King Heraclius. The meaning of Heraclius II in the biographies of monarchs. The king and his officials

29.01.2024

King Irakli II Bagrationi

King Irakli II (1744-1798), son of the Kakheti King Teimuraz II - king of Kakheti (1744) and in 1762-1798. Kartli-Kakheti Kingdom (Eastern Georgia) came from the Kakheti Bagration dynasty.

An outstanding statesman and sovereign commander of Georgia, a true Autocrat, Christian Monarch and holder of the Russian Imperial Order of St. Andrew the First-Called Apostle was born on November 7 (20), 1720 in the city of Telavi.

Throughout his long life, the Emperor sought to unite the scattered Georgian possessions into a centralized state, free from Iranian-Turkish domination. He also decisively expanded Georgian power in Transcaucasia, but in 1783 he was forced by an external threat. conclude the Treaty of Georgievsk on the protection of the Russian Empire over Eastern Georgia.

The internal policy of King Heraclius II was aimed at raising the country's productive forces: at fighting the system of large seigneuries (satavado), at organizing defense, one of the measures of which was the establishment in 1773 of a permanent army - the morigue.
King Irakli II paid special attention to the situation of the Georgian countryside, the settlement of empty areas, and the limitation of the arbitrariness of feudal lords by the rules of law. Under Tsar Irakli II, the sale of serfs without land, and the sale of family serfs without separation from the family, was prohibited. He established public schools and seminaries: in Tbilisi (1756) and Telavi (1782).

While still a young man, he accompanied the Shah of Persia Nadir, at whose Court he was brought up, on his campaign to India, and after Heraclius reigned in Kakheti (1744). In 1760, after the departure of the August Father of the Tsar and St. Andrew's Knight Teimuraz II to Russia, where he died (1761), Heraclius, with the help of God, united the Kingdoms of Kartalin and Kakheti under his scepter.
Taking advantage of the weakness and discord of Persia, King Heraclius made several Persian khans (Ganja and Erivan) his tributaries. He also curbed the Caucasian highlanders and Dagestanis, organized and increased his troops. In battles, King Irakli II, born on the eve of the feast of the Archangel Michael and all the ethereal forces of heaven, was the first to rush at the enemy with a saber in his hands.
Tsar Irakli II received his first baptism of fire at the age of 15.

In 1737-1739, Nadir Shah marched on India. The grandson of Irakli I took part in this campaign. While here, he received good military training. For honorable behavior during the campaign, Nadir Shah approved Teimuraz as the King of Kartli in 1744, and his August son Heraclius as the King of Kakheti.
Before his departure to Iran, King Teimuraz II transferred control of the country, together with Irakli II, to the son of his August brother Vakhtang VI, Yesa Abdul Beg, trying to avoid conflict between them, but Abdul Beg made his claims to sole reign in Kartli. But with the help of God, King Heraclius II, who professed Orthodoxy, defeated Abdul Beg.
In 1749, King Irakli II finally expelled the Qizilbash garrison from Tbilisi. It is not surprising that the influence and authority of Kings Teimuraz and Heraclius grew more and more - the Yerevan, Ganja and Nakhichevan khanates asked for protection from the Georgian Kings and became their vassals.
In 1751, the three-thousand-strong Georgian army of King Erekle II defeated the 18-thousand-strong army of Azat Khan at Kirbulakhi (near Yerevan) and Azat Khan asked for peace.

In 1752, King Irakli II inflicted a severe defeat on Aji-Chalab, completely defeating his army. The influence of Kings Irakli II and his father Teimuraz II increased again throughout the Caucasus. However, Dagestani raids still posed a serious danger to the country.

In 1754, at the Battle of Mchadijvari and in 1755 at the Battle of Kvareli, King Irakli II won a final victory over the Dagestanis, led by Nursal-beg, who invaded Georgia.
In 1758, Kings Teimuraz II, Irakli II and Solomon I entered into an alliance with each other, according to which they were supposed to provide assistance to each other in the event of an enemy attack. When the Dagestanis again invaded Kakheti in 1759, King Heraclius II was also helped in the fight by Solomon I.

Three years later, in 1762, the Sovereign’s most august father, Tsar Teimuraz II, died. By the will of the Church and the people, 42-year-old Irakli II was elected King of the united Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti.
The sovereign pursued a rather tough internal policy and did not tolerate the arbitrariness of the feudal lords, which caused resistance and an attempted coup. Some of the Kartli Princes began to prepare a conspiracy against the Tsar. The purpose of the conspiracy was to place his chosen one on the throne - the illegitimate son of Vakhtang VI - Tsarevich Paata. The conspiracy, with the help of God, was suddenly discovered in 1765 and all its participants were captured and put on trial.

In 1768, the Russian-Turkish War began. Empress Catherine II Alekseevna sent a Russian detachment to Georgia under the command of General Totleben. In 1769, Irakli II met Totleben and saw him off to Imereti. When the general returned to Kartli, the Tsar offered him a plan for a campaign against Akhaltsikhe. The united army of Russians and Georgians moved towards Akhaltsikhe, but at the Aspindza fortress Totleben unexpectedly turned back and returned to Kartli, leaving King Irakli II without the support.
Sovereign Irakli II in the Battle of Aspindza on April 20 (May 3), 1770, completely defeated the united army of the Turks and Dagestanis, but was forced to return to Kartli due to the treacherous actions of General Totleben, who, behind the Tsar’s back, entered into an alliance with his opponents and began to forcefully occupy cities and fortresses of Kartli.

In 1774, the Tsar organized a new army. Every man fit for military service in the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, regardless of whether he was a Tsarevich, a Prince, an aznaur, an artisan or anyone else, was obliged to serve military service at his own expense for one month a year. This measure made it possible for the Emperor to have five thousand soldiers in constant combat readiness! The army performed especially well in the fight against Dagestan bandit raids.
In 1776, King Irakli II made peace with Turkey
In 1782, the Emperor made the most important decision of his life. He officially turned to Russia with a request to accept Kartli-Kakheti under its protection.

The draft treaty was approved by both parties and on July 24 (August 6), 1783, in the Russian military fortress in the North Caucasus Georgievsk, the famous Treaty of Georgievsk (treaty) between Russia and Georgia was signed. The treaty was signed: from the Russian side - Field Marshal General and St. Andrew's Knight Potemkin and from the Georgian side - Ioane Mukhranbatoni and Garsevan Chavchavadze.
On January 24 (February 6), 1784, the ratification of the Treaty was signed by King Heraclius II and the document came into force.

However, the first serious great test that befell the Georgian kingdom after the Treaty of Georgievsk was the invasion of Omar Khan. Unfortunately, Russia did not provide real assistance to Georgia in the fight against the invader.
In 1786, King Irakli II sent an ambassador to Egypt, where power at that time was in the hands of the Georgian Mamluks Begebi. The Mamluks warmly received the ambassador, but were unable to provide real assistance to Kartli-Kakheti. In 1786, the Tsar concluded a peace treaty with the Akhaltsikhe Pasha.
In December 1786, a meeting was held in Sagarejo to discuss the issue of revising foreign policy orientation. But changing orientation in such a tense situation meant complicating relations with Russia; moreover, neither Iran nor Turkey no longer trusted Tsar Heraclius II and feared Russian retaliation.

In 1790, the “Treatise of the Kings and Princes of Iberia” was concluded, which was signed by Irakli II, Solomon II, Giorgi Dadiani and Simon Gurieli.

The last test for the Sovereign was the invasion of Aga Mohammed Khan Qajar in Tbilisi in 1795.
On September 10 (23), in the battle of Soganlug, the Iranians were defeated and were about to return, but the traitors to Georgia and the Sovereign informed the Aga Mohammed Khan about the small number of troops of King Erekle II. On September 11 (24), on the Krtsanis field, five thousand Georgian soldiers fought in a mortal battle with 35 thousand Mohammedan Iranians! This was one of the most tragic battles in the history of the Georgian people. The numerical superiority of the Iranians decided the outcome of the battle - the Georgians were defeated. The 75-year-old King Irakli II, who was ready to lay down his head on the battlefield, was forcefully taken out of the battlefield by his August grandchildren.

Aga Mohammed Khan terribly ravaged Tbilisi, desecrated Orthodox churches, captured and led thousands of Orthodox Georgians into slavery. The defeat with the Iranians was a heavy blow for King Erekle II. After the departure of Aga Mohammed Khan, the Sovereign moved to Telavi and, driven by a sense of guilt and repentance, never returned to Tbilisi.

On January 11 (24), 1798, Tsar Irakli II died at the age of 79. He was buried in Svetitskhoveli.
King Irakli II was succeeded by his eldest son George XIII, who, by the will of God, became the last king of Georgia. After him, the Kingdom was annexed to the Russian Empire.

Defeat in the war with the Iranians was a heavy blow for Irakli II. After the departure of Aga Mohammed Khan, he moved to Telavi and, driven by a sense of guilt and repentance, never returned to Tbilisi.

Death

On January 11 (22), 1798, Tsar Irakli II died at the age of 78. He was buried in Mtskheta, in the Svetitskhoveli Cathedral.

After the death of Irakli II, the throne went to his son, George XII, who became the last Georgian king. Lacking the strength to fight Iran's aggression and his brothers' claims to the throne, George XII asked Paul I to accept Georgia as Russian citizenship. On December 22, 1800, Paul I signed a manifesto on the annexation of Georgia to Russia, promulgated after the death of George XII.

Family of Irakli II

Irakli II was married three times:

in 1738 he married Ketevan from the noble aristocratic family of Orbeliani (died in 1750), but they soon divorced (1744).
in 1745, Irakli II married Anna Abashidze (1730-1749).
in 1749, the king married Darejan Dadiani (July 20, 1738 - November 8, 1807).

Irakli II was the father of sixteen sons and twelve daughters.

Sons:

Vakhtang (1738-1756);
George XII (1746-1800);
Levan (1756-1781);
Ivan (died young);
Hulon (1760-1816);
Vakhtang (1761-1814);
Teimuraz (1763-1827), Catholicos Anthony II (1788-1811);
Solomon (d. 1765);
Mirian (1767-1834);
Soslan-David (d. 1767);
Alexander (1770-1844);
Archil (d. 1771);
Luarsab (born 1772, died young);
Farnavaz (1777-1852);
unknown by name (born 1782, died young).

Daughters:

Rusudan (born after 1744, died young);
Tamara (1747-1786);
unknown by name;
Mariam (1750-1829);
Helena (1753-1786);
Sophia (1756, died young);
Salome (1761, died young);
Anastasia (1763-1838);
Ketevan (1764-1840);
Khoreshan (d. young);
Tekla (1775-1846);
Catherine (1776-1818).

Ancestors

Ascending genealogy of King Heraclius

16. Teimuraz I Bagrationi, King of Kakheti

8. David Bagrationi, Tsarevich of Kakheti

17. Khoreshan Bagrationi, Princess of Kartli

4. Irakli I Bagrationi, king of Kartli, king of Kakheti

18. Levan Prince Diasamidze

9. Elena Princess Diasamidze

2. Teimuraz II Bagrationi, King of Kakheti, King of Kartli

20. N. Prince Cholokashvili

10. Shermazan Prince Cholokashvili

5. Anna Princess Cholokashvili

1. Irakli II Bagrationi, King of Kartli-Kakheti

24. Vakhtang V Bagrationi, King of Kartli

12. Levan Bagrationi, Prince of Kartli

25. Princess Baratashvili-Kaplanishvili

6. Vakhtang VI Bagrationi, King of Kartli

26. Kaikhosro I Gurieli, ruler of Guria

13. Tuta Princess Gurieli

27. Khvaramze Princess Goshadze

3. Tamar Bagrationi, Princess of Kartli

28. Kelemet Ibakov (Talostanov) Prince of Lesser Kabarda (Talostanei)

14. Kelchuko Talostanov, Prince of Little Kabarda (Talostaney)

7. Rusudan Princess Talostanova (in Georgia - Rusudan, daughter of Kelchik Bakashvili, Prince of the Circassians)

Literature

Gusterin P. Russian Empire and the Caucasus. - Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2014. - 64 p. - ISBN 978-3-659-15032-6.
David M. Lang: The last years of the Georgian monarchy: 1658-1832. Columbia University Press, New York 1957
Nikolas K. Gvosdev: Imperial policies and perspectives towards Georgia: 1760-1819. Macmillan, Basingstoke 2000, ISBN 0-312-22990-9

Hitchins, Keith. Erekle II. Encyclopædia Iranica Online edition - Iranica.com. Retrieved on April 21, 2007.
Lang, David Marshall (1951), Count Todtleben's Expedition to Georgia 1769-1771 according to a French Eyewitness, p. 878. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 13, No. 4.
Lang, David Marshall (1962). A Modern History of Georgia, p. 35-6. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Links

Website of the association "Fatherland"
Irakli II in the Russian Biographical Dictionary
Irakli II in "Chronos"
Irakli II on the unofficial website of the Georgian Orthodox Church
History of Georgia (from ancient times to the present day)
Heraclius II in Encyclopedia Britannica
Irakli II in The Dictionary of the Georgian National Biography

Irakli Georgievich Bagration - Mukhrani (Mukhraneli), prince from the royal Bagration dynasty, contender for the throne of Georgia, Head of the Georgian Royal House.

Born on March 21, 1909 in Tbilisi. His parents are Prince George Bagration - Mukhrani and Elena Sigismundovna Zlotnitskaya, a Polish noblewoman of the coat of arms of Nowina. His sister is Grand Duchess Leonida Georgievna, married to Romanova, mother of the current Head of the Russian Imperial House - Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna Romanova.

Leonida Georgievna in her youth.

In 1921, the Red Army invaded Georgia and the family of Prince Bagration-Mukhransky was forced to leave the country and go into exile.

Irakli was educated in Germany, then settled in Italy (in the 30s).

Was married four times.

The first marriage - with the Russian Maria Belyaeva (according to Vonsyatsky - Gurilyova), ended in divorce.

Countess Marie Antoinette in Georgian national costume.

Second marriage - Italian Countess Maria - Antoinette, née Pasquini dei Conti di Costafiorita (1911 - 1944). From this marriage was born Georgiy Iraklievich Bagrationi, Prince of Mukhrani, who after the death of his father became the head of the Georgian Royal House. The Countess died in childbirth.

Prince Irakli with his eldest son in front of a portrait of his deceased wife.

The third marriage of Prince Irakli was in 1946 in the castle of San Sebastian with the Spanish Infanta Doña Maria de las Mercedes de Bavaria y de Bourbon (October 3, 1911-September 11, 1953), the niece of King Alfonso XIII of Bourbon. Children from this marriage: Princess Mariam (Maria) (born June 27, 1947) and Prince Bagrat (born January 12, 1949).

Irakli’s fourth marriage was in 1961 with the Spanish aristocrat Doña Maria del Pilar Pascual and Ruig, Marquise de Carsani.

Tsarevich Irakli was one of the most active figures in the Georgian emigration (its monarchical part), took an irreconcilable position on the issue of the Soviet annexation of Georgia, advocated for his country to gain independence and establish a constitutional monarchy represented by the Bagration dynasty. Tsarevich Irakli restored in 1939 the Order of the "Georgian Eagle and the Sacred Tunic of Our Lord Jesus Christ" and was one of the founders of the "Union of Georgian Traditionalists" აკავშირი). The organization was created in Berlin in the fall of 1942. It set as its program goals the revival of independent Georgia and the establishment of constitutional monarchical rule in the country. Among the founding fathers of the Union are such prominent figures of the Georgian emigration (part-time members of the patriotic organization “Tetri Giorgi”) - Shalva Maglakelidze, coordinator of the Georgian Legion as part of the Wehrmacht, scientist Mikhail Tsereteli, veteran of the struggle for Georgian independence General Leo Kereselidze and others. In 1989, the Union, which had sunk into oblivion after the defeat of Nazi Germany, was restored in Tbilisi. After the country gained independence, the Union of Georgian Traditionalists became an influential force in parliament and to this day plays a prominent role in the political life of the country.

Foreign Minister of the Third Reich Joachim von Ribbentrop nominated Prince Irakli Bagrationi to the post of the Nazi-created Georgian National Committee, a kind of Georgian government in exile.

The Minister for Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg strongly opposed the candidacy of Prince Irakli. One of the reasons was that Bagrationi’s views on the future state structure of the Soviet Union largely coincided with the views of his patron, Count von der Schulenburg, a famous Russophile in the leadership of the Third Reich, who believed that after the fall of the Bolshevik regime, the Russian Empire should be revived, and the territories of the USSR , inhabited by non-Russian peoples striving for independence, must be in confederal relations with the future Russia.

Back in December 1938, Irakli Bagrationi wrote that if the country’s independence was restored, “the revived Georgia, together with other peoples of the Caucasus and especially in alliance with Armenia, as was already the case in the brilliant era of the Bagrationi, will be a subject of great interest not only for France, Germany, England and Italy, but also for the coming Russia". Such views could not please Alfred Rosenberg, as a result of which the candidacy of Prince Bagrationi for the post of chairman of the Georgian National Committee was decisively rejected. As you know, Rosenberg’s position on the Eastern question was diametrically opposed. He considered it expedient to divide Russia into separate quasi-states - Reichskommissariats under a German protectorate in order to prevent the revival of “Moscow imperialism” in the future.

Of course, the position on the “Russian question” is far from the main reason for the disagreements between Prince Irakli and his supporters with the authorities of the Third Reich. The main stumbling block was his uncompromising position in connection with the need for Berlin to recognize the independence of Georgia and its foreign policy priorities.

Being married (as mentioned above) to the Italian princess Marie Antoinette Paschini, who had “good connections at the Savoy royal court,” and thus was included in the ruling circles of Italy, Irakli Bagrationi, to a certain extent, voicing the opinion of the latter, in foreign policy sphere considered it advisable to focus not only on Germany. In particular, he believed that, unlike Germany, which was striving to establish direct, strict control over the Caucasus, the orientation towards Italy, which also had certain political and economic interests in Georgia, and, due to a number of circumstances, was much more liberal regarding the issue of Georgian independence , may be more appropriate. In the spring of 1942, the desire of the Italian ruling circles to put forward their claims to influence in Georgia was sufficiently evident. The Italian military command seriously considered the possibility of forming its own Georgian Legion from among Georgian prisoners of war captured by units of the 8th Italian Army operating on the southern sector of the Eastern Front.

In parallel with this, Rome sought to attract the leadership of the Tetri Giorgi organization to this enterprise, promising the latter the opportunity to enter Georgia as part of the Georgian units formed by the Italian army.

Active attempts to implement this plan were made by Irakli Bagrationi himself, who visited Poland in the spring of 1942, where, by that time, battalions of the Georgian Legion were being formed. Prince Irakli made the following proposal to the Georgian emigrant officers in Poland. - To enter service not in the Georgian Legion of the Wehrmacht, which, at that time, the German command itself opposed, but in the Italian Army, which, according to him, was also preparing to form Georgian national units.

In addition, Prince Irakli Bagrationi had strong doubts that the Reich authorities would react favorably to the idea of restoring the monarchy in the country. As is known from his personal correspondence, he tried to convince his most zealous supporters, at least at the first stage, not to voice these ideas out loud. thoughts that made his figure unacceptable in the eyes of the Germans. In a letter to the monarchist Prince Sh. Amirejibi dated June 14, 1942, he was forced to call on the latter to show restraint, pointedly recalling that at this stage, his mission “is limited to the political realities of our days.”

Attempts to nominate Prince Irakli Bagrationi as the leader of the Georgian emigration were made later. In 1942, in Berlin, as stated above, the Union of Georgian Traditionalists was founded, the head of which Bagrationi was elected. In April 1943, the Union called on all Georgian political groups to unite under the leadership of I. Bagrationi, “... who has the ability to take into his own hands and defend the holy cause of the revival of our fatherland.”

In 1957, after the death of his father, Irakli inherited the title of Head of the Princely House of Mukhrani and proclaimed himself Head of the Georgian Royal House. Other branches of the ruling Houses of Georgia, for example, the descendants of the Kakhetian king Irakli II and Teimuraz who lived in the USSR, did not protest.

Tsarevich Irakli died in Madrid on October 30, 1977. He was buried in the British Cemetery in Madrid.

After his death, Georgian monarchist emigrants proclaimed his son, George, as the Head of the Georgian Royal House in exile, under the name of George XIV. In 2004, George XIV received Georgian citizenship, since 2006 he lived in his homeland, where he died in 2008 as a result of a serious and long-term illness. Now the Head of the Georgian Royal House is his son and grandson of Prince Irakli -

HERACLIUS II

Byzantine emperor of the Irakleian dynasty, who reigned from 638 to 641. Genus. in 626 Son of Heraclius 1.

Heraclius was proclaimed Caesar in 632, Augustus in 638. After the death of his father, he was considered a co-ruler of his elder brother Constantine III, although he had no real power (Dashkov: “Herakleion”), After Constantine died suddenly in May 641, Iraqi became the sole emperor. He brought his mother Martina into administration, and punished many nobles whom he considered friends and accomplices of his brother with beatings and expulsion. However, the power of Martina and her son did not last long. The troops led by Valentine rebelled against them, captured Chalcedon and announced that they were taking the children of the deceased Constantine under their protection. Nevertheless, Irakli II retained the capital. In order to dispel all suspicions, he often brought his nephews out to the people, and hugged the eldest of them, his namesake Irakli, like his own child. Patriarch Pyrrhus swore on the Life-Giving Cross that neither through him nor through anyone else would there be harm to the children of Constantine. In order to further win public opinion to his side, Heraclius wanted to sail to Chalcedon and persuade the rebels to peace, but Valentine did not allow him to his shore of the Bosphorus. After this, everyone in Constantinople believed the patriarch and the emperor, and they began to scold Valentin.

Soon, however, the time came to harvest the grapes, and the townspeople learned that the troops standing on the side of Valentine were spoiling their vineyards and preventing them from crossing the strait. Then the Byzantines came to the patriarch demanding that his son Constantine be elevated to the throne. The emperor became aware of the crowd's threats. He immediately took his nephew, entered the temple with him and, together with the patriarch, crowned him under the name of Constant. After this, Martina and Heraclius II made peace with Valentin, who received the title of comite of the Escubites (Nicephorus: 640). Peace came for a short time, but mutual intrigues continued. In the autumn of the same year, enemies of the emperor and his mother published a letter in which Martina allegedly gave orders to poison Constant (Dashkov: “Herakleion”). This intrigue completely destroyed Heraclius: the Senate deprived him of power. In winter, Irakli’s nose was cut off, and Martina’s tongue was cut off. Both were exiled to the island of Rhodes (Theophanes: 633). Sebeos writes that they were killed by order of Valentine (Sebeos: 42).

Monarchs. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what HERACLIUS II is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

HERACLIUS II
Byzantine emperor of the Irakleian dynasty, who reigned from 638-641. Genus. in 626. Son of Heraclius 1. Heraclius was proclaimed Caesar in ...
HERACLIUS II
(1720-98) king of Kakheti from 1744, of the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom from 1762. Softened serfdom; established a standing army; concluded the Treaty of Georgievsk with Russia...
HERACLIUS II
II, Georgian king, statesman and commander. From 1744 the king of Kakheti, from 1762...
HERACLIUS II
(1720-98), king of Kakheti from 1744, of the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom from 1762. Softened serfdom; established a standing army; signed the St. George's Treaty with Russia...
Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Chronology of the Centenary: I - II - III 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 …
HERACLIUS
Irakli - king of Georgia (see). In 1768 - 74, under Tsar Irakli II and Catherine II, Georgians, together...
HERACLIUS in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(575-641) Byzantine emperor from 610. The son of the Carthaginian exarch, Heraclius deposed Phocas and took the throne. In 626 he repelled the invasion of Avars, Slavs...
HERACLIUS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(Herakleios) (575, Cappadocia, - 11.2.641, Constantinople), Byzantine emperor from 610. Seized power during a period of deep internal and foreign policy crisis of the empire. ...
HERACLIUS
HERAKLI II (1720-98), king of Kakheti from 1744, of the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom from 1762. Striving for the unification of disparate loads. possessions; achieved limitation of power...
HERACLIUS in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
HERAKLI (575-641), Byzantine. Emperor since 610. The son of the Carthaginian exarch, I. deposed Phocas and took the throne. He repelled the Avars invasion in 626...
HERACLIUS in Collier's Dictionary:
(c. 575-641), Byzantine emperor. The son of Heraclius (possibly of Armenian origin), the Carthaginian exarch, in 610 Heraclius was sent by his father to lead...
HERACLIUS in the Dictionary for solving and composing scanwords:
Male...
HERACLIUS in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language.
HERACLIUS in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
Irakli, (Iraklievich, ...
HERACLIUS in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
(575-641), Byzantine emperor from 610. The son of the Carthaginian exarch, Heraclius deposed Phocas and took the throne. He repelled the Avars invasion in 626...
HERACLIUS OF SEBASTIAN in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Heraclius of Sebastia (c. 320), martyr. Commemoration of March 9 and August 9 (in the Cathedral of Sebaste...
HERACLIUS OF ILLYRIAN in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Heraclius of Illyria (+ IV), Venerable. Memory May 5. Together with Saint Martin there was...
HERACLIUS OF ATHENS in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Heraclius of Athens (+ c. 250), martyr. Memory May 18. Holy Martyrs Heraclius, Paulinus...
HERACLIUS OF ANDRIANOPOL in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Heraclius of Andrianopol (III century), warrior, martyr. Memory October 22. He suffered martyrdom in III...
ALEXANDER II NIKOLAEVICH in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Alexander II, Nikolaevich, Liberator (1818 - 1881), All-Russian Emperor (from February 19, 1855), ...
HERACLIUS I in the Directory of Characters and Cult Objects of Greek Mythology:
Byzantine emperor in 610-641. Founder of the Irakleian dynasty. Genus. in 575 Died 11 February. 641 Heraclius, born ...
HERACLIUS I in biographies of Monarchs:
Byzantine emperor in 610-641. Founder of the Irakleian dynasty. Genus. in 575 Died 11 February. 641 Heraclius, born ...
OCHIAURI IRAKLIY ALEXEEVICH in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Irakli Alekseevich (born November 20, 1924, village of Akhiela, Dusheti region, Georgian SSR), Soviet sculptor, master of metal chasing, Honored Artist of the Georgian SSR...
ANDRONIKOV IRAKLIY LUARSABOVICH in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(Andronikashvili) Irakli Luarsabovich [b. 15(28).9.1908, St. Petersburg], Russian Soviet writer, literary critic. Member of the CPSU since 1949. Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1959), Doctor...
ABASHIDZE IRAKLIY VISSARIONOVICH in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Irakli Vissarionovich [b. 10(23).11.1909, village of Khoni, Kutaisi province], Georgian Soviet poet; Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR (1960). Member of the CPSU since 1939. ...
FREDERICK II THE GREAT
King of Prussia (1740-86), one of the most prominent figures in the history of the 18th century, famous as a sovereign and writer, as a commander and ...
FREDERICK II THE GREAT in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
? King of Prussia (1740?1786), one of the most prominent figures in the history of the 18th century, famous as a sovereign and writer, as a commander...
SERGIUS I OF CONSTANTINOPLE in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Sergius I (+ 638), Patriarch of Constantinople. He came from a Monophysite Syrian family, but it seems that the teachers...
POPES in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". List of Roman bishops The opinion that the founder of the Roman see, who occupied it from 42 to 67, ...
PAPACY
MAXIM CONFESSOR in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
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Epistolary sources on the relationship between the rulers of Georgia and Avaria

Muhammad-nutsal

After the translations, we gave characteristics to the persons mentioned in the letters and described historical processes, which allows us to understand the content of the epistolary sources, which became the subject of our research.

When studying the letters, it is clear that the secretary-scribe was more accustomed to using Persian than Arabic, which is manifested in some violations of Arabic grammar. This circumstance makes interlinear translation difficult to understand and forced us to give, in some cases, the semantic rather than the literal sound of individual phrases and sentences.

Analysis of the contents of the letters allows us to conclude that good neighborly relations prevailed between the rulers of Georgia and Avaria, and mutual respect reigned in the correspondence. At the same time, it is necessary to recognize the existence of individual conflict situations, which, however, were not long-term in nature and were most often expressed in the destructive actions of individual anti-state elements. The proximity of culture, ancient traditions of friendship and mutual assistance, closely interconnected forms of economic management in neighboring regions, common interests and the need to fight foreign invaders determined the need to establish good neighborly relations between Georgia and Avaria, which was embodied by their generally recognized leaders. We see this in the letters and information given below, and this also follows from the analysis of Dagestan sources, while foreign sources give a distorted picture of the relations between Georgians and Avars.

Message from Jimsher Cholokashvili to Muhammad-nutsal

The original message is contained in the handwritten collection of Ali Kayaev (1878-1943), a famous collector and researcher of the Arabic-language written heritage of Dagestan. It is kept by one of the authors of this article - his grandson I. Kayaev, who lives in the mountains. Makhachkala. The letter is written in Arabic, strongly influenced by the secretary-scribe's habit of Persian, in a handwriting that is a mixture of thulsa and naskh.

Translation:

May the peace, mercy of Allah and His blessing be upon you!

From Mouravi ( Moor) Tusheti ( Touche) and [part-time] eristavi ( iristav) Aragvsky ( Qaraqalkhan) – Jimsher Bey, message to the Amir of the noble amirs, the ruler ( get out) countries ( vilayat) [referred to as] Dagestan, to His Highness Muhammad Nutsal, son of Umma Khan.

May Allah Almighty protect him!

My wish is this: I have already become a Mouravi of Tusheti, and this country depends on you. Accordingly, I am one of the vassals dependent on you. Therefore, I constantly ask that there be an opportunity to serve you [Muhammad-nutsal], somehow I ask for my service from the lord and king - the patron of Heraclius ( Irakli). I am in alliance with you, so give me orders so that my service to you will be manifested. I will fulfill them, for the aforementioned country [Tusheti] depends on you.

Thus, I will have the opportunity to serve you [Muhammad-nutsal]. You, as the ruler of Dagestan, have long been a big man. Moreover, the brotherly relationship between you and King Heraclius, who is my patron, has now become strong. Your union is wonderful! Therefore, I am obliged to serve you and there will be no betrayal on our part.

If anything happens, then order me to become one of the units dependent on you and then my sincerity towards Your Highness will manifest itself.

My greetings to those who follow the right path.

Jimsher Cholokashvili(cargo. ჯიმშერ ჩოლოყაშვილი ) - a representative of the ancient Cholokashvili family, which traditionally ruled the northeastern part of Kakheti and the adjacent mountainous region of Tusheti. Their ancestral castle was located in the village. Matani, a few kilometers north of the city of Akhmeta, at the exit from the Pankisi Gorge. From here they ruled the mountainous region of Georgia on the border with Avaria for centuries.

The exact date of birth of Jimsher is unknown, although it can be assumed that he was the same age as Irakli II, who was born in 1720. In 1737-39. In the retinue of the then Tsarevich Irakli II, he participated in Nadir Shah’s campaign against India. In the early 1740s. he was appointed governor (mouravi) of Tusheti. In 1743, after the murder of the hereditary manager of the Aragvi eristavate (the valley of the Aragvi River above the city of Mkhtseta; now the Dusheti region of Georgia) - Bezhan Eristavi, by the rebellious population, the Kartlian king Teimuraz II formally handed it over to his grandson Vakhtang. But since he was still a minor, Jimsher Cholokashvili became the de facto ruler of the Eristavate.

The official historiographer of Irakle II, Papuna Orbeliani, repeatedly mentions “Jimsher – Mouravi of Tusheti” as a faithful associate of the Georgian king. In conditions of self-will and separatism of the appanage princes, Heraclius had to strengthen the northern borders of the country from the very beginning of his reign. In 1744, when, with the support of Nadir Shah, Irakli II became the king of Kakheti, and his father Teimuraz II became the king of Kartli, they subjugated the eristates of Ksani and Aragvi to their power, for which they even used mercenary troops of Avars from Antsukh, Tlebel and Karakh ( now Tlyaratinsky and Charodinsky districts of the Republic of Dagestan). Having set up camp in Ananuri, Irakli II gathered a detachment and moved to the upper reaches of the Aragvi Gorge, where the Ossetians did not want to submit to the central government. As Papuna Orbeliani writes, Heraclius “put Mouravi Tushin - Jimshera at the head of the army of the Aragv Eristavate, determined the right and left wings of the army, and he himself followed behind. The Ossetians blocked their path, and a fierce battle broke out. Heraclius' troops arrived in time, and then the Ossetians retreated and entrenched themselves in fortresses and towers. They were surrounded, captured, destroyed and burned forty towers. Heraclius returned victorious to Ananuri." Jimsher was an indispensable assistant to Irakli II in pacifying riots in the mountainous regions in the north of the country in 1746, in actions against the troops of Abdullah Beg in 1747, or in clearing the fortresses of Kizilbash garrisons in early 1748. Georgian sources note him as a brave soldier and talented commander.

As a researcher of the history of Tusheti writes: “Mourav Jimsher, who accompanied Prince Heraclius in the campaign against India undertaken by Shah Nadir, enjoyed especially great honor among the kings Teimuraz II and Irakli II. In Teimuraz II's letter of appointment of Tusheti as Mourav, these merits are noted. He is given the right to use the third part of the taxes collected, as well as other benefits common to all Mouravas." It is known that in 1751 he built a fortress and palace in Dusheti. As G. Jamburia established, Jimsher Cholokashvili was killed while being an eristavi in the territory he controlled in 1756.

Thus, the letter dates back to precisely the period of time when Jimsher Cholokashvili was the eristavi of Aragvi. Most likely, it was written in the late 40s - early 50s. XVIII century (until 1752), to the age of Muhammad-Nutsal, when close relations were established between him and Irakli II.

Epistle of HeracliusII Muhammad-nutsalu (1749) )

The original message is kept by one of the authors of this article (I. Kayaev). The letter is written in Arabic, influenced by Persian, in a handwriting that is a mixture of Thuls and Naskh. Analysis of the handwriting allows us to assert that both this letter and the above one (from Jimsher Cholokashvili) were written by the same person, apparently Irakli’s secretary-scribeII.

Translation:

May the peace, mercy of Allah and his blessing be upon you!

From His Highness the King ( Khan) Heraclius, who is the ruler ( get out) great rulers, a message to His Highness Muhammad Nutsal, who is the ruler of the great rulers, the amir of the amirs and the master ( sayyid) Dagestan. I mean my beloved friend, whom I completely trust, and moreover, I consider my dearest and most honorable brother.

May the greatness of Muhammad Nutsal and his happiness endure forever and ever!

To your possible question about the news that we have, I answer this way:

My father is the king ( khan) Teimuraz ( Tagmuras), has already come from the country ( vilayat) Iran, and entered the land of Georgia ( Gurzhistan). He is in full health and good condition.

Moreover, King Teimuraz wrote you a letter in which he asks you to come to us, for he wants to see you and give you a worthy gift. We are glad to see you, which, by the way, we wanted before.

Our mutual sympathy, and even more - love and brotherhood - have now become strong and strong. Therefore, when our letter reaches you, come to us so that we can have a pleasant conversation on the days that you [Muhammad-nutsal] want.

Do this, however, after the snow has melted from the mountains.

Our country ( vilayat) depends on you [Muhammad-nutsal]. Therefore, there should be no changes in the relations existing between us.

In a few days, I, [that is, King Heraclius], will send my people to you, or, if I may say so, another letter. These people will tell you something and please do something similar to what they say.

My beloved friends were delighted by the arrival of my father from Iran. Therefore, I [King Heraclius], informing you about this event, wrote this letter.

My dear brother! A thousand apologies, but don't delay your arrival. If the Almighty grants, our brotherhood will be strong, yes, and forever.

Hello to the one who follows the right path.

Epistle of HeracliusII Muhammad-nutsalu

The original message is kept in the handwritten collection of the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (F. 6. Op. 1. D. 68/2506). The letter is written in Arabic, influenced by Persian, in Naskh script. Judging by the handwriting, unlike the first two letters, this message was written by a different person.

Translation:

Heartfelt greetings and best wishes come from the lips of the king ( Khan) Heraclius, who is the amir of those who rely on the Lord of the world, and they are addressed to my dear brother Muhammad Nutsal Khan, who has an excellent degree.

May Allah Almighty protect him from the troubles and trials that exist in both worlds, as well as from abuse from enemies!

The greatest desire and great goal that is pursued through the writing of this message is love here.

Now about something else. Shikhamir-aka ( ...-akka) and Mustafa-aka and brought your message filled with love. We understood the contents of this letter and, as a result, fully recognized what was contained in it. We also fully agreed with the words that you inspired in the two persons named above and, moreover, explained to them.

These two, Shikhamir-aka and Mustafa-aka, first explained [everything] to us, then explained it from beginning to end. You had a desire to send Akhalav. However, he was not there yet. We therefore assumed that you did not send [to me] George ( Gevorgi) for the sole reason that Akhalav has not yet come to you. We, however, will [soon] send this Akhalav, but together with Shikhamir-aka, Mustafa-aka and Shahav.

Know that between you and me there was originally a covenant of brotherhood and great love. We still firmly stand for compliance with this. Accordingly, we expressed everything that is in our hearts and that is hidden in the depths of our souls to Akhalav, Shikhamir-aka and Mustafa-aka. If Allah Almighty grants, these persons will give you the opportunity to find out without any [their] additions, doing it in a literary, beautiful language. This will happen when they come to you. That’s it.

Irakli II

Explanations for letters

Muhammad-nutsal(1730/31-1774) became the nominal ruler of the Avar Nutsaldom from 1735/36, after the death of his father, Umma Khan. At the time of his father's death, Muhammad Nutsal was only 5 years old. According to the Dagestan author of the 19th century. Khaidarbek Genichutlinsky, after the death of Umma Khan “Power was at the common disposal of Muhammad Nutsal and Muhammad Mirza, the children of Umma Khan. Both of them, being siblings, were in peace and harmony, shared their thoughts with each other and acted as if they were one person. Outwardly, however, the khan’s power belonged only to Muhammad Nutsal.” . Unfortunately, we do not know whether Muhammad Mirza was his younger or older brother, although it is known that seniority in the board belonged to Muhammad Nutsal. Muhammad Nutsal was killed in 1774 in Shemakha during negotiations with Fatali Khan of Kuba, who lured him into negotiations and then gave a signal to pre-prepared killers.

Muhammad Nutsal did a lot of work to strengthen the internal unity of the various regions of the Avaria, to internally unite the complex conglomerate of communities that made up the country known to them as Maarukh. For example, during the reign of Muhammad Nutsal, Khunzakh concluded an alliance agreement with Gidatl, they “agreed to share success and misfortune, uniting and becoming, as it were, one society”. At the same time, the conditions for the extradition of criminals, delimitation of the scope of judicial jurisdiction for crimes committed on their territories, etc. were outlined.

Similar relations were established with the Antsukh society (which included Khvanal/Bezhta), whose residents actively participated in his campaigns and served as intermediaries for him in establishing relations with the Georgian kings. Leaders of border societies often acted as ambassadors of the Avar Nutsaldom to the Georgian kings. For example, the first two persons mentioned in the letter Shikhamir And Mustafa- apparently influential Avars from Jar or Bilkan and at the same time - envoys of the Avar Nutsal. In the opinion of G.D. Daniyalova, Akhalav from the Khvanal region (probably from the village of Garbutl), was in “close relations” with Irakli II, being a prominent military leader of the Avar Nutsalstvo and served as a diplomat in relations with Georgia. At the same time, this name (Akhalav) is traditionally common in the central village of Antsukha ( HIadacolob), from which came another envoy of the Avar Nutsal to Irakli II - Shahav ( Shagyav). It is obvious that both individuals - Akhalav and Shahav - were influential people in Antsukh - the Avar region - an influential community that also included Tsunta/Didoeti.

According to information collected in 1832 by a Russian officer: “According to the stories of the residents, Antsukh and Juanal in former times formed one society called Antsukha. This society was then the strongest in Antk-Ratla and was famous throughout Dagestan for its power and wealth. The Didoi tribes were subject to them like peasants and paid annual tribute. Subsequently, disagreement and strife began between the villages located on Shara-Or and those located on Kudab-Or, so that these latter separated and formed a special society called Huanala. With this division, Antsukh became much weaker, and no longer had the previous influence on other societies of Antk-Ratl.

Seeing the disagreement between their owners, the Didoi people, although they clearly did not yet dare to refuse to pay the tribute imposed on them, gradually deviated from fulfilling their duties and were only waiting for a favorable opportunity to completely free themselves from the yoke of the Antsukhi people. Such a case presented itself to them soon after the division of Antsukh. Residents talk about it as follows. About 80 or 100 years ago, some kind of widespread and contagious disease (according to the residents, not the plague) was raging in Dagestan, from which a lot of people died. The mortality rate was very high, especially in Antsukh and Juanal, where the population had decreased to the point that there was no one to work and livestock was lost without care. The Didoi people, seeing the plight of the Antsukhi and Kapuchin people and feeling no weaker than their owners, took advantage of this opportunity and refused to pay the tribute, giving the reason that they were afraid of infection; a year passed, then another, and they completely abandoned their previous duties... Since then, the Didoi people have formed a separate society, independent of anyone.

Under King Heraclius, the villages of Sabui, Shilda, Almaty and two other villages paid the Capuchins from each household annually 5 abazas, one chicken, ten loaves of bread and one tupka of vodka, and the villages of Kvareli, Gavazi, Chekany and Kochetany paid the same tax to the Antsukhi residents. For this, these two societies, at the request of King Heraclius, had to form a militia from their midst and act with it wherever the king ordered. The rule was that in such cases, everyone over 15 years old, excluding old people, left. Such a militia was obliged to maintain its weapons in good order; provisions and gunpowder were received from the king while he was in service.”.

We can date the above events thanks to the identification of one Arabic-language memorial record, according to which “in the blessed month of Rabi al-Awwal, at the beginning of summer, the greatest plague struck: first the village of Hasharhota and one hundred and twenty souls of believers died from among them; then she struck the village of Bezhta and three hundred [souls] of them died that year, and after being ill, one hundred souls were cured thanks to Allah; that year it also struck Garbootl ( Gharbul). Allah delivered the remaining villages of the region [from it]. One thousand one hundred and eighty-third year (1769) from the Hijra of the Prophet." Thus, until the 1760s. Antsukh, as an autonomous region of Avaria, included the northern part of the Tlyaratino region, the entire Tsuntinsky region and the Bezhtinsky section of the Republic of Dagestan. Its division into Antsukh, Bezhta and Gunzib most likely occurred in the 1760s, and Tsunta separated in 1770.

It is clear from the sources that most of the time Heraclius and Muhammad Nutsala had good neighborly relations, which could even be called allied. For example, Irakli II in a letter to Count N.I. Panin dated June 4, 1770 writes that “all the Lezgins, except for the Kunzukh owner, having been bribed by the Turkish side with great gifts, the strong ones attack and destroy our land in a thieves’ manner”. “Kunzukhsky”, i.e. the Khunzakh “owner” is, of course, Muhammad Nutsal, with whom Erekle II maintains good neighborly allied relations, and the “Lezgins” are Dagestanis in general. In the same letter, Irakli II writes that until that time the Jar Avars (“Chara residents, Lezgins”) were “in friendship and harmony” with the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom.

The same information is contained in the letter of Muhammad Nutsal to Heraclius II, written, apparently, in May 1770. In it, the Avar Nutsal informs the East Georgian king that the Ottoman Empire invited him to arrive with an army in Akhaltsikhe and about Muhammad Khan of Gazikumukh also asked him to do the same. Apparently these events were anti-Georgian in nature, since Irakli II did not want Muhammad Nutsal to move with his army to Akhaltsikhe and convinced him not to do this. Nutsal again informs Heraclius II that, despite the entreaties of the Turks and the Gazikumukh Khan, he abandoned the campaign, since “fraternal, faithful friendship has been established between us and Khan Heraclius and we cannot break it until the end of the century.”

It is also known that on April 20, 1770, at the Battle of Aspindza in the Meskheti region (southwest Georgia), Irakli II defeated the combined army of Turks and Avars, commanded by the famous leader (beladi) Malachilav from the villages. Untsukul. In Georgian sources he is also known by the nickname TOIohtIa, i.e. "elegant". According to the report book A. Mouravova to Count Totleben (commander of the Russian expeditionary force in Georgia)“Heraclius himself killed the glorious leader Malachil described above and one other Turk.” It is also reported that after the battle, the corpses of several leaders of a detachment of Turks and Avars were discovered, among which “the main... Lezgin leader” “Malachil, whose head was sent by Irakli to the Lezgin Kunzakh owner, for Malachil often attacked this owner of Kunzakh”, i.e. . Avar ruler Muhammad Nutsal. Here we can also add that in Dagestan memorial records there is repeated mention of the death of the “famous brave Malachilav” in 1184 AH (1770-71).

At the same time, we also know about a short period of cooling of relations between Muhammad Nutsal and Irakli II in 1752-55. and about two campaigns made by the Avar Nutsal to Georgia at the age of about 25 years. Most likely, relations between Muhammad Nutsal and Irakli II deteriorated after the Georgian army marched into the territory of the Jar “republic” in June 1752, a state formation of the Avars living in the Alazani Valley. Since Jar was connected with the Avar Nutsal by allied relations and recognized Muhammad Nutsal as overlord, the latter probably considered this campaign an unfriendly step.

The memorial records collected by Kazanbi of Araderich contain an interesting entry for the period of interest to us: “1168 (1754-55) is the date of entry of Muhammad-Nutsal with his army into Muhiranib. At the end of the same year he joined Kurilib". What's behind the two meager chronograph offerings?

According to an 18th century source. – “ CIoralul avarazul ragazul tarikh“- in 1754, Muhammad Nutsal, having gathered a detachment from Khvanal (Bezhta region), “which was his vilayat,” went to Georgia. His army near the town of Kunbur had a battle with the Georgian army and was defeated (“was scattered”). According to Georgian sources, “the Khundzakh (Avar) ruler Nursal-bek”, i.e. Muhammad Nutsal invaded Georgia in 1754 with significant forces. By order of Heraclius, the entire Kakheti population took refuge in fortresses, and the Georgian army was put on combat readiness. The detachments of Erekle II and Muhammad Nutsala clashed near the Mchadisjvari fortress, southwest of the city of Dusheti. Initially, the Avar infantry began to push back the Georgian army. Then Irakli II ordered the entire noble detachment to dismount and prepare rifles and cannons. Thanks to the increased shelling of the Avar infantry, the Georgians managed to turn the tide of the battle and force the Avars to retreat from the fortress. Realizing that further continuation of the military campaign was useless, Muhammad Nutsal turned his army towards the Jar Republic, hoping to receive a new army and continue the campaign against Irakli II. Muhammad Nutsal and his army were forced to retreat to Bilkan, where he requested troops from the Avars, but they, citing the existing peace treaty with the Georgians, avoided military assistance to Nutsal. He returned to Khunzakh, having secured the promise of the Jarians to go on a campaign with him at the end of the summer of the following year (August-September 1755)