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Soda
(natron, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate) - sodium salt neutralizing acid. Baking soda is sodium bicarbonate NaHCO 3, sodium bicarbonate. In general, "soda" is the technical name for the sodium salts of carbonic acid H 2 CO 3. Depending on the chemical composition of the compound, baking soda (baking soda, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate) - NaHCO 3, soda ash (sodium carbonate, anhydrous sodium carbonate) - Na 2 CO 3 and crystalline soda - Na 2 CO 3. 10H 2 O, Na 2 CO 3 .7H 2 O, Na 2 CO 3 .H 2 O. Artificial baking soda (NaHCO3) - white crystalline powder.
Modern soda lakes are known in Transbaikalia and Western Siberia; Lake Natron in Tanzania and Lake Searles in California are well known. The throne, which is of industrial importance, was discovered in 1938 as part of the Green River Eocene sequence (Wyoming, USA).
In the United States, natural soda satisfies more than 40% of the country's need for this mineral. In Russia, due to the absence of large deposits, soda is not extracted from minerals.
Soda was known to man about one and a half to two thousand years BC, and maybe even earlier. It was mined from soda lakes and extracted from a few deposits in the form of minerals. The first information about the production of soda by evaporating the water of soda lakes dates back to 64 AD. Alchemists of all countries until the 18th century seemed to be a kind of substance that hissed with the release of some kind of gas under the action of acids known by that time - acetic and sulfuric. At the time of the Roman physician Dioscorides Pedania, no one had a clue about the composition of soda. In 1736, the French chemist, physician and botanist Henri Louis Duhamel de Monceau was the first to obtain very pure soda from the water of soda lakes. He was able to establish that the soda contains the chemical element "Natr". In Russia, even at the time of Peter the Great, soda was called "zoda" or "itch" and until 1860 it was imported from abroad. In 1864, the first soda plant based on the technology of the Frenchman Leblanc appeared in Russia. It was thanks to the emergence of its own factories that soda became more accessible and began its victorious journey as a chemical, culinary and even medicine.
Chemical properties
Sodium bicarbonate is an acidic sodium salt of carbonic acid. Molecular weight (according to the international atomic masses of 1971) - 84.00.
Reaction with acids
Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids to form salt and carbonic acid, which immediately decomposes into carbon dioxide and water:
NaHCO 3 + HCl → NaCl + H 2 CO 3
H 2 CO 3 → H 2 O + CO 2
in cooking, such a reaction with acetic acid is more common, with the formation of sodium acetate:
NaHCO 3 + CH 3 COOH → CH 3 COONa + H 2 O + CO 2
Soda dissolves well in water. An aqueous solution of baking soda has a slightly alkaline reaction. The fizz of soda is the result of the release of carbon dioxide CO 2 as a result of chemical reactions.
Thermal decomposition
At 60 ° C, sodium bicarbonate decomposes into sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and water (the decomposition process is most effective at 200 ° C):
2NaHCO 3 → Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O + CO 2
Upon further heating to 1000 ° C (for example, when extinguishing a fire with powder systems), the resulting sodium carbonate decomposes into carbon dioxide and sodium oxide:
Na 2 CO 3 → Na 2 O + CO 2.
physical and chemical indicators
Sodium bicarbonate is a white crystalline powder with an average crystal size of 0.05 - 0.20 mm. The molecular weight of the compound is 84.01, the density is 2200 kg / m³, the bulk density is 0.9 g / cm³. The heat of dissolution of sodium bicarbonate is calculated as 205 kJ (48.8 kcal) per 1 kg of NaHCO 3, the heat capacity reaches 1.05 kJ / kg.K (0.249 kcal / kg. ° C).
Sodium hydrogen carbonate is thermally unstable and decomposes on heating with the formation of solid sodium carbonate and the release of carbon dioxide, as well as water into the gas phase:
2NaHCO 3 (tv.) ↔ Na 2 CO 3 (tv.) + CO 2 (g.) + H 2 O (steam) - 126 kJ (- 30 kcal) Similarly, aqueous solutions of sodium bicarbonate decompose:
2NaHCO 3 (s.) ↔ Na 2 CO 3 (s.) + CO 2 (g.) + H 2 O (steam) - 20.6 kJ (- 4.9 kcal) The aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate has a weakly expressed alkaline character , in connection with which it does not act on animal and plant tissues. The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is low and with increasing temperature it slightly increases: from 6.87 g per 100 g of water at 0 ° C to 19.17 g per 100 g of water at 80 ° C.
Due to the low solubility, the density of saturated aqueous solutions of sodium bicarbonate differs relatively little from the density of pure water.
Boiling point (decomposes): 851 ° C;
Melting point: 270 ° C;
Density: 2.159 g / cm³;
Solubility in water, g / 100 ml at 20 ° C: 9.
Application
Sodium bicarbonate (bicarbonate) is used in the chemical, food, light, medical, pharmaceutical industries, nonferrous metallurgy, supplied to retail.
Registered as a food additive E500.
It is widely used in:
- chemical industry - for the production of dyes, foams and other organic products, fluoride reagents, household chemical goods, fillers in fire extinguishers, for the separation of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide from gas mixtures (gas is absorbed in a bicarbonate solution at high pressure and low temperature, the solution is recovered when heated and reduced pressure).
- light industry - in the production of sole rubber and artificial leather, tanning (tanning and neutralization of leather).
- textile industry (finishing silk and cotton fabrics). The use of sodium bicarbonate in the production of rubber products is also due to the release of CO 2 when heated, which helps to give the rubber the required porous structure.
- food industry - bakery, confectionery, beverage preparation.
- medical industry - for the preparation of injection solutions, anti-tuberculosis drugs and antibiotics.
- metallurgy - in the precipitation of rare earth metals and ore flotation.
Cooking
The main use of baking soda is cooking, where it is used mainly as a main or additional baking powder in baking (since it emits carbon dioxide when heated), in the manufacture of confectionery products, in the production of carbonated drinks and artificial mineral waters, independently or as part of complex leavening agents ( for example, baking powder, mixed with ammonium carbonate), for example, biscuit and shortbread dough. This is due to the ease of its decomposition at 50-100 ° C.
Baking soda, used primarily in biscuits, pastry crumbs, cake sheets, and puff pastries. In the last quarter of the XIX century. its application began in the confectionery business, at first only in France and Germany, and only at the very end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century - also in Russia.
The use of soda opened the way for the factory production of modern cookies - stamping. At the same time, many old types of cookies - biscuit, puff, broken, gingerbread, puffy, meringue - have gone into the past, disappeared not only from public but also from household use.
Soda is a necessary everyday assistant in the kitchen for washing dishes, canning containers, some fruits and berries before drying. It has the ability to neutralize and kill odors.
It is a mistake to think that soda is a spice only for the confectionery business. In addition to confectionery production, soda is also used for the preparation of English marmalades, for minced meat for Moldavian, Romanian and Uzbek cuisine (potash soda) and for preparing drinks. The amounts of soda added to all of these products are extremely small - from "at the tip of a knife" to a pinch and a quarter of a teaspoon. In drinks with soda, its share is much higher - half and a full teaspoon per liter of liquid. For confectionery and other purposes, soda is put in according to the prescription of recipes, usually very small doses. Store it in an airtight container, take it with a dry object.
The production of soda by an industrial method has provided ample opportunities in the preparation of many types of modern confectionery products in European countries. For a long time Russia followed the traditional path, preferring yeast and other types of dough.
In Russia, until the second half of the 19th century, soda was not used at all in bakery and confectionery. And at the very end of the 19th century, products of this kind were produced most of all in Ukraine and Poland, as well as in the Baltic States. The Russian population, accustomed from time immemorial to natural types of dough - either yeast, sourdough, or honey-egg, where artificial chemicals were not used as a lifting agent, but gases naturally occurring during baking were used, as a result of the interaction of products such as honey ( sugar), eggs, sour cream, alcohol (vodka) or wine vinegar - soda cookies had extremely low popularity and low demand.
Soda-based confectionery was considered “German” and was ignored for both purely culinary and gustatory and “patriotic” reasons.
In addition, Russian national confectionery products - honey gingerbread and gingerbread, glazed gingerbread and nuts boiled in honey - had such a uniquely excellent taste that they successfully competed with Western European confectionery, more refined in shape, but "flimsy" in terms of satiety, good quality. and the taste of French biscuits, where attractiveness was achieved not by the special character of the dough, but by the use of exotic spices, mainly vanilla.
In addition to confectionery, soda has never been used in Russian cuisine and is not used in fact until now. Meanwhile, in the Baltics, Moldova, Romania, the Balkans, soda is used as a loosening agent in a number of dishes prepared by frying. So, soda is added to a variety of semi-dough fried dishes: potato pancakes, which include wheat flour; a variety of pancakes, sour cream cakes and crumpets, cheese cakes made from a combination of cottage cheese and flour, as well as minced meat, if they consist only of meat and onions, without adding flour components (flour, white bread, bread crumbs). Such raw minced meat (beef, pork) is left with a soda additive to stand in the refrigerator for several hours, and then it is easily molded from this minced meat "sausages", which are quickly (in 10-15 minutes) grilled in the oven of any home stove (gas , wood or electric).
A similar use of soda in minced meat is also known in Armenian cuisine, with the only difference that in such cases the minced meat does not stand, but is immediately subjected to intensive whipping with the addition of a few drops (5-8) of brandy, and actually turns into a meat soufflé, used for the preparation of various national dishes (mainly kalolaks).
In the English-speaking countries of Europe and America (England, Scotland, on the East Coast of the United States and in Canada), soda is used as an indispensable additive in citrus jam (oranges, pumplemoses, lemons, grapefruit), as well as for the preparation of candied fruits. As a result, a special digestibility of citrus fruits, their hard crusts, the transformation of such jam into a kind of thick marmalade is achieved, and at the same time the degree of unpleasant bitterness always present in the peel of citrus fruits decreases (but does not disappear altogether!). Orange peels, which constitute a kind of ballast in our country, waste from the use of these fruits, with the help of soda, become a valuable raw material for obtaining a fragrant, highly nutritious marmalade.
In Central Asian cuisines, soda is used in the preparation of non-confectionery types of simple dough in order to give it special elasticity and turn it into a stretched dough without the use of vegetable oil for this, as is customary in southern European, Mediterranean and Balkan cuisines. In Central Asia, pieces of simple unleavened dough, after the usual half-hour holding, are moistened with a small amount of water, in which 0.5 teaspoon of salt and 0.5 teaspoon of soda are dissolved, and then stretched by hand into the finest noodles (so-called Dungan noodles), which has a delicate, pleasant taste and is used to prepare national dishes (lagman, monpara, shima, etc.).
Soda as scanty additives to any food in the cooking process, and precisely during heat treatment, is added in many national cuisines, given that in some cases this gives not only an unexpected taste effect, but also usually clears food raw materials and the whole dish from various random side odors and tastes.
In general, the role of soda in the kitchen, even in addition to the culinary process, is very significant. Indeed, without soda, it is almost impossible to perfectly clean dining room and kitchen enamel, porcelain, glass and earthenware, as well as kitchen tools and equipment from foreign odors and various deposits and patina. Soda is especially indispensable and necessary when cleaning tea utensils - teapots and cups from the tea plaque and film formed on their walls.
It is equally necessary to use baking soda when washing dishes in which fish were cooked in order to discourage the fishy smell. Usually they proceed as follows: the persistent fishy smell is beaten off by rubbing the dishes with onions, and then destroying (washing off) the onion smell by cleaning these dishes with soda.
In short, soda is an indispensable component of kitchen production, and in a good kitchen you cannot do without it. Moreover, its absence in the arsenal of a cook or hostess immediately becomes noticeable, for it binds the one who works at the stove or at the cutting table in many of his actions.
Modern environmental circumstances have caused another new use of soda in the kitchen as a means of improving the quality of vegetable raw materials. You might, for example, recommend washing all processed but not yet chopped vegetables - before placing them in a kettle or frying pan - in a solution of baking soda in water. Or add one or two teaspoons of baking soda to already peeled potatoes, filled with cold water and intended for boiling or making mashed potatoes. This will not only cleanse the potatoes from the chemicals that were used in their cultivation, but also make the product itself lighter, cleaner, more beautiful, remove all side odors acquired during transportation or improper storage, as well as spoilage. The potatoes themselves will become crumbly, tasty after readiness. Thus, the use of soda before cooking, during cold processing (then the product is thoroughly washed with cold water), can improve the quality of vegetable food raw materials, in particular in starchy vegetables, root crops and leafy crops (cabbage, salads, spinach, parsley, etc.) .).
Soda has taken the place of the alkaline agent so firmly that nothing has yet been able to move it from this position. As a baking powder, baking soda can work in two ways. First, it decomposes when heated by the reaction:
2NaHCO 3 (soda) → Na 2 CO 3 (salt) + H 2 O (water) + CO 2 (carbon dioxide).
And in this case, if you add an excessive amount of baking soda to the shortcrust pastry, during a short baking time it may not have time to thermally decompose without residue and the cookie or cake will get an unpleasant "soda" aftertaste.
In the same way as potash, soda reacts with acids contained in the dough or artificially added there:
NaHCO 3 (soda) + R-COOH (acid) → R-COONa (salt) + H 2 O (water) + CO 2 (carbon dioxide)
The many different branded sachets and their availability do not negate the entertainment for young chemists - making their own baking powder.
proportional composition of such a traditional powder:
2 parts sour tartaric salt,
1 part baking soda
1 part starch or flour.
Medicine
Everyone knows what soda looks like - it is a white powder that absorbs water and dissolves perfectly in it. But few people know about the amazing healing properties of this "simple" substance. Meanwhile, soda - sodium bicarbonate - is one of the main ingredients in our blood. The results of the study of the effect of baking soda on the human body exceeded all expectations. It turned out that soda is able to equalize the acid-base balance in the body, restore metabolism in cells, improve the absorption of oxygen by tissues, and also prevent the loss of vital potassium. Soda helps with heartburn, seasickness, colds, heart disease and headaches, and skin diseases. As you can see, soda is a first aid medicine.
Baking soda solution is used as a mild antiseptic for gargling, as well as a traditional acid-neutralizing remedy for heartburn and stomach pain (modern medicine does not recommend using it due to side effects, including due to "acid rebound") or to eliminate acidosis, etc.
Baking soda is used to treat acidic conditions; baking soda solution is used to rinse the throat, to rinse the skin if acids get in.
Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) may slow the progression of chronic kidney disease. This conclusion was made by scientists from the Royal London Hospital, UK. They studied 134 people with advanced chronic kidney disease and metabolic acidosis.
One group of subjects received the usual treatment, and the second, in addition to the traditional treatment, received a small amount of baking soda tablets daily. In those patients who drank sodium bicarbonate, kidney function deteriorated 2/3 more slowly than others.
Rapid progression of kidney disease was observed in only 9% of subjects in the "soda group" versus 45% of subjects treated traditionally. In addition, those who took baking soda were less likely to develop end-stage renal disease, which requires dialysis. It is noteworthy that an increase in the content of sodium bicarbonate in the body did not cause an increase in blood pressure in patients.
Soda is an inexpensive and effective treatment for chronic kidney disease. However, the researchers caution: taking soda should be supervised by a doctor, who must correctly calculate the dosage for the patient.
The healing properties of baking soda
Previously, sodium bicarbonate was used very widely (like other alkalis) as an antacid agent for increased acidity of gastric juice, gastric ulcer and 12 duodenal ulcer. When taken orally, baking soda quickly neutralizes the hydrochloric acid of gastric juice and has a pronounced antacid effect. However, the use of baking soda is not only about brilliantly washed dishes and getting rid of heartburn. Baking soda takes its rightful place in the home medicine cabinet.
Like the ancient Egyptians, who obtained natural soda from lake waters by evaporation, people used other properties of soda. It has neutralizing qualities and is used in medical practice to treat gastritis with high acidity. It is capable of killing microbes, it is used as a disinfectant: soda is used for inhalation, rinsing, and skin cleansing.
Soda is widely used in healthcare.
Caries prevention.
The acids produced in the mouth as a result of the vital activity of bacteria destroy the enamel of the teeth. These acids can be neutralized by rinsing your mouth with a baking soda solution several times a day. Alternatively, moisten your toothbrush with water, dip it in baking soda, and brush your teeth. Soda, in addition, has a slight abrasive effect: it polishes the teeth without damaging the enamel.
From unpleasant foot odor.
The baking soda added to the foot bath water neutralizes the acids produced by bacteria, which give the feet an unpleasant smell. The baking soda will also help eliminate the pungent odor of underarm sweat.
With insect bites.
Do not brush the bites of mosquitoes and other bloodsuckers until they are bloody. Better prepare a mushy mixture of water and baking soda and apply to the bite. Baking soda will also relieve itching caused by chickenpox or skin contact with cow parsnip, nettle.
With diaper rash.
Soda lotions significantly improve the condition of babies with diaper rash. They reduce itching and speed up skin healing.
With cystitis.
Disease-causing bacteria live in the bladder in a slightly acidic environment. If your bladder has fallen victim to an infection, the perfect afternoon drink for you is an effervescent baking soda and water cocktail.
For sunburn.
Add some baking soda to a warm bath to soften the water, making it a soothing lotion for irritated skin.
Sore throat.
Stir 0.5 teaspoon. tablespoons of soda in a glass of water and gargle with a prepared solution every 4 hours: it neutralizes acids that cause pain. Rinsing the mouth with such a solution will also help relieve inflammation of the oral mucosa.
From bad breath.
When combined with hydrogen peroxide, baking soda has a powerful oxidative effect and destroys bacteria that cause bad breath. Add 1 table. spoon of baking soda into a glass of hydrogen peroxide solution (2-3%) and rinse your mouth.
With a cold.
It is useful to do inhalation. To do this, you can take a small kettle, boil 1 glass of water from 1 tsp. spoon of soda. Make a tube out of hard paper, put it on the spout of the kettle and inhale the steam for 10-15 minutes. This inhalation is very helpful in separating phlegm.
To cough up viscous sputum, drink 1/2 cup of warm water on an empty stomach 2 times a day, in which 0.5 teaspoon is dissolved. tablespoons of baking soda and a pinch of salt.
With frequent migraines.
Take a solution of boiled water and baking soda every day. On the 1st day, 30 minutes before lunch, drink 1 glass of solution (0.5 teaspoons of soda + water), on the 2nd day - 2 glasses, etc., bringing to 7 glasses. Then reduce the dose in the reverse order.
Other.
For rhinitis, stomatitis, laryngitis, conjunctivitis, 0.5-2% soda solution is used.
To disinfect the oral mucosa, it is useful to rinse your mouth with a weak solution (soda - 85 g, salt - 85 g, urea - 2.5 g) after meals.
Remedy for smoking: rinse your mouth with a solution of baking soda (1 tablespoon per 200 ml of water).
With dry skin, dry dermatitis, ichthyosis and psoriasis, therapeutic baths are useful (soda - 35 g, magnesium carbonate - 20 g, magnesium perborate - 15 g). The water temperature should not be higher than 38-39 ° С, first you just need to sit in a warm bath, then gradually increase the temperature. The duration of the bath is 15 minutes.
Firefighting
Sodium bicarbonate is part of the powder used in powder fire extinguishing systems, utilizing heat and displacing oxygen from the combustion site with the emitted carbon dioxide.
Equipment cleaning. Abrasive blast cleaning (ABB) technology
The equipment and surfaces are cleaned from various coatings and contaminants using the technology of abrasive blast cleaning (ASO) equipment. Sodium bicarbonate is used as an abrasive (baking soda, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO 3, sodium bicarbonate).
Sodium bicarbonate ALD technology is an effective new way to clean equipment using a “soft” abrasive. The abrasive is propelled by compressed air produced by a compressor. This method has received commercial recognition and has been widely used in Europe and the United States for 25 years due to its versatility and economic feasibility.
The surface treatment of the equipment is similar to that of conventional sandblasting. The difference is that the soda particles are "soft" abrasive, that is, they do not damage the surface itself.
Principle:
A fragile particle of bicarbonate of sodium explodes upon contact with the surface to be cleaned.
The energy released by this flash removes contamination from the cleaned surface. Abrasive soda particles are completely broken into fine dust, which is easily scattered in different directions perpendicular to the fall, increasing the cleaning effect. For the purpose of dust suppression, soda-jet cleaning of equipment is usually performed using humidification, that is, hydro-abrasive-jet cleaning (GASO) of equipment. Sodium carbonate dissolves in water. Therefore, the used abrasive will dissolve or may be washed off after cleaning.
This is in contrast to quartz sand, which shears off the coating. Quartz sand also erases some of the surface to be cleaned, which the soda leaves virtually intact. There are many more differences between these types of equipment cleaning, but they are already a consequence of the properties of the abrasives.
Soluble sodium bicarbonate abrasives are specially formulated for abrasive blast cleaning of equipment. The free flowing qualities of the abrasives reduce the flow density associated with the poor flow properties of conventional sodium carbonate.
Air, filtered liquid and wash water from the inside of the drum 7 go to the separator 11, where the air is separated from the liquid phase and goes to the PVFL.
The filtrate from the separator 11 through the barometric pipe 12 goes to the collector of the filter liquid 13, from where it is pumped out by the pump 14 for distillation.
When the drum rotates, a layer of sodium bicarbonate adhered to the filtering surface falls under the squeezing roller 6 to eliminate cracks formed on the surface of the sediment, through which air and wash water can enter the drum. After the squeeze roller, the sludge is washed with a weak liquid or water coming from a pressure tank 4 for washing water into a trough 3, which distributes water in an even stream along the width of the drum. The amount of water supplied for flushing is regulated with a tap installed between the pressure tank 4 and the trough 3. The flushing water is mixed with the filter liquid inside the drum and goes with it to the separator 11.
The washed sodium bicarbonate is again compacted by the second squeezing roller 6 in the direction of rotation of the drum, dried by air sucked through the sediment layer, supplied through the pipeline 5, and cut off from the filter cloth with a knife 8 onto the conveyor 10, which feeds raw sodium bicarbonate into the soda oven.
Calcination of sodium bicarbonate
Calcination - the thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate - is the final stage in the production of soda ash. The main purpose of the calcination department is to obtain a certain amount of soda ash in the form of a continuous material flow.
Technical sodium bicarbonate should be white. The appearance of color indicates corrosion of the steel apparatus in the absorption and carbonation compartments. Iron oxide, which gets into it as a result of corrosion, stains the precipitate.
The calcination process can be shown by the equation:
2 NaHCO3 (s) \u003d Na2CO3 (s) + CO2 (gas) + H2O (steam).
In addition to this main reaction, when technical bicarbonate is heated, additional reactions can occur:
(NH4) 2CO3↔2NH3 (gas) + CO2 (gas) + H2O (steam),
NH4 HCO3↔2NH3 (gas) + CO2 (gas) + H2O (steam).
Ammonium chloride reacts when heated with sodium bicarbonate according to the reaction
NH4Cl (sol.) + NaHCO3 (tv) ↔NaCl (tv) + NH3 (gas) + CO2 (gas) + H2O.
Sodium carbamate in the presence of water when heated goes into soda according to the reaction
2NaCO2NH2 + Н2О↔ Na2CO3 (solid) + СО2 (gas) + 2NH3 (gas).
Thus, as a result of calcination, Na2CO3 and NaCl remain in the solid phase, and NH3, CO2 and H2O pass into the gas phase.
The presence of moisture in the bicarbonate complicates the hardware design, since moist sodium bicarbonate is low-flowing, clumps and sticks to the walls of the apparatus. The latter is explained by the fact that moisture, which is a saturated solution of NaHCO3, intensively evaporates upon contact with a hot surface. The precipitated solid phase, crystallizing, forms a crust tightly adhering to the surface.
A hard layer of soda, which has a low thermal conductivity, impairs heat transfer, and in soda ovens heated from outside by flue gases, it leads to overheating and burnout of the oven wall. To combat this phenomenon, wet sodium bicarbonate is mixed with hot soda (recycle). In this case, a new solid phase is formed - the throne (NaHCO3 · Na2CO3 · 2 H2O). Free moisture binds to crystallization, and the product becomes free-flowing.
When sodium bicarbonate and trona are calcined, CO2, NH3 and water vapor are released into the gas phase. Ammonia and carbon dioxide must be returned to production. Carbon dioxide is used in the carbonization of ammoniated brine, for which it is useful to have a gas with a high CO2 content.
The crystallization process can be divided into three time periods. The first period is characterized by a rapid rise in temperature. Decomposition of bicarbonate is observed, and all the heat is spent on heating the material, removing crystallization water from the throne and decomposing ammonium salts. The second period is characterized by the constant temperature of the material (t ~ 125 ° C). The supplied heat is used for the thermal decomposition of NaHCO3. in the third period, the temperature of the reaction mixture begins to rise sharply. This suggests that the process of decomposition of bicarbonate has ended and the supplied heat is spent on heating the resulting soda. In practice, to accelerate the decomposition of NaHCO3, the temperature of the soda at the outlet of the furnace is kept within 140 - 160 ° C.
Calcination process flow chart
Figure: 11. Diagram of the calcination department:
1- steam condenser; 2- feed mixer; 3.15 - cell feeders; 4.10 - belt conveyors; 5 - vibrating feeder; 6-hopper chute; 7-plow spreader; 8,9,14,16-conveyors; 11-cyclone; 12-gas collector of calcination; 13-separator; 17-condensate collector; 18-centrifugal pumps; 19-collection of weak liquid; 20-refrigerator for calcination gas; 21-reduction cooling unit (ROC); 22 - calcination gas washer; 23 - washing liquid collection.
Wet sodium bicarbonate washed on filters from a common belt conveyor 10 with a plow spreader 7 is fed into the bunker 6 of a vibrating feeder 5, from where it is fed by a vibrating feeder and a belt conveyor 4 through a cell feeder 3 to a mixer 2. The mixer receives return soda and soda, which is separated from the calcination gases in cyclone 11.
The throne prepared in the mixer is directed into the shell space of the calcinator drum 1. As a result of heat treatment, the throne is obtained with soda ash and calcination gases. Soda ash is removed from the calciner through a 15 mesh feeder and enters the system of conveyors 8, 9, 16. From the inclined conveyor 8 through the feeder, soda is taken into the mixer. The rest of the soda is fed to the warehouse by conveyors 9, 14.
Calcination gases are removed from the calciner through mixer 2, in which a vacuum is created using a compressor. On the way to the compressor, the gases undergo dry cleaning in cyclones 11 and wet cleaning in the shop 12 calcination gas collector and 22 scrubber. Before the scrubber, the calcination gases are cooled in a refrigerator 20.
The so-called weak liquid formed during condensation of water vapor in the calcination gas cooler is supplied to the calcination gas collector for irrigation. This liquid, in contact with the gas, partially absorbs ammonia and soda dust, then draining into the collection 19.
In the refrigerator 20, the gas flows from top to bottom along the annular space, and in the tubes, cooling water moves in a countercurrent flow. To prevent crystallization of the refrigerator tubes and better flush the gas from soda dust, the annular space is sprayed with a weak liquid. In the washer, the gas is sprayed with water, while it is additionally cooled and completely washed from soda and ammonia.
High pressure steam is supplied to heat the calciner. Before being fed to the calciner, it passes through a reduction cooling unit (ROC), where its temperature is reduced to 270 ° C, and its pressure - to 3 MPa. In the calciner tubes, steam condenses, giving off heat to the calcined material. Condensate from the calciner is discharged into the condensate collector 17 and further to the expanders, where it is converted into low pressure steam.
Baking soda, or baking soda, is a compound widely known in medicine, cooking and household consumption. It is an acidic salt, the molecule of which is formed by positively charged sodium and hydrogen ions, the anion of the acidic residue of carbonic acid. The chemical name for soda is sodium bicarbonate or sodium bicarbonate. The formula of the compound according to the Hill system: CHNaO 3 (gross formula).
The difference between acidic salt and medium
Carbonic acid forms two groups of salts - carbonates (medium) and bicarbonates (acidic). The trivial name for carbonates - soda - appeared in antiquity. It is necessary to distinguish between medium and acidic salts by names, formulas and properties.
Na 2 CO 3 - sodium carbonate, disodium carbonic acid, soda ash. Serves as a raw material for glass, paper, soap, is used as a detergent.
NaHCO 3 - sodium bicarbonate. The composition suggests that the substance is a monosodium salt of carbonic acid. This compound is distinguished by the presence of two different positive ions - Na + and H +. Externally, crystalline white substances are similar, they are difficult to distinguish from each other.
The substance NaHCO 3 is not considered baking soda because it is taken internally to quench thirst. Although using this substance, you can prepare an effervescent drink. A solution of this bicarbonate is taken orally with increased acidity of gastric juice. In this case, the excess of H + protons is neutralized, which irritate the walls of the stomach, cause pain and burning.
Physical properties of baking soda
Bicarbonate is a white monoclinic crystal. This compound contains atoms of sodium (Na), hydrogen (H), carbon (C) and oxygen. The density of the substance is 2.16 g / cm3. Melting temperature - 50-60 ° С. Sodium bicarbonate - milky white powder - solid fine-crystalline compound, soluble in water. Baking soda does not burn, and when heated above 70 ° C decomposes into sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and water. In production conditions, granular bicarbonate is often used.
Safety of baking soda for humans
The compound is odorless and tastes bitter-salty. However, it is not recommended to sniff and taste the substance. Inhalation of sodium bicarbonate can cause sneezing and coughing. One application is based on the ability of baking soda to neutralize odors. Powder can be used to treat athletic shoes to remove unpleasant odors.
Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) is harmless when it comes into contact with the skin, but in solid form can irritate the eyes and esophagus. In low concentrations, the solution is non-toxic, it can be taken orally.
Sodium bicarbonate: compound formula
The gross formula CHNaO 3 is rarely found in the equations of chemical reactions. The fact is that it does not reflect the bond between the particles that form sodium bicarbonate. The formula commonly used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of a substance is NaHCO 3. The mutual arrangement of atoms reflects the spherical-rod model of the molecule:
If you find out from the periodic system the values \u200b\u200bof the atomic masses of sodium, oxygen, carbon and hydrogen. then you can calculate the molar mass of the substance sodium bicarbonate (formula NaHCO 3):
Ar (Na) - 23;
Ar (O) - 16;
Ar (C) 12;
Ar (H) -1;
M (CHNaO 3) \u003d 84 g / mol.
Structure of matter
Sodium hydrogen carbonate is an ionic compound. The structure of the crystal lattice includes the sodium cation Na +, which replaces one hydrogen atom in carbonic acid. The composition and charge of the anion is НСО 3 -. Upon dissolution, partial dissociation into ions occurs, which form sodium bicarbonate. The formula reflecting structural features looks like this:
Solubility of baking soda in water
7.8 g of sodium bicarbonate are dissolved in 100 g of water. The substance undergoes hydrolysis:
NaHCO 3 \u003d Na + + HCO 3 -;
H 2 O ↔ H + + OH -;
When summing up the equations, it turns out that hydroxide ions accumulate in the solution (weakly alkaline reaction). The liquid turns phenolphthalein pink. The color of universal indicators in the form of paper stripes in a soda solution changes from yellow-orange to gray or blue.
Exchange reaction with other salts
An aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate enters into ion exchange reactions with other salts, provided that one of the newly obtained substances is insoluble; or a gas is formed which is removed from the reaction sphere. When interacting with calcium chloride, as shown in the diagram below in the text, both a white precipitate of calcium carbonate and carbon dioxide are obtained. Sodium and chlorine ions remain in the solution. Molecular reaction equation:
Interaction of baking soda with acids
Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids. The ion exchange reaction is accompanied by the formation of salt and weak carbonic acid. At the moment of receipt, it decomposes into water and carbon dioxide (evaporates).
The walls of the human stomach produce hydrochloric acid, which exists in the form of ions.
H + and Cl -. If sodium bicarbonate is taken orally, reactions occur in a solution of gastric juice with the participation of ions:
NaHCO 3 \u003d Na + + HCO 3 -;
HCl \u003d H + + Cl -;
H 2 O ↔ H + + OH -;
HCO 3 - + H + \u003d H 2 O + CO 2.
Doctors do not recommend constantly using sodium bicarbonate with increased acidity of the stomach. The instructions for the drugs list the various side effects of daily and long-term intake of baking soda:
- increased blood pressure;
- belching, nausea and vomiting;
- anxiety, poor sleep;
- decreased appetite;
- stomach ache.
Getting baking soda
In the laboratory, sodium bicarbonate can be obtained from soda ash. The same method was used earlier in the chemical industry. The modern industrial method is based on the interaction of ammonia with carbon dioxide and the poor solubility of baking soda in cold water. Ammonia and carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide) are passed through the sodium chloride solution. Ammonium chloride and sodium bicarbonate solution are formed. When cooled, the solubility of baking soda decreases, then the substance is easily separated by filtration.
Where is sodium bicarbonate used? The use of baking soda in medicine
Many people know that the atoms of metallic sodium interact vigorously with water, even its vapor in the air. The reaction begins actively and is accompanied by the release of a large amount of heat (combustion). Unlike atoms, sodium ions are stable particles that do not harm a living organism. On the contrary, they take an active part in the regulation of its functions.
How is sodium bicarbonate, which is non-toxic to humans and useful in many respects, used? The application is based on the physical and chemical properties of baking soda. The most important areas are household consumption, the food industry, health care, traditional medicine, and the production of drinks.
Among the main properties of sodium bicarbonate are neutralization of increased acidity of gastric juice, short-term elimination of pain syndrome with hyperacidity of gastric juice, gastric ulcer and 12 duodenal ulcer. The antiseptic effect of baking soda solution is used in the treatment of sore throat, cough, intoxication, motion sickness. They wash the mouth and nose, mucous membranes of the eyes.
Various dosage forms of sodium bicarbonate are widely used, for example powders, which are dissolved and used for infusion. Assign solutions for oral administration by patients, wash the burns with acids. Sodium bicarbonate is also used to make tablets and rectal suppositories. The instructions for the drugs contain a detailed description of the pharmacological action, indications. The list of contraindications is very short - individual intolerance to the substance.
Using baking soda at home
Sodium bicarbonate is an "ambulance" for heartburn and poisoning. With the help of baking soda at home, they whiten teeth, reduce inflammation in acne, rub the skin to remove excess oily secretions. Sodium bicarbonate softens water and helps to clean dirt from different surfaces.
If you hand wash woolen knitwear, you can add baking soda to the water. This substance refreshes the color of the fabric and removes the smell of sweat. Often when ironing silk products, yellow marks from the iron appear. In this case, gruel from baking soda and water will help. Mix the substances as quickly as possible and apply to the stain. When the gruel is dry, it should be brushed and the product rinsed in cold water.
In the reaction with acetic acid, sodium acetate is obtained and carbon dioxide is vigorously released, foaming the whole mass: NaHCO 3 + CH 3 COOH \u003d Na + + CH 3 COO - + H 2 O + CO 2. This process takes place every time when baking soda is "quenched" with vinegar in the manufacture of effervescent drinks and confectionery products.
The taste of baked goods will be softer if you use lemon juice instead of store-bought synthetic vinegar. In extreme cases, you can replace it with a mixture of 1/2 tsp. citric acid powder and 1 tbsp. l. water. Baking soda with acid is added to the dough as one of the last ingredients so that the baked goods can be put in the oven right away. In addition to sodium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate is sometimes used as a baking powder.
Sometimes a completely ordinary and familiar substance from childhood turns out to be almost a panacea for many diseases and ailments. It's just that not everyone knows this. One of these compounds is the usual one stored in everyone's cupboard in the kitchen. It turns out that it serves not only as a means to improve the quality of baked goods, but also as a medicine, degreaser, bleach and even a disinfectant. Let's get acquainted with this substance in more detail.
The chemical base of soda
The correct chemical name for this compound is sodium bicarbonate. There are a number of other names that are used in everyday life and chemistry to denote this substance:
- bicarbonate of soda;
- baking soda;
- baking soda;
- sodium bicarbonate;
- additive E 500.
However, any of them reflects the only true essence - this is soda.
Empirical formula
The baking soda formula is NaHCO 3. That is, by its nature, this substance is classified as acidic. Since the compound is formed by a strong alkali and a weak acid, during hydrolysis (in an aqueous solution) there will be an alkaline reaction of the medium. The baking soda solution in water has a pH of 8.1. formed easily by interaction with carbonic acid, the process is expressed by the following reaction equation:
NaOH + H 2 CO 3 \u003d NaHCO 3 + H 2 O
The empirical formula of baking soda shows the quantitative and qualitative composition of the compound, on the basis of which one can draw a conclusion about the spatial structure of the molecule: a positively charged Na + cation in the outer sphere and a negatively charged bicarbonate ion HCO 3 - in the inner one.
The carbon atom coordinates three oxygen atoms around itself, with one of which it forms a double bond. Also, one of the oxygen atoms combines with a hydrogen cation to form a hydroxyl group. The third oxygen atom in the form of an ion is associated near the sodium cation. Thus, the valences of each element that make up this compound are compensated.
Physical properties
Whatever name we give this substance - baking soda, drinking soda, carbonate, sodium bicarbonate - its formula is still the same and gives an idea of \u200b\u200bSo, the appearance of soda is a fine powder. Its color is white. Let's well dissolve in water and practically insoluble in organic solvents (alcohol, for example). Does not decompose outdoors. It begins to disintegrate at high ambient humidity. The products of complete decomposition with increasing temperature are sodium carbonate (medium salt), carbon dioxide and water:
NaHCO 3 \u003d Na 2 CO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O
Sodium bicarbonate is odorless, slightly salty, with an alkali flavor. When dissolved in water, it gives alkaline solutions of different concentrations.
Brief information about the history of the discovery and use of soda
The first information about sodium bicarbonate appeared in the ancient civilization of Egypt. It was in those regions that several lakes containing natural sources of soda were distributed. When these lakes dried up, they gave soda in the form of a white powder, and people collected it. It was used by the Egyptians as one of the components in the manufacture of mummification means. The baking soda formula was not yet known at that time.
Specifically, as a chemical compound, the substance was studied much later, around the 18th century. It was then that scientists became interested in this powder, formed in a natural way. Thorough analysis of the composition made it possible to determine the qualitative and quantitative component of the compound. This is how the modern baking soda formula was born.
The Italian physician Tullio Simoncini made a great contribution to the development of ideas about the substance and its properties. He owns experiments, according to the results of which soda is a possible option for the treatment of cancerous tumors. However, to date, there is no exact data confirming this.
Areas of use
Due to its ability to dissolve well in water, and also to interact with acids, forming carbon dioxide as a result of the reaction, soda is used in several areas of industry and everyday life. Namely, such as:
- pharmaceuticals and medicine;
- chemical industry;
- light industry;
- food industry.
Let's consider in more detail each of the directions.
Application in medicine
The main thing on which the use of a substance in medicine is based is its ability to restore the water-alkaline balance in the digestive tract. The compound NaHCO 3 is an antacid treatment. The baking soda formula indicates the presence of hydroxide ions, which act as neutralizing acidity in the body. Therefore, most often a solution of sodium bicarbonate in water is used to eliminate the symptoms of heartburn. However, this is not the only area of \u200b\u200bdisease where the substance can be used.
- When treating colds, baking soda relieves coughing, as it helps to thin and remove phlegm from the lungs and bronchi. You can also do inhalation with ARVI.
- Baking soda is also used as a bactericidal and anti-inflammatory agent. Its formula reflects the presence of hydrogen cations H +, which provide this effect.
- For the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (arrhythmias and hypertension), a weak solution of sodium bicarbonate in water is used.
- With diarrhea and vomiting, the use of baking soda together with salt allows you to replenish the body's water supply and restore the necessary balance.
- The substance is capable of destroying fungal diseases, therefore it is used to eliminate foot fungus, do douching with a solution for thrush, and wash the eyes with inflammation of the conjunctiva.
- Due to its whitening properties, baking soda is used to clean teeth.
- A weak solution can help relieve itching from skin rashes (or insect bites).
- Treatment of initial burns.
- Liberation of the body from heavy metal salts.
- Fatigue and weight loss also occur when using a warm bath with NaHCO 3 and essential oils.
A lot can be said about the benefits and harms of baking soda when used for medical purposes, including in cosmetology. The main rule of using this remedy, like any other medicine, is not to neglect the dosage recommendations. Improper use can be harmful to health.
Baking soda: formula and use in the chemical industry
The main area in which sodium bicarbonate is used is household chemicals. Baking soda can act as a mild abrasive for cleaning and degreasing surfaces. It is also used as a raw material in the production of dyes, foams and fluorides. In addition, fire extinguishing agents are made on the basis of NaHCO 3.
It is impossible to imagine how household chemicals would develop without sodium bicarbonate. Baking soda is an important and necessary component for many chemical syntheses.
Light industry
Baking soda is used for surface treatment in the manufacture of rubber, rubber soles and products. The formula, use, harm and benefit of sodium bicarbonate in light industry is a separate topic for study. In short, the role of NaHCO 3 is reduced to its use in the manufacture of textiles and artificial leather. In this case, the harm manifests itself in the appearance of burns if contact with the substance lasted too long and the hands were not protected. The benefit is that soda is an excellent additive and degreaser in leather tanning and production, as well as a good fabric bleach in textiles.
Food industry
The formula of baking soda in chemistry reflects the essence of the processes in reactions with acids. For example, with acetic acid, the interaction will be described by the following equation:
NaHCO 3 + CH 3 COOH \u003d CH 3 COONa + H 2 CO 3
In this case, the resulting carbonic acid, being very unstable, immediately decomposes into CO 2 and H 2 O. It is on this feature of the course of reactions that the use of sodium bicarbonate in the food industry is based. Indeed, for the manufacture of baked goods, it is necessary to extinguish the soda with vinegar, add the resulting mixture to the dough for its porosity and better structure. The extinguishing reaction of soda is of the type and is accompanied by a spectacular foaming and hissing effect.
The use of baking soda makes baked goods very soft, aromatic and beautiful, therefore the food industry is one of the main industries where this substance is used in large quantities. Also sodium bicarbonate is used in bakery, in the manufacture of various confectionery products. In addition, it is also used to form gas bubbles in fizzy drinks (carbonated water, champagne and sparkling wines, mineral water).
Baking soda: properties and treatment. Harm and contraindications for use
In fact, the use of soda is quite widespread in a wide variety of industries and households, as we have already seen. Its unusual healing, antibacterial, whitening, soothing and healing properties are used in the treatment of various ailments. However, like any other medicine, baking soda also has an opposite side. It can be harmful and very hazardous to health. Its indications for use are obvious, but contraindications are no less important, which we will consider in more detail.
Harm and contraindications for use
There are several main reasons why soda can become an enemy, rather than a friend and helper.
Therefore, it is obvious that baking soda plays not only a positive role for humans. Benefit and harm, treatment are ambiguous aspects. Before using sodium bicarbonate everywhere to get rid of various ailments, you should consult your doctor. If soda is used in everyday life (cleaning surfaces, bleaching fabrics, and so on), then you should not neglect the simplest means of protection for the non-contact use of the substance.
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