Today we will look at the structure of the fern, the cycle of its development and talk about the diversity of the ferns department. To understand in detail the life cycle of a fern, it is necessary to recall the structure of its main organs.
The underground part of the fern is represented by the rhizome. Roots extend from the rhizome. Aerial parts are represented by special leaves. I must say that this plant has leaves that are not quite familiar to us. From ordinary leaves of all plants that we can see outside the window, those plants that are flowering, fern leaves differ in some essential details:
- Fern leaves grow indefinitely.
- On the underside of the leaves, spores are located in sacs of sporangia.
On leaves we are used to, for example, poplar, maple, some herbaceous plants like plantain, in all flowering plants, we will never see any sporangia with spores on the lower part of the leaves. Therefore, before us, as rightly believed scientists, not quite leaves. We have before us special formations, which are something in between a branch and a leaf. Ferns are ancient plants. They have these parts not yet as perfect as those of the flowering plants we are used to.
Fern leaves are called frond, which is why they got a special name because they are not exactly the same leaves as those of flowering plants. From the bottom of the frond and sporangia with spores are located. These sporangia look like a kind of small chandelier. Spore balls on thin legs really look like a ceiling light.
In addition, a special outgrowth serves for protection, which, just in case, like an umbrella, covers this bundle of sporangia. A bunch of sporangia is called a sorus, and the umbrella-shaped outgrowth that protects a sorus — a bunch of sporangia — is called induction. If we see sporangia, it means that in the alternation of generations we have an asexual generation - sporophyte. In gametophytes (sexual generation), we would not see any sporangia.
It's time to move on to the fern development cycle
The main stages of fern development
From sporangia, when spores mature in them, they begin to fly out. The sporangia themselves are surprisingly adapted for this. When the disputes in them are already ripe, the sporangia crack in a special way, and often, even also turn outward. Spores from this spill out and fly in the wind. Spores are very light and through the air they can, like dust, fly away a considerable distance from the fern, from the frond where they formed.
From the spores, when they fall on wet soil, the next generation begins to form. Recall, by alternation, a sex generation should grow out of disputes. It is completely different from asexual. Remember the compliment that the old woman Shapoklyak gave to Gena the crocodile? She said, "It's good that you are green and flat." This is how the sexual generation of the fern can be characterized - a tiny green plate about the size of a nail, a little like a heart.
The main thing that this small, flat, green heart has is not on the top side, but on the bottom. Thin strings extend from the underside of the gametophyte - this green flat heart. These are not roots - these are rhizoids, the very rhizoids that can be heard in algae or bryophytes. In gametophyte ( sexual fern generation), there are no real roots. It attaches to the soil by rhizoids - the same attachment organs that were found in ancient plants - its ancestors.
We will also see more important parts here, for example, small sacs in which the eggs should ripen, because we have a sexual generation in front of us. We have to find where the germ cells are formed here. So, oocytes mature not far from the cutout that makes our record look like a heart. Nearby, but closer to the edge, are other bags. Sperm mature in these sacs, which run along the edge. And here, it is clear why, the gametophyte has such a structure and why it is so flat.
After rain, water flows under a thin plate and remains there for some time. A humid environment is formed in which the sperm from their sacs swim to the eggs. So, before us is a gametophyte. This gametophyte - bisexual, that is, it is hermaphroditic, and a moist environment is formed under it, in which the sperm swims across this water film to the egg. This means that fertilization takes place and where there were just eggs, zygotes are already formed, that is, fertilized eggs, the first cells of the new future organism.
Ferns appeared on Earth many years ago. In ancient times, it was possible to find forests of tree ferns. Today there are very few such large plants left. Ferns have become more decorative and indoor. They are beautiful and unpretentious and can be used for landscape design. Plants are durable and interesting.
Fern Legends
Fern is an unusual plant. A great many beautiful legends are associated with its appearance. According to one of them, the plant originated from the goddess of love - Venus, who once dropped her hair, from which the fern grew.
The most famous legend is the legend of the fern bloom. It says that if on the night of Ivan Kupala you see the secret of how to find the treasure will be revealed to a person. However, when studying it, it becomes clear that the legend cannot be translated into reality, since the life cycle of a fern does not have a flowering stage.
Higher and lower groups of plants
Plants are divided into higher and lower groups. They differ among themselves in the habitat. Higher plants "came out" on land and spend their life cycle on earth. These plants include ferns. In terrestrial plants, there is a clear division into root, stem and leaf.
However, it cannot be said unequivocally that ferns have completely moved away from the aquatic habitat, since a free-living gametophyte is involved in their reproduction process and the spermatozoa necessary for the fertilization process can exist only in the aquatic environment.
Appearance
Representatives of the order of ferns have spread throughout the world. They have a different external environmentally unpretentious, while more like moist soils.
The fern has a root system, stem and leaves. He has no seeds. On the inner side of the leaf, below, there are spores in sporangial sacs. Fern leaves are called "fronds", they are not like the leaves of other plants. They look as if several branches were laid in one plane and attached to the stem. Their color can vary from light green to dark green.
Fern, not counting the root system, consists of frond, sorus and Indusia, where sorus is a bunch of sporangia, Indusia is an outgrowth that resembles an umbrella that covers the sorus.
Life cycle of higher plants
Existing on Earth, each plant goes its own way. fern - movement from the inception of life to the full maturation of a plant that can give new life. The cycle consists of two phases: asexual and sexual. These phases determine the sequence of generations, one occurs with the help of gametes - sexual, the second - with the help of spores - asexual.
Merging, the gametes form a diploid zygote, which gives rise to a new generation, asexual. In asexual generation, reproduction occurs through spores. Haploid spores give rise to a sexual generation. One of the generations always prevails over the other and makes up most of the plant's life cycle.
Fern life cycle stages
Several stages are required for the emergence of a new young sprout. Life cycle fern - the totality of all phases, starting from the origin of life and ending with the phase of maturity, when the plant is already capable of giving rise to a new life. The cycle is closed.
The stages of the fern life cycle are arranged in the following sequence:
- Spore.
- Gametophyte (germ).
- Eggs, sperm.
- Zygote.
- The embryo.
- A young plant.
When all the stages are passed, having developed and strengthened, it will be able to repeat this cycle for the birth of the next generation.
Asexual and sexual stages during reproduction
The fern is the result of asexual generation. Consider the sequence of the life cycle of a fern.
In order to start a new life, an adult plant should have spore sacs on the back of the leaf, in which the spores will mature. When the spores are ripe, the sac will burst and spores will fall out of it. Under the influence of the wind, they will scatter in different directions and will germinate when they hit on favorable soil. This stage is very important, because without it the plant could not exist. As a result, a process appears - a gametophyte - a sexual fern generation. It is shaped like a heart. This heart has thin threads from below - rhizoids, with which it attaches to the soil. The germ of the fern is bisexual, with small sacs on it: in some, eggs ripen, in others - sperm. Fertilization takes place with the help of water.
Since the seedling is very small and has such a peculiar shape, it contributes to the slow drainage of rainwater and its retention below. Thanks to this, the sperm can swim up to the eggs and fertilize them. As a result, a new cell appears - a zygote, from which a sporophyte embryo is formed - the result of a new asexual generation. This embryo consists of a haustorium, which in its appearance resembles a leg growing into an outgrowth, and at first consumes from it the substances necessary for its growth. After a while, the first leaf of the embryo appears, which serves as the beginning of the development of the fern.
Thus, the asexual generation predominates in the fern life cycle, which gives life to a new large and long-lived plant, and the sexual generation is small and rapidly dying off. Moreover, it is necessary for fertilization.
Fern propagation at home
Ferns are interesting and original plants. Therefore, they are often bred at home. In order for the life cycle of the fern to go through completely and get a new young plant, it is necessary to germinate the spore. A leaf of an adult fern, on which bags of spores have appeared - brown tubercles, is cut off and placed in a paper bag. This bag is kept in a warm place for one day, shaking occasionally.
While the spores ripen and fall out, prepare a mixture for planting. They take a steamed mixture of peat, greens, sand, also add chopped charcoal there, all this is taken in equal proportions. The prepared mixture is placed in shallow pots, pressed down and moistened.
Ripe and fallen spores are removed from the bag and poured onto the prepared surface. Favorable conditions are created for their germination:
- Temperature range: optimally 25 degrees Celsius.
- Maintain high humidity.
- Cover the pots with glass.
Water the pots with a spray bottle. When an overgrowth appears, special attention is paid to watering, since the subsequent development of the plant is possible only if there is an aquatic environment in which the fertilization of the egg will occur.
As soon as the first leaves appear, the glass is removed. Then they are given a little time to adapt to environment and dive into the cuvettes. When the leaves begin to grow a little, they are first kept in cold greenhouses, and then planted in separate pots. Thus, new young plants are obtained, ready to grow and develop further.
Life cycle diagrammed
In its own way, there are several stages. For clarity and better memorization, a schematic support of this issue is recommended. Consider the existing life cycle of a fern, the diagram of which is presented below:
1. A mature plant capable of giving new life.
2. Spores appear on the fern leaves.
3. Spore sacs mature.
4. The pouch bursts, the spores fall out.
5. In favorable soil, the spore becomes stronger and germinates.
6. An overgrowth is formed, which is attached to the ground with the help of rhizoid threads.
7. The embryo contains female and male cells: archegonia and antheridia:
- The female genitals contain an egg.
- The male genitals contain sperm.
- Fertilization is possible only in a drop of rain.
- Sperm cells swim up to the eggs and penetrate inside, fertilization occurs.
8. A fertilized ovum appears - a zygote. A sporophyte is formed from the zygote - a young leaf.
9. A new young plant begins to develop.
The diagram clearly shows the closedness of the life cycle.
Economic value
The role of ferns in human life is not too great. Various forms of nephrolepis are common indoor ornamental plants. The fronds of some scabies are widely used as a green component of floristic compositions. The trunks of tree ferns serve as a building material in the tropics, and in Hawaii, their starchy core is eaten.
Conclusion
So, we have studied the life cycle of this plant. You learned, for example, at what stage of the life cycle of ferns the embryo appears. Their reproduction is impossible without water. They have spread all over the world, while choosing places with high humidity for their lives.
There are about 10 thousand species of ferns in total. They are medicinal, decorative, indoor.
When a new young plant is born, a life cycle begins, which includes sexual and asexual generations. The sexual generation is an outgrowth, it is very small and does not live long, and the emerging young strong long-lived plant is an asexual generation. In the life cycle of a fern, the sporophyte phase predominates.
Thus, the main generation of the fern is asexual, while it is impossible to reproduce without passing through the sexual generation.
There are two stages in the life cycle of plants: sporophyte and gametophyte:
- promptlyfit does disputes (by meiosis);
- the spore grows into a gametophyte (germ *);
- gametofit does ** gametes (by mitosis);
- after fertilization, a zygote is obtained, from which a sporophyte grows.
The zygote and sporophyte are diploid (2n). All the rest are haploid (spores, gametophyte and gametes - n).
Tasks
Select two cells in which the chromosome set is diploid. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Fern sprout cells
2) Moss boll cells
3) sperm rye
4) Horsetail spores
5) Linden cambium cells
Answer
1. Establish the sequence of developmental stages of the fern, starting from the moment of spore germination. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
4) development from the zygote of an shoot with adventitious roots
5) the formation of a perennial plant (sporophyte)
Answer
2. Establish the sequence of stages of fern development, starting with spore germination. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) the formation of gametes
2) fertilization and the formation of a zygote
3) development of an adult plant (sporophyte)
4) overgrowth formation
Answer
3. Establish the correct sequence for the fern life cycle, starting with an adult plant. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Sporophyte
2) Overgrowth
3) Disputes
4) Zygote
5) Gametes
Answer
4. Determine the sequence of developmental stages of the fern, starting with fertilization. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) the development of the outgrowth
2) fertilization
3) development of sporophyte
4) the formation of archegonia and antheridia
5) the formation of sporangia
6) spore germination
Answer
5. Establish a sequence of stages in the fern life cycle, starting with the formation of an adult plant. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) the formation of bolls on fronds
2) maturation of gametes
3) the development of the outgrowth
4) the formation of a zygote
5) the formation of sporophyte
Answer
1. Establish the correct sequence of stages in the cycle of development of moss, starting with the formation of spores. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) the formation of sporophyte
2) the formation of a green thread (protonema)
3) the formation of an adult gametophyte
4) formation of disputes
5) fertilization
Answer
2. Establish the sequence of stages in the life cycle of sphagnum moss, starting with fertilization. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) fertilization
2) the development of a leafy plant
3) development of a box on a leg
4) development of genitals and gametes
5) development of disputes
6) germination of protonema
Answer
3. Establish a sequence of stages in the life cycle of green moss, starting with spore germination. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) the development of a leafy plant
2) maturation of spores in sporangia
3) germination of spores and the formation of protonema
4) gamete formation and fertilization
5) the formation of a young sporophyte from the zygote
Answer
4. Determine the sequence of processes occurring in the life cycle of cuckoo flax moss, starting with the result of gamete fusion. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) the formation of a protoneme
2) the formation of gametes
3) cell division of sporangium by meiosis
4) development of sporophyte
5) the formation of a zygote
Answer
Establish the sequence of stages of horsetail development, starting from the moment the spores germinate. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) fertilization in the germ
2) the formation of gametes on the gametophyte
3) spore germination and overgrowth formation
4) zygote mitosis and seedling development
5) the formation of vegetative organs and spore-bearing spikelets on the sporophyte
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the developmental stage of cuckoo flax moss and its ploidy: 1) Haploid, 2) Diploid. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) Dispute
B) Protonema (green thread)
C) Leafy plant
D) Box
E) Gametes
E) Zygote
Answer
Establish the sequence of processes in the horsetail development cycle, starting with fertilization
1) development of an adult plant (sporophyte)
2) the development of the outgrowth
3) maturation of spores
4) the formation of male and female gametes
5) the formation of a zygote
Answer
1. Choose three options. The fertilization process in flowering plants is characterized by
1) flower formation
2) fusion of sperm with the central cell
3) the formation of pollen grains
4) the fusion of sperm and egg
5) the formation of a zygote in the embryo sac
6) division of the zygote by meiosis
Answer
2. Choose three options. What is the characteristic of fertilization in angiosperms?
1) the nuclei of the female and male gametes merge
2) the egg is surrounded a large number sperm
3) the haploid nucleus of the gamete merges with the diploid central cell
4) mobile male gametes are involved in the process
5) the process can occur outside the body
6) occurs in the embryonic sac of an adult organism
Answer
3. Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. In the process of double fertilization in flowering plants,
1) the formation of stamens
2) fusion of sperm and central nucleus
3) the formation of pollen grains
4) fusion of sperm and ovum
5) the formation of a zygote
6) fetal formation
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the type of cell and the way of its formation: 1) mitosis, 2) meiosis. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) moss spore
B) moss sperm
C) monkey sperm
D) sunflower egg
D) poppy microspores
E) fern archegonia cage
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the stage of fern development and its ploidy: 1) haploid, 2) diploid. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) dispute
B) overgrowth
C) mature sporophyte
D) young sporophyte
D) gamete
Answer
Select the haploid stages of fern development. Identify two organisms that have a haploid set, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) sperm
2) sporangium
3) leaves
4) dispute
5) zygote
Answer
FLOWER
1. What chromosome set is typical for the cells of the embryo of the seed, the endosperm of the seed, and the leaves of barley? Write down the three numbers in the order specified in the assignment, without separators (spaces, commas, etc.).
Answer
2. What chromosomal set is typical for the endosperm cells of seeds, ovum and root of a flowering plant? Write down the three numbers in the order indicated in the assignment, without separators (spaces, commas, etc.).
Answer
3. What chromosomal set is typical for endosperm cells of seed, sperm and cherry leaves? Write down the three numbers in the order indicated in the assignment, without separators (spaces, commas, etc.).
Answer
What chromosomal set is typical for the vegetative, generative cells and sperm of the pollen grain of a flowering plant? Write down the three numbers in the order specified in the assignment, without separators (spaces, commas, etc.).
Answer
What chromosomal set is typical for the cells of the pollen grain and sperm of pine? Write down two numbers in the order specified in the assignment, without separators (spaces, commas, etc.).
Answer
FUELS
What chromosome set is typical for spores and cells of the fern germ? Write down two numbers in the order specified in the assignment, without separators (spaces, commas, etc.).
Answer
What chromosome set is typical for sporophyte cells and fern germ cells? Write down two numbers in the order specified in the assignment, without separators (spaces, commas, etc.).
Answer
PANELS, PLOONS
What chromosome set is typical for gametes (eggs and sperm) and horsetail spores? Write down two numbers in the order specified in the assignment, without separators (spaces, commas, etc.).
Answer
Moscow Art Institute
1. What is the chromosome set in the cells of an adult plant and cuckoo flax spores? Write down two numbers in the order specified in the assignment, without separators (spaces, commas, etc.).
Answer
2. What chromosome set is typical for cells of an adult plant and sphagnum spores? Write down two numbers in the order specified in the assignment, without separators (spaces, commas, etc.).
Answer
SEAWEED
In Chlamydomonas, the predominant generation is the gametophyte. Determine the chromosomal set of spores and gametes of Chlamydomonas. Write down two numbers in the order specified in the assignment, without separators (spaces, commas, etc.).
Answer
In the green alga ulotrix, the predominant generation is the gametophyte. What chromosome set do the cells of an adult organism and sporophyte have? Write down two numbers in the order specified in the assignment, without separators (spaces, commas, etc.).
Answer
ONE NUMBER
What chromosome set is typical for a macrospore, from which an eight-nucleated embryo sac and an ovum of a flowering plant are subsequently formed? Write down only the number in the answer.
Answer
The somatic cell of a sporophyte of a flowering plant has 24 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the microspore of this plant? In the answer, write down only the number.
Answer
It is known that double fertilization occurs in angiosperms. One sperm fertilizes the egg, from which the embryo then develops, and the second sperm fertilizes the central cell, from which the triploid endosperm then develops. Using this information, select three statements from the text below that describe these traits for this organism. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) As a result of the first fertilization, a zygote is formed.
2) In the process of reproduction, the cell divides in half.
3) The offspring retains all the hereditary characteristics of the parent.
4) The central cell is diploid.
5) The embryo develops from a diploid zygote.
6) Parts of the plant participate in reproduction.
Answer
Select cells in which the set of chromosomes is haploid. Identify three true statements and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) fern sprout cells
2) cells of the boll of moss
3) linden cambium cells
4) rye sperm
5) wheat endosperm cells
6) horsetail spores
Answer
Consider the scheme of ontogeny of leafy moss. Define two stages of ontogenesis with a diploid set of chromosomes and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
Answer
All but two of the following terms are used to describe the double fertilization process in flowering plants depicted in the figure. Identify two terms that "fall out" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) the pollen tube reaches the embryo sac
2) a vegetative cell and sperm are involved in fertilization
3) micro and macrospores are formed from the mother cells of the spores
4) gametes - sperm and eggs - are formed as a result of meiosis of microspores
5) the egg cell is fertilized with one sperm and the other sperm fertilizes the central cell.
Answer
Choose the one that is most correct. Sperm in plants are formed as a result
1) mitosis
2) fertilization
3) meiosis
4) growth
Answer
Establish the sequence of plant development, starting with the spore. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) gametophyte
2) fertilization
3) dispute
4) zygote
5) gametogenesis
6) sporophyte
Answer
Choose the one that is most correct. Which cell, after pollination of flowering plants, can form a pollen tube?
1) vegetative
2) central
3) generative
4) secondary
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the processes in life cycles and plant departments: 1) Angiosperms, 2) Mossy. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) participation of water in fertilization
B) the formation of sporogon on the gametophyte
C) the formation of a megaspore in the ovule
D) the formation of protonema
E) mitosis of the generative cell of the pollen grain
E) double fertilization
Answer
© D.V. Pozdnyakov, 2009-2019
I have always considered ferns to be very interesting plants, and in all the shady corners of my garden these oldest inhabitants of our planet, who appeared on Earth many centuries ago, grow.
The homeland of all fern-like plants is the Far East and North China. But the most interesting thing about this plant is the process of its reproduction, which is called the life cycle of development.
In ancient times, huge tree ferns grew. Today there are very few such species left in nature, ferns have become lower, graceful, miniature and have practically turned into indoor and garden flowers. In nature, ferns reach two meters in height.
These unpretentious plants are striking in their beauty and variety, and are often used in landscape design.
Ferns are also called eagles because its wide carved leaves resemble eagle's wings.
Moreover, the fern has many useful properties, it contains protein, is easily absorbed and tones the body when consumed. Fern also has a beneficial effect on the nervous system.
In order to figure out what kind of plant it is, you need to find out how it develops.
The fern grows very interesting: its carved leaves stick out directly from the ground, without a stem and trunk (these leaves are called fronds), at first they resemble a snail in a shell, then, as they grow, they unfold and resemble ordinary hooks until they open completely ...
Contrary to beautiful legends, there are no flowers on a fern, but this plant reproduces with the help of spores.
Fern development stages
The life cycle of a fern is all the stages, phases and stages that a plant goes through, starting from its appearance and the emergence of the first leaf, and ending with the appearance of a new specimen, ready for reproduction. Such a cycle is closed and is divided into two types or types. Reproduction of ferns happens:
- sexual;
- and asexual.
These two types are very different from each other. At the same time, the generation that developed asexually is called a fern in the form in which we know it. This generation is called sporophyte.
For the emergence of a young fern on the back of the leaves of the maternal (or paternal, as you like) plants, spores must appear, which will begin to develop there. This is perhaps the most important phase of the fern's life cycle, because without it, no development simply happens.
These spores are in a kind of "bag", which will burst after ripening, as a result of which the spores will simply scatter in different directions. Life will be given only by those of them that fall into good and suitable conditions for them - in a humid, warm, dry and windy place, which happens infrequently. Only in this case will plants be obtained from the spores.
In favorable conditions, small plants-processes, resembling small hearts (gametophytes), develop from spores, on which male and female cells (they are also called genitals) will appear a little later.
Gametophytes have small, thin roots, strings, with which they catch on the soil, where they develop. This is the sexual fern generation. The male organs are called antheridia, and the female cells are called archegonia.
Spermatozoa can move exclusively in the aquatic environment, on land they quickly die, therefore fertilization is possible only in case of high humidity. The sprout has a shape in which water that falls on it from the outside - dew or rainwater - accumulates. Spermatozoa move along it.
If fertilization did occur, a new cell called "zygote" appears, and a sporophyte begins to develop from it. Sporophyte is the embryo of asexual fern generation.
The sporophyte has a leg, with which it receives nutrients... And only then, as it develops, the first leaf appears, from which the growth of a new fern begins.
Since fertilization and further development will not occur without water, we can say that despite the fact that the life cycle of ferns passes all its stages on the surface of the earth, these plants still have not completely moved away from the habitat in which life originally originated - water.
The life cycle of a fern can be schematically represented as follows:
- an adult fern capable of reproduction;
- the presence of spores on the inside of a fern leaf;
- full maturation of sacs with spores, after which the spores fall out and fly away;
- in the event that a spore enters the necessary and suitable conditions for life, it is fixed in place and germinates;
- a small process is formed from the spore, which is attached to the place of growth with roots-filaments (such filaments are called rhizoids);
- female and male reproductive cells appear on the appendix, while the female genital organs contain the egg, and the male - sperm;
- through the water formed on the processes-embryos as a result of dew fallout and just rain, sperm move to the egg;
- sperm enter the egg and fertilize it;
- in such an egg (it is called a zygote), a young leaflet (sporophyte) is born and appears from it;
- a new fern appears from this young leaf, on which spores will mature for subsequent reproduction.
How to propagate a fern with spores
Fern is a very interesting and peculiar plant, so it is not surprising that they are trying to propagate it at home.
Reproduction by spores is a rather complicated process, and it is not so easy to master it. Therefore, most often flower growers simply divide the fern bush into several parts with rhizomes and buds, and plant them in suitable shady places in their garden.
But not all ferns reproduce vegetatively. Some species of these plants have only one point of growth, and no additional buds are formed on them.
For the reproduction of this type of fern, spores should be germinated, otherwise it simply will not work to reproduce it. It is after the spore germination that the life cycle of the fern will be passed completely, and a new plant will turn out from it.
Fern spore germinates as follows:
- seeing that brownish bulges have formed on a leaf of an adult fern (these are bags with spores), such a leaf is cut off and put in a bag. The bag should be paper, not cellophane;
- a bag with a leaf is placed in some warm place for a day. in this case, the package must be shaken periodically;
- after the spores have matured and dropped out, they need to be pulled out of the bag and poured onto a nutrient mixture prepared in advance, which consists of peat, sand, coal and crushed greens;
- the container with the mixture, in which the pores will grow, is placed in a humid and warm place (at least 25 degrees), periodically sprinkling onto the surface with warm water from a spray bottle and in no case allowing it to dry. For a better effect and less evaporation, the containers with spores can be covered with glass.
After the first sprouts have appeared, watering should be monitored even more closely, since moisture at this time is a necessary component of plant development. Fertilization will not happen without water, and all work will go down the drain. And growing a fern from a spore is really a job.
When a new young fern appears, the life cycle begins again, including sexual and asexual generations.
At the same time, the sexual generation is the very small process that is formed from spores and does not live long. But the young fern that emerged from it, which grows for many years (some species live up to 100 years), is just that very strong asexual generation.
However, a strong asexual generation cannot be obtained without going through the stage of sexual reproduction.
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