young or old.”
Last arrest
The last time Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov was arrested in Crimea was in 1912 (he was 58 years old) and, by decision of the Moscow Court Chamber, was imprisoned in the Dvina Fortress. The reason for the arrest was the publication of a collection of poems, “Star Songs,” in which revolutionary sentiments and anti-religious views prevailed. Nikolai Alexandrovich later recalled: “I took advantage of this opportunity to learn the Hebrew language for the expedient development of the Old Testament Bible, and there I wrote four volumes of “Tales of My Life,” which I brought to the founding of “Narodnaya Volya,” since my period of imprisonment ended at this point "
Liberation followed in 1913 under an amnesty in honor of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty. Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy was very interested in the memoirs written by Morozov in Dvinsk: “...I read it with the greatest interest and pleasure. I am very sorry that there is no continuation...Talentedly written. It was interesting to look into the soul of the revolutionaries. This Morozov is very instructive for me.”
“The aspiration of the spirit knows no bounds,
The boundless horizon is wide.
On the powerful wings of a white bird
Let’s make our childhood dream come true!”
Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov stood at the origins of aeronautics and astronautics. Having received the rank of pilot, he was chairman of the scientific flight commission and lectured at an aviation school. He himself took to the air in the first balloons more than a hundred times, and each flight was associated with risk. He suffered accidents more than once, miraculously remaining alive, and witnessed the death of many Russian aviators. He did a lot for flight safety. For example, he created the world's first high-altitude hermetic aviation suit - the prototype of a modern space suit, and also invented a life-saving equatorial belt, which makes it possible to automatically turn the upper part of a balloon into a parachute, thereby ensuring a smooth descent of the gondola to the ground.
Twelfth foreign
In the Dvina Fortress, Nikolai Morozov mastered the twelfth foreign language - Hebrew. Thanks to his knowledge of languages, including ancient ones, he became familiar with sources on the history of mankind (the Bible, for example) in the original and interpreted the information contained in them in his own way. Having systematized the ancient texts, which probably describe the same events, I noticed that they are dated from different eras. This allowed Morozov to take a fresh look at the historical process and create his own concept of human development. Thus, they laid the foundations for revising traditional history.
Not everyone liked this idea, and in large scientific centers (MSU, in particular) there are still battles between “correctors” of chronology and scientists who adhere to traditional views. They are not very fond of Nikolai Alexandrovich, accusing him of falsification, lack of evidence, free interpretation and fiction: “In the field of “humanities” he can be called ... “an outstanding pseudoscientist.”
Biography facts
While in prison, N.A. Morozov himself cured himself of tuberculosis (the method also included physical exercises) - six months later, the doctors, to their amazement, discovered that the prisoner was not only alive, but also completely healthy.
N.A. Morozov is almost the only one who was not affected by Stalin’s repressions. In 1945, there were three honorary academicians of the USSR Academy of Sciences - microbiologist N.F. Gamaley, N.A. Morozov and I.V. Stalin. Awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1939) and two Orders of Lenin (1944, 1945). Until the end of his days, he remained a convinced revolutionary and wrote in all his questionnaires: a member of the Narodnaya Volya party.
In 1939, at the age of 85, he graduated from OSOAVIAKHIM sniper courses and three years later went to the Volkhov Front, where he participated in military operations.
From a letter from the Shlisselburg fortress dated August 8, 1899: “Sometimes a storm disrupts the nests of swallows, and then their chicks come to us to be raised, are fed on flies and spiders and placed in small cloth nests until their wings grow. And now a little orphan swallow named Chika is being raised... She loves to sleep on her chest, in her bosom, in her sleeve, or even just in her fist. Loves to be petted and spoken to and knows her name. Never before has there been such a sweet and affectionate bird..."
“The one whose echo is in others has not died”
There is still no consensus why N.A. Morozov was not affected by Stalin’s repressions. Leader's quirk? Dictator's whim? Or maybe the generalissimo was close to some of the impulses of the soul of a convinced revolutionary, because in all his questionnaires Morozov wrote: Member of the People's Will party?
ON THE. Morozov was friendly with the poet V.Ya. Bryusov, corresponded with V.I. Lenin, F.E. Dzerzhinsky, A.V. Lunacharsky, V.D. Bonch-Bruevich, Ya.E. Rudzutak, A.I. Rykov, N.I. Ezhov, L.P. Beria, I.V. Stalin. In 1945, there were three honorary academicians of the USSR Academy of Sciences - microbiologist N.F. Gamaley, N.A. Morozov and I.V. Stalin. At the end of his life, awards came: the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1939) and two Orders of Lenin (1944, 1945). Died in 1946.
Unusual scenes in dreams
Adjika from zucchini “finger-licking” - a recipe for the winter
Why do you dream about Storm at Sea?
Why do you dream about stud earrings?
What was shown in these photographs?