Youth in modern society and its problems. Actual problems of self-realization among young people. Psychological problems of youth

19.07.2020

Introduction 3
1.The concept of "youth" 4
2. Situation of youth in modern society 7
3. Youth problems in modern Russia 8
3.1. Social inequality. Poverty and misery. nine
3.2. The problem of homelessness and neglect 10
3.3. Crime problem 11
3.4. Explosive growth of social diseases 12
3.5. The problem of drug addiction and alcoholism 13
3.6. Where to live 14
3.7. What to live on? 15
3.8. Where to study? sixteen
3.9. How and where to rest? 17
3.10. What to strive for? 18
Conclusion 20
List of used literature 22

INTRODUCTION

My interest in this issue is explained by the fact that I am one of the representatives of the present generation of young people who are going through modern processes of changes in political, economic and social problems in modern Russian society. Therefore, I want to analyze this problem in detail in order to know exactly what problems may arise in my life path.
Young people are not only the future, they are the “living present”, and it is important to understand to what extent the young generation today determines the content and character of the future, to what extent it carries the “spirit of the new time”. But a more definite scientific concept of "youth" should be given. So, young people are a socio-demographic group with characteristic age, socio-psychological properties and social values \u200b\u200bthat are determined by the level of socio-economic, cultural development, and the characteristics of socialization in Russian society.

THE CONCEPT OF "YOUTH"

To consider the problems of youth, it is necessary to imagine what youth is, how it differs from other social groups.
One of the first definitions of the concept of "youth" was given in 1968 by V.T. Lisovsky: “Youth is a generation of people going through the stage of socialization, assimilating, and in a more mature age have already mastered, educational, professional, cultural and other social functions; depending on the specific historical conditions, the age criteria for young people can range from 14 to 35 years. " Later, a more complete definition was given by I.S. Kon: “Youth is a socio-demographic group, distinguished on the basis of a set of age characteristics, characteristics of social status and socio-psychological properties due to both. Youth as a specific phase, stage life cycle it is biologically universal, but its specific age limits, the associated social status and socio-psychological characteristics are of a socio-historical nature and depend on the social system, culture and the laws of socialization inherent in a given society ”.
Youth is a path to the future that a person chooses. The choice of the future, its planning is characteristic young age; he would not be so attractive if the person knew in advance what would happen to him tomorrow, in a month, in a year.
In developmental psychology, youth is characterized as a period of formation of a stable system of values, the formation of self-awareness and the formation of personality. The consciousness of a young person has a special sensitivity, the ability to process and assimilate a huge flow of information. During this period, critical thinking develops, the desire to give their own assessment of various phenomena, the search for original thinking. At the same time, at this age, certain attitudes characteristic of the previous generation are still preserved. This is due to the fact that the period of vigorous activity in a young person encounters a limited nature of practical, creative activity, incomplete involvement of the young person in the system of social relations. Hence, in the behavior of young people, there is an amazing combination of contradictory qualities and traits: the desire for identification and isolation, conformism and negativism, imitation and denial of generally accepted norms, the desire for communication and withdrawal, detachment from the outside world. The instability and inconsistency of youth consciousness have an impact on many forms of behavior and activities of the individual.
Youth is a time when everyone must determine his own destiny, find the only true life path leading to success, which will allow him to maximize his abilities and talents. This is a period associated with a painfully difficult process of self-knowledge, finding your own “I”. A person needs to determine the boundaries of his real capabilities, to understand what he is capable of, to establish himself in society. On the other hand, at the same time, he needs to form the most reliable idea of \u200b\u200bthe world around him, to systematize value orientations, political, moral, and aesthetic views. Life confronts a young person with the need to make a number of important decisions in the face of a lack of life experience.
Youth is a special socio-demographic group that is going through a period of formation of social maturity, the position of which is determined by the socio-economic state of society.
The lower age limit is determined that from the age of 14 physical maturity begins and a person can engage in labor activities (the period of choice to study or work).
The upper limit is determined by the achievement of economic independence, professional and personal stability (starting a family, having children).
Socialization is the process of personality formation, learning, assimilation of values, norms, attitudes of behavior patterns adopted in a given society. Young people have special features that characterize them as an independent socio-demographic group.
The boundaries of youth are flexible. They depend on the socio-economic development of society, the achieved level of well-being and culture, and the living conditions of people. The impact of these factors really manifests itself in the life expectancy of people.

It is customary to divide the youth into four age groups:

1. 14-16 years old - teenagers. This is the age at which puberty continues,
parallel to which the formation of other biological systems occurs
organism. This age is characterized by the maximum disproportions in
the level and pace of physiological and psychological development. These are mainly students of secondary schools and vocational schools,
are, as a rule, dependent on parents or the state.

2. 17-19 years old - youth. Biologically this is the period of completion
physical maturation, the age of self-determination - the beginning of independent
professional activity or choice and implementation of quality
new vocational training. Separation of life paths begins
boys and girls, which subsequently leads to a deeper
economic, political and cultural differentiation among them. IN
this age begins the process of socialization - there is an acquisition
almost the entire completeness of civil rights, and at the same time the range of
socio-political roles and related interests and
responsibility.

3. 20-24 years - the actual youth. A person at this age, being an adult in a physiological respect, continues the process of socialization. This age group is primarily composed of students and young people completing basic vocational training, entering production activities and creating their own families.

4. 25-35 years old - older youth. At this age, based on personal
experience in industrial and family life, as well as youth participation in
political relations, the process of forming a mature
personality. Young people of this age play the role of parents in their own
families. They have already found their way in life.

SITUATION OF YOUTH
IN MODERN SOCIETY

Young people must be assessed as an organic part of modern society, bearing the function of responsibility for the development of our country, for the preservation of its history and culture, for the life of the elderly and the reproduction of the future generation. Today's youth, learning and gaining life experience, tomorrow become an active progressive force, passing on the acquired life wisdom to subsequent generations.
In today's rapidly changing, dynamically developing world, young people have to decide independently which is more valuable - enrichment by any means or the acquisition of high qualifications that help to adapt to new conditions, adaptability to new reality; unlimited freedom of interpersonal relationships or family. The value system is the foundation of a person's relationship to the world. In the 21st century, the world's youth have acquired a number of new qualities, both positive and negative.

Positive traits:
1. Striving for self-organization and self-government;
2. Interest in political events in the country and the region;
3. Indifference to the problems of the national language and culture;
4. Participation in the organization of your leisure time;
5. Orientation towards self-education

Negative qualities:
1. Tobacco smoking, drug testing and adolescent alcoholism;
2. Sexual experimentation;
3. Selfishness, indifference;

The main result of the implementation should be an improvement in the position of young people in society and, as a consequence, an increase in the contribution of young people to the development of the state.

3. YOUTH PROBLEMS
IN MODERN RUSSIA

3.1. SOCIAL INEQUALITY.
POVERTY AND POVERTY

The real problems are concentrated among the poor, the oppressed, the disadvantaged, the outcast. These are social and economic problems.
And the very first and foremost: social inequality, poverty, misery. Contrary to the tales of "stabilization" and "economic growth" that are being fed to us by the media paid for by the Kremlin and the presidential administration, social stratification is not decreasing, but growing. The possibility of the development of a child, adolescent, young person today directly depends on the financial situation of his family and place of residence (those who live in the countryside are practically already deprived of social prospects - to the point that today in the villages schools have begun to close with might and main). Poverty - and even more so poverty - entails many problems: not only the impossibility of full development - intellectual, physical, mental, aesthetic, etc., not only the impossibility of obtaining a quality education, lack of access to effective medical care (and a sick child always is in an unequal position in comparison with the healthy), lack of access to cultural achievements. This means that young people from poor families are doomed to live in an atmosphere of constant family scandals, domestic violence and family drunkenness (since alcohol is the cheapest way to relieve stress). I'm not even talking about the fact that a hungry child cannot study normally, and poverty kills a person's sense of dignity and self-respect.
However, the youth did not create this problem for themselves. Social inequality, poverty, misery are generated by the actions of the authorities. And our government is not able to solve this problem - and is not going to solve it. Because it is the representatives of the authorities who are the people who profit from social inequality, poverty and misery of a part of society. They are those employers who hire young girls only on the condition that they will satisfy their sexual needs. There would be no poverty and social inequality - girls would send them with their sexual demands to hell.

3.2. PROBLEM
LOOKLESS AND LEGLESS

Related to the problem of poverty is the problem of homelessness and neglect. Obviously, it is not the children of bankers or generals who become homeless: even if they lose their parents, there will be someone to take them under the care of. Homeless children are children from poor families, from socially disadvantaged regions, where mortality is especially high, including crime and from drugs and alcohol, and where a significant part of the population is already practically deprived of normal medical care. Yes, the number of homeless children has decreased in recent years - but not as a result of the efforts of the authorities, but because the peak of homelessness came in the mid-90s and street children of this period partly increased (and replenished the population of prisons), partly died.
This problem was also created not by young people, but by the authorities. And the authorities are not going to solve this problem either. This is evident from the fact that under the current legislation all that can be done with a homeless child is to place him in a temporary detention center for a month. After that, the homeless child is again pushed out into the street.

3.3. THE PROBLEM OF CRIME

The next problem of the beggarly circle is crime. It is known that child and adolescent crime is growing, and in general, crime in our country is almost entirely youthful, caused by social inequality, poverty, poverty and the extreme availability of alcohol and drugs. There is not enough material resources for everyone, since they are distributed more than unevenly and a significant part of the population is deprived of them and cannot get them legally (“you cannot build stone chambers from the works of the righteous”), then this problem, generated by the authorities, cannot be solved by the authorities ... In such conditions, further rejuvenation of crime and an increase in the number of violent and serious crimes committed by adolescents and young people is a natural and inevitable phenomenon.
Of course, the authorities are not going to change anything. The “law enforcement” system that exists today is a huge vacuum cleaner that sucks money out of the poor and those without power and redistributes this money in favor of the rich and those in power. The families of young people who have violated the law are a source of constant income for lawyers, police, prosecutors, and the judiciary. Therefore, none of them is interested in reducing crime, reducing the number of criminals, and fighting crime. What kind of "fool" would slaughter the goose that lays the golden eggs?

3.4. EXPLOSIVE GROWTH
SOCIAL DISEASES

3.5. THE PROBLEM OF DRUG AND ALCOHOLISM

The next problem is drug addiction and alcoholism. Of course, it was not teenagers or young people who built distilleries themselves and invented drugs.
The direct interest of the authorities in the alcohol and drug addicted youth as potentially the most rebellious group of the population is obvious: it is known that alcoholics and drug addicts do not rebel, they do not arrange revolutions: their interests are in another, illusory world, drug addiction (including alcoholism).
There is, of course, a direct material interest of the authorities: starting with the "vodka budget" and ending with the direct connection of those "law enforcement" units that are called upon to fight the spread of drugs, with the drug business. And drug addiction is getting younger and growing. There is a direct interest of both the "law enforcement" system and the narcological services in the existence and development of drug addiction: the former receive money from drug addicts and provide themselves with "criminals" who agree to take on any blame for a dose, and the latter lure out a lot of money from drug addicts and their relatives. In order for this conveyor to work smoothly, society is persistently taught that drug addiction (including alcoholism) is a "disease" that can be cured. Meanwhile, drug addiction is not a disease (at least until the moment when the drug is incorporated into the metabolic system of the body), it is a type of dependence on an altered form of consciousness. In other words, it is impossible to cure drug addiction (alcoholism), you can reorient the drug addict - provided that he himself wants it and the drug has not yet physically destroyed his body, has not become chemically necessary for him - to another, socially harmless or socially useful form of addiction (such as a sport or creative activity).
By the way, the very fact that alcoholic beverages and tobacco products - despite the fact that both alcohol and nicotine are officially recognized as drugs - are legally sold in Russia, betrays power headlong: social leaders do not prevent the spread of these two drugs - and receive a considerable income from this ... And the "fight" with other drugs is connected only with the fact that, unlike alcohol and nicotine, to which in the process of evolution the majority of the Russian population has partially adapted (as to unfavorable "natural" factors), other drugs quickly make their victims incapacitated, then there is no way for the social top (big business and the state) to extract profit from them as from hired workers in the production process.
3.6. WHERE TO LIVE?

The independence and independence that young people are striving for is very difficult to obtain without their own housing. Own housing is a separate apartment, which can be not only purchased, but also rented. The housing issue has several problems.
First, young people are always and everywhere not a well-to-do part of society.
Young people are a separate class of society that is just beginning to live and uses the resources of their parents. This means that the parents decide whether their child or young family needs a separate apartment or not. And the choice and decision of parents depends not only on their views on life, but also on material security. There is no middle class in Russia, so in most cases they cannot help solve the housing problem of their children. And for such decisions, young people simply have no money. Unfortunately, the younger generation cannot count on state aid when solving the housing problem. Mortgages in Russia are practically not developed.
In addition to the apartment part, the question of where to live can be considered a geographical one. You can live in Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod - where there is work and where the best conditions are created for life. But in our country, the legal migration of the population is extremely difficult: there is a registration system.

3.7. WHAT TO LIVE FOR?

Finding a job that will become a source of basic income is another difficulty that must be overcome. It is easier to do this in megalopolises, but in other cities of Russia, the situation is much worse.
When a young man is looking for a job, he is trying to solve two of his problems: career growth and material well-being.
Starting to work, he thinks what he will do in a year or two, what kind of work he can get in the future. And it is very important for him to understand that he will gain experience and practical knowledge that will make him a more expensive specialist, more demanded by the market.
On the other hand, a person starting an independent life requires from his employer a wage that corresponds to his standard of living.
It is very difficult for young specialists to find work in Russia. It happens that work comes by itself, but very often you need to look for it. And job searches can last more than one week. You have to write correctly drawn up resumes, send them to companies, pass interviews, withstand probationary periods.
Solving the problem of unemployment in general and youth unemployment in particular is the concern of the state. In big cities there are places to work and young people to work. But there are entire regions where there is nothing to do. And then it is no longer a problem of young people, but a problem of the region, and therefore the state.
It should be remembered that unemployment among the active and able-bodied population, which needs to somehow get a livelihood, leads to an increase in crime, social stratification, and as a result, to social tension.
The problem of unemployment can be solved by migration of the population to the regions where there is work, but work in Moscow, for example, without a Moscow residence permit, according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, is a crime.
But employment is not the only solution to the problem. The income of a young person can be a scholarship, allowance, or other social benefits.

3.8. WHERE TO STUDY?

Working in a lucrative profession is almost impossible without professional training and higher education. Therefore, high school graduates strive to continue their education.
The condition of our education and the material condition of our teachers in particular, give rise to corruption. Entrance exams are often a wallet competition.
The only thing that a young person can do to be able to study for free at a university is to become a talent. Then he will be able to pass the entrance exams brilliantly. Otherwise, you need to be willing to pay for your education. Parents almost always do this.

Choosing a life path after secondary, primary vocational or technical education is a decisive investment in yourself for the future. Depending on how well you make this choice, it depends whether you reap the abundant fruits of your own activities, or find yourself thrown into the margins of society without the right to review. Entering a university with a certain desire is a simple matter and accessible to almost all graduates, but not every even worthy applicant can find acceptable conditions for studying in a desired university.

3.9. HOW AND WHERE TO RELAX?

Where does a young person spend time outside of school, home and work? This is a very important question. As a rule, at this time a person is left to himself and no one knows exactly what he is doing.
It is important that the young man is really doing something at this time, because because of “nothing to do” anything can happen: from hooliganism to murder. “Nothing to do” leads to drunkenness, drug addiction, hooliganism, fights and other crimes.
Young people need affordable leisure centers for them: clubs, discos, sports and cultural centers, cinemas.

3.10. WHAT TO ASK FOR?

Young people today do not have those clear guidelines in life that our fathers and mothers had. There is no global goal that is formed at the state level by a huge and powerful propaganda machine.
All information comes to the child from parents, friends, teachers, from fairy tales, cartoons, songs and films. And young people get a picture of the world from the media, products of mass culture and their life experience.
The picture of the world that young people now have, which has been created for a decade, tells them about powerlessness and prejudice. That there are rich and powerful guys who decide everything: who, where and why.
This picture of the world provokes the younger generation. One part of him completely lost interest in politics and the life of the state. The other, having accumulated enough aggression, unites under radical, nationalist and fascist slogans. And it seems that none of today's politicians thinks that Russia in 10 years will have the face of modern youth.

There are also political and cultural problems that I cannot analyze in any detail. I can only list. It:

CONCLUSION

The desire to escape from real problems into an illusory world contributes to the massive spread of alcoholism and drug addiction among young people. Adults today cannot provide the young generation with the necessary number of alternative ways of existence, goals and values, norms for the sake of which it would be worthwhile to study hard, work hard, and observe certain standards of behavior.

We have all forgotten the wisdom of our ancestors and in pursuit of the most modern televisions, music centers or simply fighting for survival in our imperfect world, we forgot about the main thing, about tomorrow, about our own children.
Therefore, it is necessary to build not prisons, camps and colonies, but to restore health, youth camps, sports clubs, playgrounds, recreation parks. To raise the level of professional training of teachers, practical psychologists, and simply to promote a healthy lifestyle, work, etc. And parents need to understand that they need to feed, dress, and put on shoes, this is all good, but we must not forget about the moral side of education. Therefore, one should not think that a young man will never start using drugs or stealing, and if (God forbid) this has already happened, then one should not turn away from him, but simply help him to get out of it. Understand that young people want to be understood, needed and just want to be reckoned with. They want to be adults - they need help.
It is the young people who are able to help the authorities in many ways, to find the necessary solution.

List of used literature

1. Anosov A.P. Teenager's problems. M.: Infra-M, 2007
2. Baranov A.P. Social work with youth. M.: Infra-M, 2009.
3. Vasilyeva P.R. Youth policy in Russia. M.: Infra-M, 2006
4. Makhmutova N.N. Youth labor market. M.: Infra-M, 2008
5. P.P. Nikolaeva Youth in the social space of Russia. M.: Infra-M, 2008.
6. P.P. Nikolaeva Youth in the social space of Russia. M.: Infra-M, 2008, p. 109.

Reaches physical maturity at the age of 14 on average. Around this age, in ancient societies, children underwent a ceremony initiation - initiation into the number of adult members of the tribe. However, as society became more advanced and complex, it took more than just physical maturity to be considered an adult. It is assumed that a successful person must acquire the necessary knowledge about the world and society, acquire professional skills, learn to independently provide for himself and his own, etc. Since the volume of knowledge and skills has continuously increased in the course of history, the moment of acquiring the status of an adult was gradually postponed to a later age. At present, this moment corresponds to approximately 30 years.

Youth it is customary to call the period in a person's life from 14 to 30 years - between childhood and adulthood.

Accordingly, representatives of the demographic group, whose age fits within this time frame, are called youth. However, age is not the decisive criterion for defining youth: the time boundaries of youth age are flexible and are determined by the social and cultural conditions of growing up. For a correct understanding of the characteristics of young people, it is necessary to focus attention not on the demographic criterion, but on the socio-psychological one.

Youth - this is a generation of people going through the stage of growing up, i.e. the formation of personality, the assimilation of knowledge, social values \u200b\u200band norms necessary in order to take place as a full-fledged and full-fledged member of society.

Youth has a number of characteristics that distinguish it from other ages. By its nature, youth is transitional,"Suspended" state between childhood and adulthood. In some issues, young people are quite mature, serious and responsible, while in others they are naive, limited and infantile. This duality determines a number of contradictions and problems inherent in this age.

Growing up - this is primarily the assimilation of knowledge and skills and the first attempts to apply them in practice.

If we consider youth from the point of view of leading activities, then this period coincides with the end education (educational activities) and entry into working life ().

Youth policy system consists of three components:

the legal conditions for the implementation of youth policy (i.e. the corresponding legal framework);
forms of regulation of youth policy;
information and material and financial support of youth policy.

The main directions of youth policy are:

involving young people in public life, informing them about potential development opportunities;
development of creative activity of youth, support of talented youth;
integration of young people who find themselves in a difficult life situation into a full life.

These areas are implemented in a number of specific programs: legal advice, popularization of universal human values, propaganda, organization of international interaction of young people, support of volunteer initiatives, assistance in finding a job, strengthening young families, increasing civic engagement, helping young people in difficult situations, etc. If desired, each young person is able to find in the media all the necessary information about current projects and select those that can help in solving his specific problems.

O. A. Kritskaya, Cand. social Sciences, Art. Lecturer, Southwestern State University (Kursk)

The spread of smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction, crime, immorality are unfavorable factors in the socialization of young people and, as a consequence, in the development of Russian society. There is a deterioration in the health of the young population in the country, which leads to the destruction of the gene pool and constitutes a threat to the national security of Russia. Youth is a socio-demographic group distinguished on the basis of age-related characteristics of the social status of young people, their place and functions in the social structure of society, specific interests and values. Young people play a colossal role in the life of the country, but at the same time they are one of the most vulnerable groups of the population. The socio-economic conditions of life, the growth of social contradictions, undoubtedly, affect young people, provoking deviant behavior in their environment. It is important to take into account that youth's worldview is at the stage of formation, and life experience is still insufficient. The younger generation is the most susceptible part of society to life changes, and at the same time, very dynamic, easily going beyond the framework into which society drives them. Today, the following types of deviant behavior are common among the youth.

The most important causes of alcoholism are social inequality and social disorder. According to the experts of the World Health Organization, alcoholics are excessive drinkers, whose dependence on alcohol reaches such a degree that it leads to disorders of physical and mental health, causes conflict with other people, worsening social and economic situation and requires treatment. In a state of intoxication, a person becomes obsessive, cheeky, rude, which leads to various offenses, including especially grave ones. The consequences of alcoholism are material damage from crimes and accidents, the costs of treating alcoholics. The damage to spiritual and moral relations in society and the family does not lend itself to material accounting. As a result of a study carried out by the Institute of Youth, it turned out that by the age of 17, 46% of boys and 54% of girls drink alcohol more than once a month. Also in the country, beer alcoholism among young people has reached colossal proportions. In St. Petersburg, a survey was conducted, from which it turned out that "almost half of the surveyed young townspeople drink beer almost every day."

Teenagers begin to use alcohol and drugs in a very early age, which, in turn, shortens life expectancy, has a detrimental effect on the psychophysiological and social development of a young person. The addict is ready to do anything for them, and for grave crimes committed in his own family. The most horrifying thing is that more than half of the addicts are young people under the age of 29, who cannot give normal offspring, cannot participate in labor relations, and drop out of society. At present, the speed and extent of the spread of drug addiction "call into question the physical and moral health of young people and the future of a significant part of it, the social stability of Russian society."

The most tragic type of deviant behavior is suicide. At the heart of any suicidal manifestations is social and psychological maladjustment. The provoking factors of suicidal behavior are various combinations of characteristics such as gender, age, education, social and marital status. Young suicides are characterized by the desire to witness the reaction of others to their death. In the practice of suicide, death by children and adolescents is not planned with the same certainty as by adults. One of the main tasks of prevention is to identify young people at risk of suicide. In preventive activities, it is important to help a young person harmonize interpersonal relationships in the family, educational institution, reference group, to make wider use of the capabilities of the suicide service and hotlines.

The problem of social protection of young people in the labor sphere has been aggravated with the introduction of market relations. Young workers are the first to be laid off, joining the ranks of the unemployed. The weak competitiveness of young people is caused by such factors as: lack of professional knowledge; the need to provide young people with a number of additional benefits provided for by the Labor Code; labor instability of youth; infantilism of a part of young people who are accustomed to receive everything they need from their parents. Discrimination of young people in the labor market is an urgent problem for the Russian market economy, unclaimed graduates of professional educational institutions of all levels, young people with education, but no work experience in their specialty, become unemployed. It is necessary to pay attention to the problems of employment of the younger generation, since the solution of this issue can solve many other problems of modern youth. The state should stimulate the development of small business especially among young people, simplifying the organization and registration of youth enterprises, reducing taxation, removing administrative barriers.

In our opinion, the most significant way to solve the above problems of modern youth is to improve youth policy, understood as the activity of the state aimed at creating legal, economic and organizational conditions and guarantees for the self-realization of a young person's personality and the development of youth associations, movements and initiatives.

The crisis in Russian society has led to the view of youth as a problem. This understanding of young people influences the forms of work, programs and projects aimed at supporting this social group. As a result, young people begin to feel themselves "defenseless", requiring constant attention and support from the state, which significantly reduces their social activity, willingness to innovate and generates social dependency. Therefore, we agree with the opinion of V.V. Zotov and D.Yu.Bykova that it is advisable, within the framework of youth policy, to consider a young person as a constructor of his own social environment, which most fully corresponds to his real needs and demands.

The main direction of the state youth policy should be not only the implementation of a set of measures that compensate individual groups of young people for material losses from their marginal position in society, providing social guarantees, more equal starting opportunities, but also activities aimed at creating favorable conditions for the development and social activity of young people. people. Since social activity, expressed in certain types of activities and behavior of young people, is both socially useful and personally significant. It influences “the formation of an independent, responsible, socially mature personality of a young person, acts as a basis for realizing the personal and, in particular, creative potential of young people. Social activity is, in addition, the basis for the successful construction of the way of life of modern young people, within the framework of which it is possible to maintain and progressively develop the system of social relations, norms and values \u200b\u200b”.

The creation of social services for young people is one of the significant directions of the state youth policy. Social work among young people is considered as ensuring the most favorable socio-economic conditions for the development of each young person, contributing to the social formation of the individual, the acquisition of all types of freedoms and the full participation of individuals in society. The study of the real needs of young people in social services is a key element in the formation of the system of their social services. The need for this type of social services is increasingly recognized by the population and the state.

The problem of the state youth policy is that the legal framework is in its infancy. It is necessary to adopt federal, regional, local targeted programs aimed at solving the problems of state youth policy. A feature of youth policy is its formation from the bottom up, from programs at municipal levels to strategies for the development of the youth sphere at the federal level, thus, it is necessary to expand the powers of local youth affairs bodies. The state should organize the joint work of various institutions, departments, organizations, government structures on the basis of common state views on the socio-economic, spiritual and psychophysiological development of youth; create action programs; organize a dialogue between authorities, social institutions and youth; create optimal conditions for self-realization of young citizens. Often, young people are not informed about the ongoing programs, about the youth associations operating in their region. It is necessary to solve the problem of information deficiency, creating a single information base, coordinating actions not only between the youth movement and the state, but also between youth organizations.

The development of Russia depends not only on the successful course of socio-economic reforms, but also on how much Russian youth is disposed to actively participate in them. Overcoming contradictions between youth and society, strengthening their interaction and harmonizing interests is of paramount importance for youth policy. Youth dissatisfaction with material conditions, housing and work is growing, which requires the implementation of appropriate programs. The state's youth policy should be aimed at ensuring effective upbringing, decent education, successful socialization of the young generation, for the benefit of young people, helping them to develop and realize the designated goals. But also youth policy should be aimed at the formation of a socially active personality, which acts as a designer and organizer of their own life.

social problem youth well-being

Introduction

Theoretical foundations of studying the problem of youth

1.2 Concepts (types) of social problems of youth

2 The method of questioning as a method for studying a social problem

1 Key findings of the problem

Conclusion

List of references

Applications

Introduction

The topic: "Social problems of youth" is especially relevant, since youth is the future of every country. At the moment, young people make up 30% of the world's population, and it is they who will eventually take leading positions both in economics and politics, and in the social and spiritual spheres of society.

Until recently, our young people were actually left to themselves, they could be called "abandoned" (note that in Soviet times the situation was different and the development of a policy for the upbringing of the younger generation was one of the most important state priorities). However, now the state of affairs is changing for the better: more and more attention is paid to this problem, and it rises to a high level.

The problem of interaction with young people is one of the key problems for any state striving to work for its own perspective, setting long-term strategic plans. Mobility, initiative, the ability to generate and embrace innovation make young people our invaluable resource.

Despite the outlined processes of socio-economic stabilization in Russia, the situation of young people remains unstable. Social ill-being is reflected in the health status of this social group of the population; young people are experiencing an increase in diseases accompanying extreme poverty. In modern Russia, young people are in incomparable starting conditions, firstly, in conditions of fierce competition in relation to each other, and secondly, and thirdly, the economic, social, property, political interests of different groups of young people often do not just contradict, but directly hostile to each other. In such conditions, they not only do not have common problems, but they are often not only a problem, but also a threat to each other, both individually and at the level of social groups. In today's youth environment, there are antagonistic objective contradictions between different groups of young people, and some groups of young people can rely on the help of "elders" and even direct power structures when confirming (defending) their position, while others cannot and, moreover, are subjected to discrimination and even repression by the authorities.

Any social system selects and educates a certain number of young people who are called upon to support and strengthen the existence of this particular social system. The other side of the problem is among the poor, the oppressed, the disadvantaged, the outcast. When classifying the problems of young people, I proceed from the fact that young people are viewed primarily from the standpoint of what place it occupies in the development of social life, how it functions as a specific social group.

There is a large percentage of young people who do not have a job, half of the working young people do not work in the specialty that they acquired in the process of education, or have no profession at all.

The number of children - "social orphans", invalids, neglected children is not decreasing. Young people from among refugees and internally displaced persons are in especially difficult conditions.

Hence, anxiety, despair, indignation, vandalism are manifested among young people, which indicates the presence of social tension among young people, leading, in turn, to further alienation from society. Failures in the social adaptation of young people and children to the new socio-economic conditions are manifested in youth crime, drug addiction, alcoholism, homelessness, prostitution, the scale of which has acquired an unprecedented character.

Firstly, these are social and economic problems. And the very first and foremost: social inequality, poverty. The possibility of the development of a child, adolescent, young person today directly depends on the financial situation of his family and place of residence (those who live in the countryside are practically deprived of social prospects). Poverty, and all the more poverty, entail many problems: not only the impossibility of full development of intellectual, physical, mental, aesthetic, etc., not only the impossibility of obtaining a quality education, lack of access to effective medical care (and a sick child is always in an unequal position compared to healthy), but also lack of access to cultural achievements. However, the youth did not create this problem for themselves. Social inequality, poverty, misery are generated by the actions of the authorities.

In general, the social situation of young people in Russia reflects the general state of society, which is in a transitional period.

Features of the socialization of youth are revealed in the works of S.I. Ivanenkova, A.I. Kovaleva, A. Zh. Kuszhanova, E.L. Omelchenko et al. Research devoted to the dynamics of social problems of the younger generation in Russia is directly related to this area. The range of such studies and works is quite extensive and was carried out by various teams of authors in many areas (M.K. Gorshkov, E.A. Grishina, Yu.A. Zubok, N.I. Lovtsova M.P. Mchedlov, V.V. Petukhov , V.I. Chuprov, V.N. Yarskaya).

The object and subject of research is the social problems of modern youth.

The purpose of the course work is to study social problems in the youth environment.

Research objectives: 1. To give a general concept of social problems among young people. 2. Examine the causes of social problems. 3. Consider the factors that influence the problems of youth. 4. Conduct a sociological survey among young people. 5. Analyze the survey responses.

The hypothesis lies in the assumption that for the optimal dynamics of youth problems, work with young people is more effective, focused not on "youth problems", but on the optimization of socialization processes.

1. Theoretical foundations of studying the problem of youth

1 The position of youth in society

Before defining the social problems of youth and predicting them, it is advisable to ask the question: what distinguishes youth as a special social group.

The approach that links the definition of youth age with the concept of work ability is widely used. From this point of view, childhood is a period when people are not engaged in productive work; youth is the time to choose a profession, study; maturity is the time for realizing one's abilities and active work.

Biological and technological factors limit the ability to assign a particular meaning to age stages. But, ultimately, it is determined by society. Consequently, it is necessary to talk about the sociality of age, that is, the decisive role in determining it is sociocultural factors (which, of course, does not mean the complete "unimportance" of biological factors). Youth, from this point of view, are those whom society considers youth.

Thus, we come to the next question: why should society consider an age group as youth? First of all, let us note that this kind of approach has been developed for a long time.

All traditional societies we know are differentiated into at least four age groups: children, youth, mature people, old people. This is due to the division of labor. It is unreasonable to expect a five-year-old child to go hunting in the jungle, or to successfully conduct stock transactions.

When determining social age, traditional society was guided mainly by two criterion foundations: the level of physical capabilities and the wealth of life experience that an individual was supposed to possess by a certain age. The initiation procedure included, among other things, checking the actual compliance with the standard.

"Youth" is a socio-demographic group distinguished on the basis of age-related characteristics of the social status of young people, their place and functions in the social structure of society, their specific interests and values.

Before talking about the social status and protection of young people, it is necessary to determine the age range of this population group. Modern scientists believe that the age limits of the period of youth are conditional, they can be determined by the interval from 13-14 years to 29-30 years. However, youth is not so much a stage in the life cycle as a certain social status of a person associated with the main activities: a student, a soldier, a worker, etc.

By the beginning of the XXI century. demographic changes have taken place in the youth environment so noticeable that they, like no other indicator, clearly characterize the position of Russian youth in society. Its total number is now over 32 million people, or 22% of the country's population.

The natural change in the population is mainly due to the constant decline in the number of births. The excessively high mortality rate among young people is of particular concern. This primarily applies to young men: by the age of 30, the mortality rate among them is more than 2 times higher than the mortality rate among women. Among a number of reasons, such as an accident, death as a result of traffic accidents, etc. are put forward in the first place.

Many problems are associated with the health of young people: its quality has sharply decreased; an increase in the number of diseases previously not characteristic of young people; there is an increase in sexually transmitted diseases and the number of HIV-infected.

The main reason for the deterioration in the health of young people continues to be the crisis state of society and its consequences - poor-quality food, a reduction in the number of health institutions, etc. Perhaps the situation will change after the implementation of youth programs adopted by the Government of the Russian Federation.

In the field of youth education, the state of affairs is also ambiguous. An indisputable achievement is the desire of young people to learn, study in universities and technical schools.

At the same time, there is a problem of employment of graduates who have received vocational education.

As a result, many of them are forced to work outside their specialty. Among the officially registered unemployed, the share of young people over the past 5 years has been 30% and more.

Of course, youth as a social group has its own characteristics. Often they are associated with difficulties in adapting to modern socio-economic conditions: with professional and social self-determination, employment, housing problems, etc.

The acuteness of the social position of the younger generation in Russian society is also evidenced by the phenomena of social pathology in the youth environment. Despite the preventive measures taken, juvenile delinquency, drug addiction, substance abuse, and alcoholism continue to grow. The reasons for moral degradation lie both in social distress and in the inability to organize their leisure time, the inability to find a suitable job, in drunkenness, parental cruelty, low income, loss of social and moral guidelines, etc.

Involuntarily, the question arises about the system of social protection, aimed at providing legal and economic guarantees for every young person. There is a need for targeted support to young people, families, organizations and public institutions working with young people, constant assistance to those who are unable to do without it and live below the poverty line.

2 Concepts (types) of social problems of youth

The nature of the social problem is the most important factor on which the definition of the content, tools, forms and methods of social work with a client depend.

A social problem is a complex cognitive task, the solution of which leads to significant theoretical or practical results. To solve it, you need appropriate information about the object of social impact, about the conditions, circumstances and other factors affecting its life, state and behavior.

Social problems can be global in nature, affecting the interests of a significant part of humanity. Thus, demographic, ecological, man-made, food, energy and other problems are now acquiring a global character, and their solution requires the participation of most states on our planet. Social problems can concern the interests of individual or several social systems. For example, social crises spreading to individual countries, national-ethnic communities, associations, blocs or groupings. Problems can spread to certain areas of the life of a group of people or individuals. These can be problems covering the socio-economic, socio-political, spiritual, or actually social spheres of people's life.

Youth is a socio-demographic group with age, socio-psychological properties and social values \u200b\u200bcharacteristic of it, which are determined by the level of socio-economic, cultural development, and the characteristics of socialization in Russian society. Those. among the factors of the sociological definition of "youth", researchers distinguish: age boundaries and socio-psychological characteristics; specificity of social status, role functions, sociocultural behavior; the process of socialization as a unity of social adaptation of youth and individualization. Separate social groups are characterized by special features of consciousness, behavior, lifestyle. They create their own cultural niche, a subculture, which can be sufficiently closed and autonomous in relation to the dominant culture, or oppose its fundamental values \u200b\u200b- counterculture. The youth subculture is born and exists in connection with the specific needs of young people to socialize and at the same time actively declare themselves. It is generally accepted that the young "are characterized by a spirit of contradiction, that they have no prophets in their homeland," in other words, they are in fact largely reputed to be nihilists, oppositionists in relation to traditional conservative values \u200b\u200band processes. They feel cramped within the framework of the norms and rules of life that their fathers and grandfathers professed. Often, young people are characterized by categorical judgments, maximalism, rejection of advice, they are burdened by submission to existing models of social development, they have a negative attitude towards everything that is normatively regulated, they are characterized by dynamism, openness to the world, vulnerability, increased emotional reaction, optimism, romantic aspirations, idealization of novelty.

3 Approaches to studying the social problems of youth and how to work to solve them

There are two main approaches to formulating and researching the social problems of youth.

The first approach focuses on the problems of youth as a socio-age group. Forecasting in this case is determined by the thesaurus of the identified problems. The problems themselves can be defined both on the basis of an appeal to everyday experience (naturally, first of all, the experience of legislators and administrators), or through sociological research.

The second approach focuses on the problems of socialization. In this case, we do not consider youth as a specific group, but youth, as a stage in life, traversed by each person. Prediction in this case will be determined by the prospects for growing up; the activities of social services are focused on supporting the optimization of socialization processes.

Only in the second case do we receive valid criteria for setting priorities in the activities of social services. The identification (with or without scientific approaches) of current problems provokes the determination of their significance on the basis of purely quantitative criteria (based on the number of youth groups affected by these problems, or the social consequences of inadequate problem solving). As a result, firstly, the real importance of various aspects of youth development is distorted, and secondly, the work on solving problems is oriented towards the consequences, not the causes, of certain phenomena.

A classic example of such a situation is the state of affairs in the fight against drug addiction. Of course, since a certain part of young people are subject to drug addiction, correction programs are necessary. But it would be wrong to assume that they are sufficient, since helping people who use drugs means drawing water out of a bottomless barrel: more and more young men and women will fall into this category. Help for drug addicts should be combined with the main thing: identifying the causes of drug addiction and their prevention. And this means work focused not on "youth problems", but on the optimization of socialization processes.

So, we can say that youth work has the ultimate goal of enabling young people to acquire social competence. Different sociocultural conditions, or the attitudes of youth work agents, impose different requirements for social competence, and in different communities sometimes diametrically opposite technologies of social education are used, which cannot always be transferred from one sociocultural context to another.

All approaches to youth work are united by the fact that they can be analyzed in terms of basic sociological paradigms, each of which underlies a certain model of such work. Each model is characterized by an idea of \u200b\u200bthe needs of young people, the focus of programs, the role of the worker with youth, the process, the nature of the relationship and the goal, which is expressed in the desired consequences of the work, both for individuals and for society as a whole.

The practice of working with youth is based on two basic sociological approaches - functionalism and conflict theory.

The main idea of \u200b\u200bfunctionalism is that society functions on the basis of values, norms, and beliefs shared by all. The basis of functionalism, therefore, is the idea of \u200b\u200bconsensus, which is that people agree with the basic values \u200b\u200bof society. From the point of view of functionalism, the family, law, and the educational system are the agents of strengthening this control. Thus, they are the institutions that guarantee the well-functioning of society in accordance with agreed values.

Conflict theory rejects the idea of \u200b\u200bconsensus. Conflict theory argues that industrial societies are increasingly unequal in the distribution of income and are faced with a growing problem of social control. Educational institutions fulfill the function of maintaining social control, emphasizing the importance of discipline and respect for authority. Proponents of this sociological tradition try to explore ways of countering such control and oppression. They believe that there are two main ways to do this - to change human consciousness, or to change the structure of society.

Based on the provisions of the two basic sociological schools, Burrell and Morgan presented the structure of four paradigms, which they defined as "radical-humanist" and "radical-structuralist", based on the theory of conflict, as well as "interpretive" and, in fact, "functionalist". based on functionalism.

The functionalist model. The primary goal of youth work within this perspective is to provide a supervisory function through social institutions that socialize those who are not yet ready for society. Youth work serves to support social cohesion.

The essence of this approach can be illustrated by the statement of Lord Radcliffe-Maud, who, commenting on the main purpose of youth work, stated that it is to provide the young person with a variety of opportunities in his free time, in addition to those provided by home, work and formal education to discover and develop physical, mental and spiritual resources so that he can better prepare himself to live the life of a mature, creative and responsible member of society.

Based on the provisions of E. Durkheim, this concept is based on the concept of "collective conscience", the concept of a society where all members strive to adhere to the same values \u200b\u200band follow the same rules. The development of industrialization and urbanization creates a "moral" threat to society, which requires the involvement of additional institutions to support the process of socialization.

B. Davis and A. Gibson described in detail the control of motivations that led to the development of recreational centers and movements such as scouts. They believed that the volunteers involved in social work with adolescents were based on ideas of altruism, based on the concern that working-class children should also become workers who would be loyal and responsible enough.

The analysis of youth problems within the framework of the functionalist model is defined as follows: young people are in the stage of transition from childhood to adulthood. In the transition phase, young people are capable of rebellion, and it is necessary that their rebellion be directed towards socially acceptable goals.

This approach emphasizes the importance of the fall in moral values \u200b\u200band the need for young people to contact adults, whose correct moral character can serve as a role model.

An interpretive model. Youth work in this perspective focuses on the personal development of the needs of young people with some regard to the social status or environment of young people. Young people are seen as going through the youth phase of life. Thus, they must solve the problems inherent in this phase. Youth work aims to soften this phase by providing a variety of opportunities for learning the skills needed in adulthood.

The main characteristics of the interpretive model are as follows. In terms of youth issues, young people go through a transitional phase from childhood to adulthood. They need to solve the problems inherent in this stage. The key developmental challenges for young people are to create a positive self-image, develop stable interpersonal relationships and social skills necessary to participate in the existing structures of society. The emphasis is on promoting personal responsibility for individual choices, in accordance with the values \u200b\u200bexisting in society. The work programs will focus on helping young people learn and understand their own values \u200b\u200brelated to health, sexuality, etc. and understanding the consequences of the choices made. Recreational programs are presented as a means through which young people learn to socialize with others. Typically, these programs abandon the competitive element and focus on group and techniques to foster cooperation, mutual assistance and group commitment. Typically, this model should include traditional male and female life skills programs at the intersection of gender groups. The emphasis is on promoting gender equality. The social and political aspect is based on the promotion of participation in existing social and political structures through involvement in local initiatives, environmental protection programs.

Radical humanistic model. In this perspective, social work is focused on the formation of the following ideas: young people are victims of injustice in society; its values \u200b\u200bmust be challenged from the moment they begin to condition inequality through the maintenance of an established social order; it is necessary to develop strategies for raising consciousness as the core of the program.

The main idea is to bring young people to a sufficient level of awareness of their social and political situation, where they will be motivated and mobilized to try to achieve change within institutional structures, whose impact negatively affects their situation. The emphasis on promoting social work for social change brings social work with youth and young people into the political arena. It is proposed to designate this process by the term Model of Critical Social Education of social work with young people, emphasizing both its political nature and the potential for personal development of young people. Young people must realize the fact that the opportunity is open for them to redefine their reality, and by accepting it, they can construct a new social reality in which they will be not consumers, but creators of social norms. The role of the social worker is to help young people define and influence their world. This process builds on the mind-raising strategies proposed by Apple, Freyr and Geer.

Outcomes of the programs - young people who have developed the ability to analyze and evaluate alternatives; have developed the ability to determine their position in their world and skills of activities aimed at changing it, if necessary; are active in mobilizing groups at the local level to bring about change within structures, and in a society where institutions are challenged and adapted in response to demands for change; At the stage of change, there is tension within institutions, as they experience reflection and undergo adaptation associated with the stage of change.

The radical-structuralist model assumes that in the face of a growing crisis, the new generation has a chance to make significant changes in the socio-cultural system. Young people can be viewed as potential agents. In this perspective, revolutionary changes in the socio-cultural system are a necessary intention, but not a sufficient condition for the transformation of the economic and political systems from capitalist into a more socialist society, in which human humane potential is no longer distorted or devastated. Critical theorists do not view technological progress as the basis of emancipation, but the political activity of individuals is seen as their real interest.

The task of social work here will be to establish a socialist consciousness in harmony with working class youth. Through this process, social workers hope to play a role in the metamorphosis of the class: from powerless to able to fight for itself as a conscious agent of political change.

Analysis of youth problems: young people are a socially exploited group in society; the interests of the dominant economy and legitimate social groups result in the marginalization of young people and a decrease in their life chances; equality for young people cannot be achieved until institutions change their form, rules and power base.

Sociological research of the problem of youth

1 Social problems of youth as an object of sociological research

The object and subject of my research is the social problems of modern youth.

On the formation of social problems, the microenvironment (the environment of the immediate environment) has an educational impact. A huge role here is assigned to family education. A person receives the first elementary information in the family, which lays the foundations for both consciousness and behavior. A child's own self-esteem largely depends on the favorable atmosphere in which he is and, first of all, in the family. A positive self-esteem of abilities fosters a more harmonious development of the inclinations and creates a solid foundation for normal socialization in the future. Low self-esteem serves as a brake on the formation of the personality and belittling one's role in society in the future. The belittling of the role of the family can lead to large losses, mainly of a moral nature, which can subsequently result in large costs in labor and social and political life. As the following quote says: "Parents bring up, and children are brought up by the family life that develops intentionally or unintentionally. The life of a family is strong because its impressions are constant, everyday, that it acts imperceptibly, strengthens or poisons the human spirit, like the air with which we are alive".

Consider the (natural) macroenvironment. School is the second most important social institution after the family, participating in the formation of personality. In school, in addition to acquiring knowledge, independence and adequacy of self-esteem are also formed. In this process, in addition to the child himself, peers, teachers and parents also participate. There is an intensive assimilation of the norms and rules of the society in which a person is. The completeness of obtaining the information necessary for the life of an adult, the breadth and depth of coverage of problems, and the development of correct reactions to them depend on how harmonious this period will be.

Culture and science form the personalities of members of society, thereby largely regulating their behavior. Being exposed to the influence of factors in a person, personal character traits are formed. Considering the influence of the environment on the social problems of young people, they mean, first of all, the social environment, i.e. determined by economic and political conditionscharacteristic of this socio-economic formation. The concept of "social environment" includes the material conditions of society, the social and state system, the system of industrial and social relations and the nature of the course of social processes and the functioning of various institutions created by society, determined by them.

Indeed, the social face of a person is determined primarily by his state affiliation: a person is born a citizen of this or that state.

To an even greater extent, this influence is determined by the system of socio-economic relations that have been established in the country, in the society in which the development and formation of a person takes place, which determines the class position of a person.

The social processes that have the greatest impact on human development include, first of all, changes in living conditions in the city and in the countryside, migration processes, that is, movement of the population within the territory of the country, from city to village and back, demographic processes - changes in fertility, life expectancy, age at marriage, etc. The main social institutions that affect a person include: the family as the basic unit of society, educational institutions covering all links of the public education system, out-of-school and cultural and educational institutions, mass media of information dissemination.

The driving forces of human social problems are the contradictions between the needs of a person arising under the influence of objective factors, ranging from simple physical, material needs and ending with higher spiritual ones, and the means and possibilities of their satisfaction. These needs create motives for a particular type of activity. People are all different, and even their features are different.

Young people differ in growth and income, age and health, but some of the most interesting are the internal, psychological characteristics of people. It is believed that temperament (lively and strong) and character (strong-willed and courageous) denote dynamic and meaningful aspects of behavior, emotional and volitional stability of a person is an integral part of a person's character, and abilities are such personality traits that are a condition for the performance of one or another productive activities. For example, tenacious attention, ear for music, artistic talent, good memory, quick thinking, rich imagination. Psychological features can be negative: touchiness, forgetfulness, tearfulness, irritability, can easily get confused or angry. The tendency to argue and object, the tendency to gamble. If a person does not think about those around him (either he simply does not think about it, or he considers it unnecessary for himself), then these features will not be a problem for him, even if they seriously affect the interests of others.

In turn, it is necessary to consider the following social characteristics, which determine, firstly, the position of young people in society, and secondly, ownership of property and income, strategic knowledge, efficiency, mutual dependence, traditions and religion, loss of roles and role uncertainty, loss the future. Social activity is a measure of social activity and its purpose is to realize the interests of societies, the individual as a member of a given social community.

For any person, work activity is a prerequisite for his usefulness, an interesting life, and creative activity. Certain problems may be associated with changes in various spheres of society that have arisen in the course of reforms in the state. And all this may be a consequence of the social problems of today's youth. The youth environment, which is the object of influence from political institutions and structures, political parties and associations functioning in society, is a complex and contradictory organism.

2.2 Questionnaire method as a method for studying a social problem

In our work, we focused specifically on the questionnaire survey methods of research. A survey is a method of collecting empirical data on objective facts, opinions, knowledge, etc., based on direct or indirect (distribution of questionnaires) interaction between the researcher (interviewer) and the respondent (respondent). In other words, a survey is a communication between an interviewer and a respondent, in which the main tool is pre-formulated questions.

A sociological survey is one of the main methods of collecting sociological data, which makes it possible to obtain information about people's opinions, their motives and assessments of social phenomena, about the phenomena and states of social, group and individual consciousness. The survey can be considered as one of the most common methods of obtaining information about the subjects - survey respondents. The survey consists in asking people special questions, the answers to which allow the researcher to obtain the necessary information depending on the research objectives. One of the peculiarities of the survey is its massiveness, which is caused by the specifics of the tasks that it solves. Mass character is due to the fact that it is required to obtain information about a group of individuals, and not to study an individual representative. The main advantage of the questionnaire is that it is the fastest and cheapest way to collect information. We chose a group survey because it involves a survey of a group of people at the same time. This is what makes the questionnaire the method that allows you to collect significant material when minimal costs time. After collecting the questionnaires, we began their processing and data analysis. From the analysis it follows that the questionnaire survey method is the most important method for collecting primary information in a sociological study. The questions we have chosen with multiple answers; allowed for a more rigorous interpretation of the answer.

The framework for correlating assessments and judgments is determined here by a set of answers that are common for all respondents. The researcher has more reliable reasons than with open-ended questions to compare the data under equal conditions. We conducted our survey on the social network VKontakte. The respondents answered by voting. With one click of the mouse, people are able to express their personal opinion when answering a survey. So, in the course of writing the test, we found that the questionnaire method allows us to find out statistical data on the research topic "Social problems of modern youth".

Having compiled the questionnaire, we want to make a good impression on the respondents, to arouse their interest, to gain trust, to confirm self-confidence, not to let them get bored and thereby make them answer sincerely and with pleasure. We also took into account the fact that the questionnaire should be not only purely methodical, but also ethical. It is necessary to think both about your own research program, and about what questions the respondents will be able to answer more willingly, what may interest them. By making the questionnaire polite rather than selfish, not only scientific and educational, but also communicative functions were realized. In addition, we included not only questions directly aimed at obtaining the desired answers or controlling them, but also questions that allow you to establish contact with respondents, create a cooperative attitude in them, help relieve stress, boredom and fatigue, uncertainty, etc.

Key findings of the research work

1 Key findings of the problem

Youth occupies an important place in social relations, the production of material and spiritual benefits. However, its position in society and the degree of its participation in creative activities directly depend on the actions of society and the state. At present, society and the state have not yet completely overcome the consumer attitude towards young people, which in turn has formed the dependent position of the younger generation. If we compare the theoretical approaches to social problems and their solution that exist in foreign and domestic social work, then we can find in them both similarities and differences. In particular, both approaches unanimously recognize that social problems are structurally conditioned in their origin and exist at different levels of social life. All this suggests that modern youth is the future of our country and this future is certainly bright. Also, the approaches are unified in determining the range of social phenomena related to already socially recognized social problems or still claiming the status of social problems. In turn, differences or inconsistencies in both approaches are associated with the definition of social problems in the context of social work.

Having selected topical questions in our questionnaire (Appendix 1) of social problems of young people, we made diagrams (Appendix 2). The purpose of the study was to study social problems in the youth environment. The following tasks were solved: studying the causes of social problems. The factors that influence the problems of youth are considered. A sociological survey was conducted among young people. It was attended by 67 users of the social network Vkontakte. Of these, 34 are girls and 33 are boys aged 12 and over 22 years. The results of my survey showed that 28.3% of children were asked: "What is the biggest problem for you at the moment?" answered the lack of pocket money and 30% problems with studies. Larger number 47.4% replies to the question "What do you think young people are striving for now?" was assigned to become a rich man. Problems of this nature arise from the economic instability of the state, which is not able to provide the required number of jobs, the unwillingness of employers to hire low-skilled and inexperienced employees. Thus, young people are looking for work, but cannot find a job, which is why they have no means of subsistence. This prompts the search for illegal earnings, which often pushes to crime, drug addiction, leads to poverty, contributes to the development of housing problems for young people. State programs to provide young families with their own homes are practically not implemented. And the mortgage is becoming an overwhelming yoke. The research program also included determining the opinion of young people about how effective educational work with young people is today (Table 1).

Table 1

Educational work with youth

No. Answer options for the effectiveness of work with youth Units of measurement,% 1 Effective, as various events and actions are held 3.82 More attention is paid to the creation of sports and health centers 26.93 Little effective, because the state pays the least attention to educational work with young people 38.54 Not effective 30.8

The table shows that, according to young people, the state pays the least attention to educational work or is not effective at all. To a lesser extent, she pays attention to the creation of sports, health centers and practically does not conduct various events. In many cities and villages there are no conditions for cultural spending of free time: there are no free swimming pools, sports clubs or hobby groups.

Analyzing the results of our research, the following conclusions were made: the hypothesis that for the optimal dynamics of the youth problem, work with young people, focused on optimizing socialization processes, is more effective. The majority of girls and boys answered that: alcohol 30.6%, drugs 30.6% and, to a lesser extent, unemployment 24.2% are the main problems of young people in modern society. Confirming our hypothesis, 58.3% of the respondents think that this state is to blame for the problems of youth, although 30% admit that young people are also to blame for this. 42.9% find it difficult to answer whether they are sure of their plans for the future.

The above factors influencing the social problems of young people are just a part of a huge system that affects the problems. To fully assess all the factors influencing social problems, a lot of effort and knowledge in this area is required.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we will try to briefly formulate the main provisions that we came to during the discussion of forecasting the social problems of youth.

The main reasons are associated with the problems of "life start" - with the level of material security and social security, with education, the beginning of labor activity, etc.

Independence - the status of an adult, means the ability to provide oneself with the means of subsistence, to be independent from parents. Insufficient material security, the forced use of material assistance from parents often forms social infantilism among some young people. Labor ceases to occupy an important place in the structure of values, consumer attitudes are strengthened.

Spiritual emptiness, civil indifference, loss of moral and ideological guidelines are associated with the peculiarities of the current stage of breaking old social relations and the transition to new ones. Rejection of many long-standing stereotypes, ethical norms, disorientation affect young people. The crisis of youth socialization is also associated with such an important channel of its formation as the family (Appendix 2). The role of family and kinship is significantly decreasing in modern society. The social functions of the family have changed: in the first place among young people it is not the continuation of the family, not the realization of the need for spiritual closeness and emotional comfort, but economic stability. Such reasons for the crisis of youth socialization as migration from the countryside to the city and the influence of the media also require special analysis. Rural migrants primarily borrow external patterns of behavior.

Youth problems include a wide range of problems: defining youth as a specific social group, its role and place in the reproduction of society, in the interaction of generations; identification of methods of activity, motives, interests, value orientations, needs; analysis of the processes of professional training, social and psychological adaptation of young people in the team; study of the activities of youth organizations, informal associations, movements. The position of young people in the social structure of society, on the one hand, is manifested in an increase in personal responsibility for their own destiny, for their choice of social values, for the choice of their profession. On the other hand, the loss of reliable worldview, moral guidelines, the collapse of the traditional institutions of socialization - the pioneer, Komsomol organization, the low authority of the newly emerging socially neutral (punks, hippies, metalworkers, etc.), the transformation of commodity-money relations into a priority criterion of human interests - all this leads to the growth of lack of spirituality, to the deepening of the process of youth marginalization. And from here - one step to anomie (violation of cultural unity), deviant behavior, and then a delinquent (illegal) way of life. The increasing scale of criminalization of the younger generation, typical manifestations of the total frustration of young people - boredom, apathy, dependent moods, loss of the meaning of life, growing aggressiveness are recorded. And if not so long ago young people believed in a "bright future", in the Komsomol, the party, now of the respondents, when implementing their plans, they believe only in themselves - 57.4%, in relatives - 37%, in friends - 5.6%.

Therefore, at the present time it is simply necessary that all the required measures to improve the current situation be taken "from above" (ie, through government decisions) and smoothly introduced into the complex system of solving social problems.

List of sources used

1. Vishnevsky Yu.R., Shapko V.T. Sociology of youth. - Nizhny Tagil, 1995 .-- 311s.

Volkov Yu.G., Dobrenkov V.I., Kadaria F.D., Savchenko I.P., Shapovalov V.A. Sociology of Youth / Ed. SOUTH. Volkova. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2001 .-- 576 p.

Karpukhin O.I. Youth of Russia: features of socialization and self-determination // SOTSIS. - 2000. - No. 3.

Kuznetsov V.N. Sociology of youth. - M .: Gardariki, 2005 .-- 335 p.

A.I. Kovaleva The concept of socialization of youth: norms, deviations, social trajectory // SOTSIS. - 2003. - No. 6. - S. 42-44.

Ritzer J. Modern sociological theories. - SPb .: 2002 .-- 688 p.

Ivanenkov S.P. "The problem of socialization of modern youth". M., 1999 .-- 154 p.

Kamaldinova E.I. "Youth as an object and subject of social activity", Pedagogy. 1998.

Yu.A. Zubok Exception in the study of youth problems // Sotsis. 1998. No. 8

Nikolsky D. Sociology of Youth. - M .: Phoenix, 2002.

Rakovskaya O.A. Social orientations of youth: trends, problems, prospects - M .: "Science" 1999

Russian youth: ten main problems. Research materials of the Research Center at the Institute of Youth. 1999

Zubkov Y. The future of young Russians is problematic // Dialogue. -1998. - No. 9. - S. 31-35.

Lupov V.A. The problem of generalizing assessments of the situation of young people // Sotsis. - 1998. - No. 8. - S. 47-49.

Sociology of youth: textbook / Otv. ed. V.T. Lisovsky. SPb .: Publishing house of SPbSU, 1996 .-- 298 p.

Applications

Appendix 1

Hello Dear respondent, take part in the research on the topic: "Social problems of modern youth". Answer a few questions. The questionnaire is analytical and will not take much time. The questionnaire is aimed at clarifying the main social problems of young people in our time.

Indicate your gender:
male
female

2. Indicate your age:

less than 12
12-16
17-21
over 22

3. Indicate your occupation:

i study
work
other

4. You have problems communicating with

parents
friends
colleagues
teachers
no communication problems

5. What is the main problem of youth in modern society in your opinion?

drugs
alcohol
smoking
unemployment

6. Who do you think is to blame for the problems of today's youth?

the state
the youth themselves
parents
your own version in the comments

7. What do you think young people are striving for now?

get a good education
create your own business
to start a family
become a rich man
to self-actualization (a person's desire to develop their personal capabilities.)

8. What is your biggest problem at the moment?

lack of pocket money
family problems
problems with studies
problems with work
health problems
no problems

9. How do you assess your financial situation?

high
above the average
middle
below the average
minimal
below the minimum

10. What do you think is the main life goal of young people?

the presence of a prestigious property (foreign car, cottage, etc.).
get a good job
live well
the opportunity to be your own master
to get higher education
having a family and children
personality development (spiritual and physical)

11. Where and how do you spend your leisure time?

at home
doing sports
walking with friends
in the night club
your own version in the comments

12. Are you confident in your plans for the future?

find it difficult to answer
your own version in the comments

13. Whose help do you hope for in carrying out your plans?

parents
friends
the state
only for myself

14. How effective is educational work with young people today?

effective, as there are various events, promotions
more attention is paid to the creation of sports, health centers
is not very effective because the state pays the least attention to educational work with young people
not effective

15. In your opinion, is the state youth policy effective enough?

i do not know
your own version in the comments

16. What are the activities of the institutions of youth affairs bodies?

provision of social services
assistance in adaptation and rehabilitation of boys and girls
all of the above
your own version in the comments

Appendix 2

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Probably, there is no such age when we would not care about anything, and we would not care about anything, would not worry. Even in childhood, we still found some little things, because of which there were joys or griefs. And with age, the problems only increase, and the older you get, the more of them.

In my opinion, young people have a lot of reasons to worry, worry, maybe even more than any other age group. Youth is the younger generation, young people. These include people from sixteen to about twenty-five years old. It is during this age period that people are determined with their future life, they are looking for themselves.

In our class, a survey was conducted, the topic of which was: "What worries today's youth?" According to this survey, young people are concerned about the following:

2) admission to a higher educational institution,

3) further studies,

4) future life, work, family,

5) relationships with parents, friends,

6) financial situation.

They are also worried about such problems as smoking, addiction to alcohol, drugs and the Internet.

Based on these results, we see that young people are concerned not only with what concerns them personally, but also with global problems.

The most important problem for high school students is, of course, the USE. It is according to its results that graduates will enter universities, that is, further education depends on this exam. So it is not surprising that the USE is of great concern to young people.

I think that an important problem is the dependence of young people on the Internet and social networks. Thanks to computerization, the Internet has taken a firm place in the lives of young people. Of course, the Internet helps us in our studies. It made it easier to find the information you need, makes it possible to communicate over long distances, but it is also a substitute for some real things.

Probably, those who use the Internet for study cannot be considered dependent, but this is only a small part, and most of the young people are addicted: they disappear on social networks, look for new acquaintances on the Internet, and someone cannot live without games.

The ability to communicate at any time on any topic, throw out emotions, get an answer to any question makes young people spend more and more time on the Internet. Someone describes his every action, someone wanders the sites without a goal. Each of them, without noticing it, is already replacing real life with a virtual one, spending their free time on the network - from a phone or tablet on the road, from a computer - at home. The Internet provides an invaluable service as a source useful information, but at the same time damages, providing an opportunity to live in the virtual world, and not in the real one.

It seems to me that the fact that already young children are addicted to the Internet and games should also cause concern. And the reason for this is the dependence of the parents themselves, belonging to the younger generation, who find it easier to put a child at a computer or give him a tablet than to study and play with him. And if young people cannot always control themselves in this addiction, how can a child do this? This should really be worrying, because children will grow up and replace us.

Young people care about many problems, but it seems to me that this is the problem that covers most of today's youth.

A survey was conducted among senior students of our school, and the following questions were asked:

1) What Internet resources do you use?

2) Do you have virtual friends?

3) How much time do you spend on the Internet?

4) Positive and negative sides of the Internet

The survey involved about a hundred people.

To the first question, the majority answered that they use such Internet resources as: Google, Yandex, VKontakte, Odnoklassniki, YouTube, Skype, e-mail.

60% prefer to communicate with friends in the real world, the remaining 40% of high school students have virtual friends who live in other cities and countries.

About 70% of respondents spend three to five hours a day on the Internet, 15% more than five hours, 5% all their free time.

Everyone considers the positive side of the Internet to be a convenient search for the necessary information, and especially help with homework.

At the same time, all the respondents acknowledge the negative impact of the Internet on health, psyche, relationships with parents, admit that convenience in searching, the availability of information lead young people to dependence on the Internet and, consequently, to degradation. Some also note that when using the Internet for communication and entertainment, time passes very quickly, and then it becomes a pity that it was wasted.

Everyone recognizes that books are essential to read. Reading books helps to develop memory, speech, replenish vocabulary and increase literacy. However, as we can see, “living” books will soon cease to be interested, everyone is switching to electronics, believing that it is more convenient.

Based on the results of this survey, we can say that, for all its importance, the Internet has many disadvantages. Young people are highly dependent on the Internet.

Sometimes I think: what will we all do if this worldwide network suddenly disappears, for some reason we lose access to it? I can't even imagine how helpless those who replaced the real world with a virtual one will turn out to be.

As I have already noted, young people are addicted to the Internet, which greatly worries parents - representatives of a different generation. On this basis, conflicts often occur between parents and children.

Unfortunately, now there is such a trend: young people prefer to communicate with friends on social networks or spend time at the computer, than just talk to their parents. Most young people think that their peers will understand them better than their parents, that they can trust a friend, not a loved one.

I touched only on some, in my opinion, the main problems of today's youth. Many are aware of the problem of Internet addiction, but no one can give up the Internet.