Zaraisky D.A. Managing other people's behavior - file n1.doc. Food industry enterprises

14.04.2024

Zaraysk is one of the oldest cities in the Moscow region, first mentioned in the Nikon and Ipatiev Chronicles as the city of Osetra in 1146.

The city is located on the high right bank of the Sturgeon River, which, in turn, is the right tributary of the Oka River and was first part of the Ryazan Principality.

The name of the place changed more than once: the Village of Krasnoye, the city on Osetra, the City of Nikola Zarazsky, Zarazsk, Zarask, and only at the end of the 17th century the name Zaraysk was finally assigned to the city. There is also a lot of debate about the origin of the name; there are several versions and legends. One of the most widespread legends says: in 1237, Princess Eupraxia, the wife of Prince Fyodor Yuryevich, in order to avoid Tatar captivity, grabbed her little son Ivan and jumped out of the window of her mansion, thus killing herself, that is, “infected.”

In 1237, the city was burned by Batu, who was advancing on Rus'. After the invasion it was restored, and after some time it became part of the Moscow Principality. In 1528-1531, by order of Vasily III, a stone Kremlin was built. After this, Zaraysk began to be considered an important defense point on the approaches to the capital as part of the Great Zasechnaya Line being created. The first test of the strength of the Kremlin walls occurred in 1533 during an attack by the Crimean Tatars led by Islam I Giray and Safa Giray. In 1541, the city was besieged by the Khan of Crimea Sahib I Giray, who was unable to take the Kremlin and was defeated by the governor N. Glebov. Crimean attacks on the city occurred 4 more times until the end of the 16th century.

In 1608, the army of False Dmitry II defeated the army of the Ryazan-Arzamas militia in Zaraysk. The city was liberated only a year later. Prokopiy Lyapunov became the liberator of the city.

In 1673, the city suffered the last attack of the Crimean Tatars and after that became a center of trade. But in 1681, a big fire occurred in Zaraysk, which engulfed most of the city. This was the reason for the transition from wooden construction to stone.

In 1778, Zaraysk received the status of a county town by order of Catherine II.

In the 17th century - the first half of the 19th century, industry began to actively develop, and Zaraysk turned into a large trading center. At the end of the 19th century, it lost its significance, a new Astrakhan highway was built (now the Ryazanskoe highway), and Zaraysk found itself aside from the new trade routes. The railway along the Moscow-Ryazan route was also built at a distance from the city.

During the Patriotic War, the territory of the Zaraisky district was partially occupied by Nazi troops, but the city itself was not captured.

The main attraction of the city of Zaraysk is the stone Kremlin, designed in the form of a regular rectangular fortress, the length of its walls is 0.5 km. The Kremlin is equipped with 7 towers: , and . The Zaraisky Kremlin is one of the smallest Russian fortresses that has survived to this day. In addition, this is the only completely preserved Kremlin in the Moscow region.

There are two museums in the city: the Zaraisky Kremlin Museum and the House-Museum of the sculptor A. S. Golubkina. In the vicinity of Zaraysk, in the village of Darovoye, is where the famous writer spent his childhood and often visited as an adult.

An Upper Paleolithic site was discovered in Zaraysk. It was discovered back in 1980, but excavations are still ongoing. This site is a historical and archeological monument of federal significance.

Another attraction of Zaraysk is.

Wiki: ru:Zaraisk (station)

Zaraysk in the Moscow region (Russia), description and map linked together. After all, We are places on the world map. Explore more, find more. Located 36.3 km southeast of Kolomna. Find interesting places around, with photos and reviews. Check out our interactive map with places around you, get more detailed information, get to know the world better.

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On the easternmost border of the Moscow region, closer to the city of Ryazan than to Moscow, stands the city of Zaraysk.

Getting to Zaraysk is easy. Comfortable buses No. 330 run from the Vykhinsky bus station in Moscow several times a day all the way to Zaraysk. If suddenly the bus doesn’t work out, you can go from Vykhino by train, for example to Golutvin. But from there you will still have to take a bus; the railway does not reach Zaraysk (to be precise, a narrow-gauge railway does not reach Zaraysk). It’s much easier for motorists - we drive along the Novoryazanskoe highway and drive, drive, drive... The route to the city can be seen on the map. But the drive is long - 3 hours or even more - especially if you get stuck in a traffic jam.

The bus station in Zaraysk is located right next to the Kremlin. So it’s very difficult to get confused - where to go))) From the bus station you can see the Trinity Gate, so named because the Holy Trinity icon is located above it.

The Kremlin was built in 1528-1531 at the behest of the Great Moscow Prince Vasily III. At that time, he performed an important function, protecting the borders of the Moscow Principality from the attacks of the Crimean Tatars.

The construction of the Kremlin was carried out under the leadership of the Italian engineer-architect Aleviz Fryazin. The Kremlin has a strict rectangular shape. 7 towers of which 3 are travel towers. It’s true that the gates in 2 of these 3 towers are closed.

The Kremlin began to fulfill its function a couple of years after its construction, in 1533. The Crimean Tatars tried to capture the city more than once, but they never managed to capture the Kremlin. Before the construction of the Kremlin, enemies sometimes ravaged and burned the city and surrounding areas.

The border situation and the fight against enemies could not but find a response in art. As this memorial plaque says: “Here in the Church of St. Nicholas, the chronicler Eustathius and his descendants created an outstanding literary monument of ancient Rus', “The Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu.” "... O earth, oh earth! O oak groves! Weep with me! How will I call that day, how will I describe it...". There was then a lot of melancholy and sorrow, and tears, and sighs, and fear, and trembling from all those evil ones who attacked us.”

In general, the official history of Zaraysk begins in 1146, with the first mention in the chronicle of a place on the Sturgeon River. It was reported that this place was visited by the Grand Duke of Novgorod and Chernigov Svyatoslav Olgovich.

However, archaeological excavations carried out near the Kremlin territory found ancient sites of Stone Age people, which means that people lived here even 21 thousand years BC.

And it was after the construction of the Kremlin that the city began to grow and began to be mentioned more and more often in literary sources.

The oldest cathedral in Zaraysk is the Cathedral of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, built by decree of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich in 1681 to replace the old cathedral that was damaged by fire.

Summer cathedral. Services are held there only in the warm season. We were greeted by bars - either at the beginning of May the cathedral had not yet warmed up, or it was simply locked.

Through the bars one could see the interior of the cathedral.

The architectural center on the territory of the Zaraisk Kremlin is the Cathedral of the Beheading of John the Baptist.

The cathedral was built according to the design of the architect K. M. Bykovsky in 1901-1904 at the expense of the merchants Bakhrushin brothers.

St. John the Baptist Cathedral is perhaps the most fully restored building in the Kremlin.

Unlike the Cathedral of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, the Cathedral of John the Baptist can be visited.

The paintings on the walls of the Cathedral of John the Baptist have been resumed. However, they do not give the impression of being historical.

Many of the frescoes on the walls are copies of famous paintings, such as the Appearance of Christ to the People.

Near the cathedral there is a monument over the princely graves.

In one of the corners of the Kremlin there is a Sunday school building with the baptismal church of St. Seraphim of Sarov. From the outside of the building you can’t tell that there is a temple inside...

But in front of the building there is a rather nice building that looks very much like a well.

It doesn't seem like anything special. Just a wooden cross... But for some reason the impression remains...

And the silhouette against the background of golden crosses is very graphic.

At the site of the old Church of John the Baptist there is now a bell tower. It is much smaller than the old foundation...

But it still performs its function.

There are also remains of an ancient cemetery on the territory of the Zaraisk Kremlin. You can see stones with patterns carved on them...

It’s nice to walk around the Kremlin territory, but the territory is quite small.

And the toilet doesn't work

However, a wide-angle lens and a small number of buildings make it possible to imagine the Kremlin as relatively large)))

The central entrance to the Zaraisk Kremlin passes through the Nikolskaya Tower.

And the entrance to the Kremlin is closed by a simple grille.

There are two memorial plaques hanging near the tower. One is dedicated to Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, who was the governor of Zaraysk and won one of the first victories over the Polish invaders here.

The other is to the seventh assault engineer brigade, which was formed in the Zaraisk Kremlin in May 1943.

Getting around the Kremlin is no less interesting than walking through its territory. The 7 towers of the Kremlin are certainly not in the best condition, but they are quite powerful. The Nikolskaya Tower, as I already wrote, now serves as one of the entrances to the Kremlin.

A site of Stone Age people was found right next to the Nikolskaya Tower.

The walls of the Zaraisk Kremlin are two-colored - a white stone bottom and a brick top.

Walking from the Nikolskaya Tower along the wall towards the river we will see the Guard Tower.

Part of the roof, like on other towers, collapsed....

The guard tower is followed by the Yegoryevskaya and Tainitskaya towers.

The Yegoryevskaya Tower was a travel pass. The road through it leads towards the Sturgeon River, but now the gate is closed.

The corner Taynitskaya tower is very similar to the Karaulnaya tower.

From the corner from the Taynitskaya Tower you get a wonderful panorama. The Spasskaya and Naugolnaya towers are visible.

Spasskaya Tower.

Corner Tower

Near the State Tower is a small Soviet-era cemetery. What can I say - it’s an honor to be buried near the Kremlin wall...

To look at a beautiful panorama of the city, you can walk from the Kremlin along 25th Anniversary of Victory Street to the bridge over the Osetra

Along the road you can see the walls of the Kremlin through the fences

Some houses around the Kremlin look as if they are as old as the Kremlin.

Unfortunately, many houses look far from new.

On the bridge over Osetra we see the continuation of the Moscow tradition with padlocks)))

And from the bridge there is a wonderful view of the city...

Kremlin cathedrals...

and a group of kayakers who came)))

You can return back by walking along the river and going up Museum Street

The most famous Zaraisk legend is associated with the icon of St. Nicholas of Zaraisk. According to legend, on July 29, 1225, here the appanage prince Fyodor Yuryevich accepted the icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker brought from Korsun. At the meeting place of the icon, there is a source - the White Well... You can’t help but visit it when arriving in Zaraysk.

It's not very far to walk from the Kremlin to the White Well. About a kilometer and a half. First you need to walk along Pervomaiskaya Street to the gas station and turn left and go down the highway. You can turn a little and walk along the path... Or you can go along the highway - to the parking lot at the White Well.

We are walking along the path. In the spring, grass is burned in the fields around Zaraysk and the grass burns along the path...

From the hill along which the trail runs you can see the hill on which the Kremlin stands

And now you can see the cross installed at the descent to the source

A ladder leads from the cross to the spring and the bathhouse.

There is a chapel above the source...

And on the way down, a reminder of how to live correctly...

There are several icons of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker near the chapel and on the font

When we arrived at the font, there was no line. The water is cool, it would only come from a source... But when we took a dip, a whole bus of excursionists arrived...

The source is located on the banks of the Sturgeon River

From the White Well we headed to see the city, fortunately there was still time before the bus departed.

There is a monument to Kirov there

and an old water tower built in the early 20th century.

The tower has not been operational for a long time, the stairs have collapsed long ago, but from the outside it looks quite gothic.

Krasnoarmeyskaya street leading from the water tower is passable, but the traffic is so rare that we calmly walked in the middle of the street

and photographed the houses on the street... And beautiful...

And burnt...

And even houses of exemplary maintenance

This house really looks exemplary. Linen, cars, grandmothers and grandson on a bicycle)))

At the intersection of Krasnoarmeyskaya and Leninskaya streets stands the Church of Elijah the Prophet, built in 1819-1835.

After the fire of 1860, the church dome and bell tower were rebuilt.

After the revolution in the 1930s, the church was closed and converted into a workshop... Only in 1996 was the church reopened as a temple.

Krasnoarmeyskaya Street ends at a monument dedicated to the victorious soldiers in the Great Patriotic War

No one is forgotten. nothing is forgotten.

Opposite the monument is the Zaraisk Museum

The museum is located in the building of the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity

Trinity Church was built in 1776-1788... In the 1930s it was closed and a museum was made within its walls...

The Trinity Church has a small chapel built in the second half of the 19th century...

By the way, we didn’t go to the museum - we preferred to spend the remaining time before the bus walking around the city

A little lower, across the intersection, there is a monument to Dmitry Pozharsky, because in this city he was a military commander and it was from here that he began his liberation movement against the Polish invaders.

There is also a monument to Lenin in Zaraysk. Where would we be without him?

The sign to Sovetskaya Street combines in a very unique way with the house in the background.

The Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary escaped the fate of the previous ones described. It was not closed during Soviet times.

Even though it is located on Komsomolskaya Street.

There were previously many more churches in Zaraysk... But in Soviet times, some of them were demolished...

This cross was installed on the site of the Ascension Church destroyed in 1938.

In general, Zaraysk was a large shopping center, as it was located on the road from Ryazan to Moscow

They say there were more than 30 drinking establishments here, where quite considerable sums were left.

And trade was brisk. And the city grew.

And when the Moscow-Ryazan railway was built, the city gradually began to fade away, because the railway passed by Zaraysk

It is difficult to engage in trade while being away from trade routes

And here we see what we see...

For some reason, the animals in this city look with very sad eyes...

However, there are also bright butterflies)))

And on the way back from Zaraysk to Moscow, a stunning sunset was waiting for us from the window...

Special thanks to Valentin Mochalov, who initiated the trip and opened this town to us.

Zaraysk- a city in Russia, a city of district subordination, the administrative center of the Zaraisky district of the Moscow region. Located 145 km southeast of Moscow, on the right (mostly) bank of the Osetr River (a tributary of the Oka). The final railway station on a non-electrified line from the city of Lukhovitsy (without passenger traffic).

The city is located in the center of the European part of Russia, on the northeastern slope of the Central Russian Upland, 162 km from Moscow. The area of the city is 2046 hectares; the Sturgeon River flows through its territory. The city is also cut through by small tributaries of the Osetra - Monastyrka, Osetrik and Astabenka - flowing in deep ravines.

Name

Historical documents contain over thirty variant names of the city, including Sturgeon(1146, 1541), Red(1225), Zarazsk(1225), Novgorodok-on-Osetra(1387), Zarazesk(XV century), Zaraevsk(1501), Nikola Zarazskaya-on-Sturgeon(1531), Nikola-on-Osetra(1532), Nikola Zarazsky(1610), Zoraysk(1660), Zarask(1681), Zaraysk(XVII century), Zarazskaya(first half of the 18th century). Since the 19th century, the modern name was finally established Zaraysk. There are several versions about the origin of the name:

The name of the city comes from the Old Russian word “zaraz”, meaning “river bank cliff”.
The name “Zaraisk” comes from the word “cassock” (swamp): the city, relative to Ryazan, was located behind the swamps, or “beyond the duckweeds”.
The name comes from the place in the city where, during epidemics of cholera and plague, the dead were buried.
According to historian M.N. Tikhomirov, the name of the city comes from the word “infection” (impenetrable, reserved forest).
The name of the city comes from the word “infect” in its Old Russian meaning “to kill, strike to death.” According to legend, in 1237, Eupraxia, the wife of Prince Fyodor Yuryevich, in order to avoid Tatar captivity, threw herself from her tower and thus killed herself, that is, she became “infected.”

Story

Foundation of the city

Zaraysk was first mentioned in Nikonovskaya (as city Sturgeon) and Ipatievskaya (under the name Sturgeon) chronicles in 1146. The location of this Sturgeon mentioned in the chronicle was confirmed by archaeological excavations carried out in the 1980s under the leadership of B. A. Rybakov. Subsequently, the town, apparently, was burned by nomads. The next mention of the newly rebuilt city dates back to 1225 in the “Tale of the Bringing of the Icon of St. Nicholas of Zarazsky from Korsun”, where the future Zaraisk is named Red. This year, the miraculous image of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (Korsunsky) was transferred from Korsun (Chersonese) to Krasny. Soon a wooden temple was built in honor of this saint. Later, in this temple, the cycle “Tales of Nikola Zarazsky” was created, which includes, in particular, the Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu. The first known appanage prince of the city was Fedor Yuryevich, the son of the Ryazan prince Yuri Igorevich. Under him, a wooden fort was erected in the city, surrounded by ramparts and ditches with water.

In 1237, Krasny was burned by Batu, who was advancing on Rus'. According to the cycle of “Tales of Nikola Zarazsky,” Prince Fyodor Yuryevich was killed by Batu on the Voronezh River, and the prince’s wife, Princess Eupraxia, not wanting to be in Tatar captivity, together with her young son Ivan, jumped out of her mansion and “got infected” (hit) to of death. After this, the icon of Nikola Korsunsky began to be called the icon of Nikola Zarazsky. During this period, Zaraysk was called a city St. Nicholas of Korsun And Zarazsky. Then, until the 14th century, Zaraysk was not mentioned in historical sources. The city, which re-emerged in the 14th century, began to bear the name Novgorodok-on-Osetra.

16th century

In 1521, together with the Ryazan Principality, the city was annexed to the Moscow Principality. Zaraysk became an outpost near the southern borders of the principality, which were subject to raids by the Crimean Tatars throughout the 16th century. In 1528-1531, by order of Vasily III, a stone Kremlin with seven towers was built inside Ostrog; The thickness of the walls of the new fortress reached three meters, the height - nine. The fortress was a powerful fortification; Natural boundaries were also an obstacle for the enemy - the steep bank of the Osetra River at the western walls of the fortress and the deep ravine of the Monastyrka River south of the Kremlin. It is possible that Italian architects working in Rus' at that time took part in the construction.

The city became an important defense point on the southern approaches to Moscow as part of the Great Zasechnaya Line that was being created. Already in 1533, the Kremlin was subjected to the first attack by the Crimean Tatars under the leadership of Islam I Giray and Safa Giray. At the same time as the Kremlin, in 1528, instead of the wooden St. Nicholas Church, a stone one was founded. During this period the city was called Nikolo-Zarazskaya-on-Osetra, Nikola-on-Sturgeon. In 1541, the city was besieged by the Khan of Crimea Sahib I Giray, who was unable to take the Kremlin and was defeated by the governor N. Glebov. Crimean attacks on the city were also carried out in 1542, 1570, 1573, 1591.

In March 1533, the city was visited by the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily III, and in 1550, 1555, 1556 and 1571 by his son, Ivan IV the Terrible. In 1550, by his order, the Church of St. John the Baptist was erected in the Kremlin. In 1551, Prince Andrei Kurbsky performed military service in Zaraysk.

During the reign of Vasily III, a new fort with log walls was also built, adjacent to the Kremlin from the northeast. Wooden bridges were thrown across the ditches surrounding the fort. Inside the fort there were settlements. Outside the walls of the fort, settlements began to form along the ravines and rivers; Trade developed - important roads to Ryazan, Kolomna and Kashira began from the walls of the Zaraisk Kremlin. In the 16th century, in addition to merchants and archers, the population of Zaraysk also included “arable” (peasants) and “craftsmen” (artisans) people. The largest building in the city was the St. Nicholas Church in the Kremlin with the icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker kept in it. Within the boundaries of the fort there were also administrative buildings: the Duty House, the city treasury, the city government; Shopping arcades arose on the site of the modern Gostiny Dvor.

Time of Troubles

In February-March 1607, in the vicinity of Zaraysk, skirmishes took place between the troops of Ivan Bolotnikov and the troops of Vasily Shuisky. On March 30, 1608, the detachments of False Dmitry II (namely, the Poles of Colonel Alexander Lisovsky) defeated the Ryazan-Arzamas militia in Zaraysk and occupied the city. The city was liberated on June 1, 1609 by detachments of the Ryazan militia under the leadership of Prokopiy Lyapunov. In 1610-1611, the Zaraysk governor was Prince D. M. Pozharsky. Pozharsky suppressed the rebellion of supporters of False Dmitry II in the city, expelled the “thieves’ detachment of the Ryazan governor Isaac Sumbulov, who went over to serve the Poles, who captured the city in December 1610, and at the beginning of 1611, having joined the First Militia, Pozharsky set out with his Zaraisk detachment to Moscow. More than three hundred soldiers who fell at the walls of the city were buried in a mound near the city; This mound, called Lisovsky, remains to this day. In the 18th century, a stone church was built near the mound.

XVII-XVIII centuries

In the 17th century, the name Zaraysk was finally assigned to the city.

In 1625, the scribe books mention the Ascension (Round) Monastery located in the suburb to the west of the Kremlin with the wooden Church of the Life-Giving Trinity. The monastery was abolished in 1764, and the Trinity Church became a parish church and, after a fire in 1774, was rebuilt in stone.

In 1669, the first Russian warship "Eagle" was launched in the Zaraisk village of Dedinovo.

In 1673, the last attack of the Crimean Tatars on Zaraysk took place, and from the end of the 17th century the city lost its defensive significance, becoming a significant center of crafts and trade on the Astrakhan Highway. Zaraysk turned into a center of grain trade, and transit trade also developed - livestock was transported through the city from the southern regions to Moscow and meat was supplied. In 1681, Zaraysk experienced a devastating fire. In the same year, by decree of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, a brick St. Nicholas Church was built instead of a dilapidated stone one. In the 18th century, stone and wood construction began in the city.

In 1778, by decree of Catherine II, Zaraysk received the status of a district city of the Ryazan governorate (since 1796 - the Ryazan province). A year later, the coat of arms was approved, and then the regular plan of the city. To the east of the Kremlin, on a relatively flat area of terrain, an orthogonal grid of blocks was formed (the size of the latter is mainly 130x260 m); in the southern and western parts of the city, due to the terrain features (steep slopes of the Osetra River, deep river valleys and ravines), a ragged building front. The township churches, around which large squares had formed by the 18th century, were, according to the master plan, at the intersection of the main streets of Zaraysk. The main compositional and spatial core of Zaraysk remained the Kremlin; to the northeast of it there were shopping arcades (Gostiny Dvor) built in stone in the 18th century, which until the 1930s had the shape of a closed square with a courtyard. The main planning axes were the Great Moscow Road (now Karl Marx Street) and the road to Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky (now Sovetskaya Street). Ensembles of squares were formed: Bazarnaya (now Revolution Square), Sennaya (now Pozharsky Square), Oblupinskaya (now Sovetskaya Square), Spasskaya (built at the end of the 19th century). Along the streets connecting the main squares, stone buildings were erected - religious, residential and public buildings. On the main roads near the city borders, customs outposts were built - paired stone pillars topped with double-headed eagles and guard rooms (guardhouses). In total, 4 outposts were built - Moskovskaya (road to Moscow), Kashirsko-Venevskaya (road to Kashira and Venev), Mikhailovskaya (road to Mikhailov) and Ryazanskaya (road to Ryazan). By 1798, the master plan for the layout of city blocks was largely implemented.

19th century

Zaraysk met the 19th century as a major trade center. At this time, there were over five hundred merchants and 136 shops in the city. Zaraisk fairs were regularly held, where Moscow merchants brought fabrics and food products and where active trade in local products was carried out. Up to two thousand horses were brought to the annual horse fairs. Zaraysk was a city not only of merchants, but also of artisans: tanners, shoemakers, potters, butchers, tailors, bakers, etc. The products of Zaraysk blacksmiths were very popular at fairs. Small industries operated in the city (woodworking, dyeing, tanning, oil milling, flour milling, brick making, wool making; production of agricultural implements).

The new Ryazan road, built in 1847, bypassed Zaraysk, and the importance of the city as a trading center was significantly reduced. In 1860, the central part of the city was badly damaged by a large-scale fire. The Moscow-Ryazan railway, built in 1864, also did not pass through Zaraysk (a 27-kilometer branch was built from it to Zaraysk in 1870), which negatively affected the economic development of the city. Despite this, by the end of the 19th century. Industry is developing in the city. In 1858, German entrepreneur August Reders founded a feather-down factory in Zaraysk (now OJSC Peropukh), and later a shoe factory (now LLC Zaraysk-Obuv). In 1881, a large city-owned steam mill was started up; in 1883, 2 brick factories, owned by A. S. Morozov, began operating (at the beginning of the 20th century there were already 3 brick factories). In the 1880s, an iron foundry and a peat factory of the German entrepreneur Liphart also appeared. In 1900, two more large enterprises were founded in the city: a spinning and weaving factory (now the Krasny Vostok factory, the Zaraysk branch of Tekstil-Prom LLC) and a paper spinning factory of the Swiss Anonymous Society. Despite the decline in Zaraysk trade in the middle of the 19th century, many trade-related objects remained in the city (for example, in 1890 there were 243 small shops, 6 hotels, 22 taverns, 51 wine shops and 2 wine warehouses). Fairs continued to be held (at the beginning of the 20th century - three times a year), reoriented towards trade in food products and livestock. Numerous social infrastructure facilities also appeared. During the reforms of Alexander II in 1865, the Zaraisk zemstvo was formed, the main efforts of which were aimed at solving social problems. Already at the beginning of the 19th century, there was a hospital in Zaraysk, initially located in a house rented from the merchant Goretnin; in 1888 the hospital received its own building. At the expense of the zemstvo, in addition to the hospital, 28 schools and 3 paramedic stations were opened in Zaraisky district. By the end of the 19th century, the city had a parish, district, real and theological schools, a women's gymnasium, a merchant meeting and a noble club, and a bank. There was a hospital and an almshouse. The industrialist Reders laid out a city park on Natalinskaya Street (now Pervomaiskaya Street) with a rose garden, greenhouses, ornamental shrubs and artificial ruins of a medieval castle; The park had a bowling alley and a tennis court.

20th century and modern period

At the beginning of the 20th century, the development of industry and social infrastructure of the city continued. In 1910, a stone zemstvo building was built, in 1914, the operation of the water tower that has survived to this day began, and in the same 1914, a new city hospital building, built at the expense of A. A. Bakhrushin, was opened. A stone prison building with a church, erected at the expense of the merchant I. I. Yartsev, appeared in the city. The newspaper “Good Way” was published in the city. Thanks to the efforts of the zemstvo, the first library readers were accepted: the public library named after A. S. Pushkin, the library at the zemstvo government, the library of trusteeship of people's sobriety. On the eve of the 1917 revolution, there were 14 places of worship in Zaraysk: 2 cathedrals, 8 stone churches and 2 wooden ones, 2 chapels. The city had 800 residential buildings, 10 factories and one factory.

On November 19, 1917, the Zemstvo district congress in Zaraysk proclaimed Soviet power. The zemstvo government was abolished; Soon the nationalization of enterprises and the confiscation of landowners began. In Zaraisky district, over two hundred landowner estates were liquidated, many of them were destroyed and plundered (especially actively after the 1st district congress of the RCP (b), held on August 3-5, 1918, which called on organized committees of the poor to create detachments to “introduce the dictatorship of the poor over the rich" ). Some valuables (in particular, from the estates of the Komarovskys, Perle, Bazins, Dostoevskys, Selivanovs, Konoplins) were saved from looting and transported to the Zaraisk Museum of Local Lore. Volunteer detachments of the Red Army were formed in the city. On September 29, 1918, the 1st Moscow (Zaraisk) school of military pilots of the RKKVF was created in Zaraysk, which existed until March 1922, then transferred to the village of Kacha in Crimea. In the early 1920s, in some volosts adjacent to Zaraisk (Bulyginskaya, Grigorievskaya, Ilyitsynskaya), uprisings of peasants dissatisfied with the policy of military communism broke out, which were quickly suppressed by detachments of the Red Army and the district Cheka.

In 1929, the city became the regional center of the Ryazan district as part of the Moscow region, and in 1937, after the formation of the Tula and Ryazan regions, it was transferred directly to the Moscow region. In the 1930s, some churches were destroyed, the bell tower of the Cathedral of John the Baptist was blown up, and dismantling of the Gostiny Dvor buildings began. The development of urban infrastructure continued; sewerage, telegraph and telephone appeared in Zaraysk. In 1935, a cinema was equipped and the hospital was overhauled. To ensure municipal construction, a brick factory with a capacity of 3.5 million bricks per year was put into operation in 1936. The products of the new plant were used for the construction of city council buildings, a maternity hospital, a kindergarten, residential buildings and a veterinary hospital. A shoe factory, Reders's former enterprise, also developed; in 1929, a medical education institution was opened under her. In 1928, a machine and tractor workshop was opened in the city center, which was later transformed into a mechanical plant.

During the Great Patriotic War, when in mid-November 1941 German troops launched the second general offensive on Moscow, the Zaraisk combat sector of the Western Front was created in the Zaraysk region. The people's militia and the 58th Zaraisk fighter battalion were formed in Zaraysk. The work of industrial enterprises was reorganized in accordance with wartime requirements; Thus, the mechanical plant began producing grenade casings and pistons for tank engines, and the Krasny Vostok spinning and weaving factory produced gymnastics fabric; Tank repair workshops were established in the city. At the end of November, units of the 2nd Tank Army of the German Army Group Center, advancing on Moscow from the south, entered the Zaraisky region. Zaraysk was bombed; A state of siege was declared in the city, and a defense committee was created. Barricades appeared on the streets. Equipment from shoe and feather factories was evacuated to Siberia, and equipment from the Krasny Vostok factory was partially dismantled. The 10th Army of the Western Front deployed near Zaraisk, which on December 6 went on the offensive and drove back the Germans. After the front line retreated, the restoration of the urban economy began; enterprises continued to supply the front with products - for example, 5 million sets of soldier uniforms were produced from fabrics produced at the Krasny Vostok factory. During the Great Patriotic War, 5.4 thousand Zarayans died at the front.

In 1949, the construction of the Zaraysk-Lukhovitsy highway was completed, which made it possible to open a bus service on the routes Zaraysk-Moscow and Zaraysk-Kolomna. In the second half of the 20th century, 4-5-story residential buildings were built in the eastern part, and a new industrial zone was formed in the northern part of Zaraysk, along Moskovskaya Street; it included a building materials plant, a dairy plant (launched in 1949) and an offset plate plant (founded in 1972). In 1980, the Zaraisk site began to be explored. In 1980-1984, the shoe factory was reconstructed and expanded, receiving a large four-story building on Meretskova Street.

Zaraisk- a city in Russia, the administrative center of the Zaraisky district of the Moscow region. Population 24,232 inhabitants (2006). Located 162 km southeast of Moscow, on the right bank of the Sturgeon River (tributary of the Oka).
History of Zaraysk

Zaraysk was first mentioned in the Nikon (as the city of Osetra) and Ipatiev (under the name Osetra) chronicles in 1146. Subsequently, it was apparently burned by nomads. The next mention of the newly rebuilt city dates back to 1225: in the “Tale of the Bringing of the Icon of St. Nicholas of Zarazsky from Korsun,” the future Zaraysk is called Red. This year, the miraculous image of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (Korsunsky) was transferred from Korsun (Chersonese) to Krasny. Soon a wooden temple was built in honor of this saint. Later, in this temple, the cycle “Tales of Nikola Zarazsky” was created, which includes, in particular, the Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu. The first known appanage prince of the city was Fedor Yuryevich, the son of the Ryazan prince Yuri Igorevich. Under him, a wooden-earthen Ostrog was erected in the city, surrounded by ramparts and ditches with water. In 1237, Krasny was burned by Batu, who was advancing on Rus'. According to the cycle of “Tales of Nikola Zarazsky,” Prince Fyodor Yuryevich was killed by Batu on the Voronezh River, and the prince’s wife, Princess Eupraxia, not wanting to be in Tatar captivity, together with her young son Ivan, jumped out of her mansion and “got infected” (hit) to of death. After this, the icon of Nikola Korsunsky began to be called the icon of Nikola Zarazsky. During this period, Zaraysk was called the city of St. Nicholas of Korsun and Zarazsk. Then, until the 14th century, Zaraysk was not mentioned in historical sources. The city that re-emerged in the 14th century began to bear the name Nogorodok-on-Osetra.

In 1521, together with the Ryazan Principality, the city was annexed to the Moscow Principality. In 1528-1531, by order of Vasily III, a stone Kremlin was built inside Ostrog. The construction was led by the Italian engineer-architect Aleviz Fryazin. The city became an important defense point on the southern approaches to Moscow as part of the Great Zasechnaya Line that was being created. Already in 1533, the Kremlin was subjected to the first attack by the Crimean Tatars under the leadership of Islam I Giray and Safa Giray. At the same time as the Kremlin, in 1528, instead of the wooden St. Nicholas Church, a stone one was founded. During this period, the city bore the names Nikolo-Zarazskaya-on-Osetra, Nikola-on-Osetra. In 1541, the city was besieged by the Khan of Crimea Sahib I Giray, who was unable to take the Kremlin and was defeated by the governor N. Glebov. Crimean attacks on the city were also carried out in 1542, 1570, 1573, 1591. In March 1533, the city was visited by the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily III, and in 1550, 1555, 1556 and 1571 by his son, Ivan IV the Terrible. In 1550, by his order, the Church of St. John the Baptist was erected in the Kremlin. In 1551, Prince Andrei Kurbsky performed military service in Zaraysk.

In the 17th century, the name Zaraysk was finally assigned to the city. In 1669, the first Russian warship "Eagle" was launched in the Zaraisk village of Dedinovo. In 1673, the last attack of the Crimean Tatars on Zaraysk took place, and from the end of the 17th century the city lost its defensive significance and became a significant center of crafts and trade on the Astrakhan Highway. In 1681, Zaraysk experienced a devastating fire. In the same year, by decree of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, a brick St. Nicholas Church was built instead of a dilapidated stone one. In the 18th century, stone and wooden construction began in the city.

State Historical, Architectural, Art and Archaeological Museum "Zaraisky Kremlin".
branches of the Zaraisky Kremlin museum: the House of the sculptor A. S. Golubkina and the Dostoevsky estate in the village of Darovoye.

Sights of Zaraysk

Architectural monuments of the Kremlin:

The stone Kremlin, built in 1528-1531, occupies an area of 125 x 185 m, rectangular in plan, the length of the wall along the long side is about 500 m. The Kremlin has 7 towers (Nikolskaya, Kazennaya, Kabatskaya, Spasskaya, Tainitskaya, Bogoyavlenskaya and Karaulnaya), three of which are pass-through, the Nikolskaya Tower also has a branch archway. In 1789, a gate called Trinity was broken into the eastern wall. On the territory of the Kremlin there are:
St. Nicholas Cathedral (1681).
Cathedral of John the Baptist (1901-1904, architect K. M. Bykovsky), in the neoclassical style, the modern paintings of the temple are largely a mediocre remake.
Office building. Con. XVIII century - (today it houses a Sunday school and the baptismal church of St. Seraphim of Sarov)
The building of the former Zaraisk Theological School.

The main architectural monuments of the city:

Trinity Church (1776-1788).
Church of the Annunciation (1777-1795). Bell tower (1825).
Gostiny Dvor (late 18th century, restored in 1977).
Ivanov's house (late 18th century).
Yartsev's house (late 18th century).
Church of Elijah the Prophet (1819). Bell tower (1835).
Loktev House (beginning of the 19th century)
City magistrate (beginning of the 19th century).
Tipitsyn's house (beginning of the 19th century).
Zemstvo building (1910) in Art Nouveau style.
Water tower (1914).

To the northeast of the Kremlin there are numerous two-story mansions from the 19th century. in the classicism style, and to the south - mainly wooden houses of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Sculptural and military monuments:

Monument to Marshal K. A. Meretskov.
Monument to Zarayans soldiers who died during the Great Patriotic War
Monument-bust to D. M. Pozharsky
Stela to D. Blagoev.
Stele to the poet A.I. Polezhaev.
Mass grave of soldiers of the Moscow-Arzamas militia who died during the defense of the city in 1608

Archeological monument: "Zaraisk site"

Zarayskaya site of the Upper Paleolithic era. This is the most ancient of the currently discovered human settlements on the territory of the modern Moscow region. Opened in 1980. Regular excavations are carried out by the Zaraisk Upper Paleolithic Expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The parking lot is a historical, archeological and cultural monument of federal significance.

Work in Zaraysk

There are 163 enterprises and organizations of various forms of ownership registered in the city. 7.6 thousand people or 32.0% of the city’s total population work in various sectors of the economy. According to expert estimates, more than 7 thousand Zarayans constantly work in Moscow and the near Moscow region. This is an economically active and competitive labor force, among which there are many qualified specialists who make up a good reserve for new Zaraisk enterprises.

The industry of the city of Zaraysk is represented by large and medium-sized enterprises specializing in metallurgical production and the production of finished metal products, machinery and equipment, non-metallic mineral products, leather goods, footwear, food products, chemical, textile and clothing production. A total of 15 large and medium-sized enterprises are registered.

The products of the oldest shoe company in the city, OP ZAO "RALF-RINGER", which specializes in the production of leather shoes, are well known in Russia. In 2006, the factory was acquired by Belka Trade House (owner of the Ralf Ringer brand).

Light industry enterprises in the city of Zaraysk include:

DARGEZ-ZARAYSK LLC, producing consumer goods (blankets, pillows, mattresses),
Promtek 2S LLC, which produces textile products (except clothing),
OP LLC "RAMKO PLUS", engaged in the production of leather goods.
LLC "ZARAYSKY METAL STRUCTURES PLANT" is engaged in the manufacture and installation of metal structures;
METKOM Group CJSC recycles batteries and produces lead and lead alloys.
Zaraisky Automobile Repair Plant (a branch of the State Unitary Enterprise MO Mostransavto) repairs cars and buses.
OJSC Zaraisky Construction Materials Plant (OJSC ZZSM) produces ceramic bricks.
The branch "ZARAYSKY OFSET" of OJSC "PRINTING RESOURCES" is engaged in the production of bimetallic offset plates, the manufacture of non-standardized equipment and consumer goods that are in demand.
Elastomet LLC produces fasteners and springs.
MTSS-COLOR LLC processes and coats metals.
PC "CIA" is engaged in cutting, processing and finishing of stone for monuments.
The Russian Ingredients LLC enterprise produces technological food additives.

Food industry enterprises:

LLC "ZARAI BAKERY FACTORY" (production of bread and bakery products),
LLC "Zaraiskhleboproduct" (grain storage),
LLC "Zaraisky Dairy Plant" (production of milk and dairy products),
NPO Slavich LLC (production of soft drinks).

Business in Zaraysk:

In the territory of Zaraysk, a number of small businesses operate in the field of industry, construction, and trade, playing an increasingly prominent role in the economy of the city and region and in the social life of the population.

The volume of gross output of all types of products, goods and services in 2010 amounted to 756.7 million rubles.

Zaraysk has all modern types of communications and a developed network of roads. Passenger transportation is carried out by MAP No. 2, Motorcade No. 1417, Kolomna (branch of the State Unitary Enterprise MO Mostransavto).

The city's population is served by about 300 retail outlets. The total retail area of the stores is 25.9 thousand square meters. m, there are 4 catering establishments. New stores are opening. Household services have expanded due to the newly opened 2 hairdressers, 3 ateliers, a workshop for individual tailoring and shoe repair, a beauty salon, photo services and travel services are provided.

Municipal enterprises implement targeted programs for the repair and operation of housing stock, heat supply, water supply and resource conservation, improvement, and ecology.

Zaraysk is a modern educational and cultural center of the Zaraysk region. On the territory of the city there are two secondary specialized educational institutions (teaching and construction colleges), two vocational schools that satisfy the region’s need for qualified specialists. The secondary education system includes 6 municipal educational institutions (schools, gymnasium, lyceum). The total capacity of general education institutions is 3,670 places; today more than 2.2 thousand schoolchildren study there.

The city lives a diverse cultural life: there are exhibition halls, museums, libraries, cinema, art school, including art and music departments, ballroom dancing school, choir, crafts.

The base for the development of physical education and sports includes 15 sports federations, a multidisciplinary Olympic reserve school, a children's and youth sports school, a modern sports club, 1 stadium and a country health camp. Taekwondo masters, football players, weightlifters, track and field athletes, boxers, and skiers from Zaraysk perform successfully in international, republican and regional competitions. With the start of operation of the magnificent Sports Palace, a new sport for Zaraysk is developing - swimming.

The master plan is task No. 1 in the activities of city local governments. The development of the city is aimed at preserving the historical and cultural heritage and creating a comfortable environment for the life of the population. The construction of residential buildings is underway, small retail trade facilities are being reconstructed, and historical and cultural monuments are being restored. In 2010, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the procedure for agreeing with the federal body for the protection of cultural heritage sites of draft master plans for settlements and urban districts, draft documentation on territory planning developed for historical settlements, as well as urban planning regulations established within the territories of cultural heritage sites and their protection zones . In the list of historical settlements in Russia (there are 41) approved by the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation, Zaraysk took its rightful place.

Zaraisk television

The Zaraska television channel broadcasts a reflection of all significant events and news from the social, political, scientific, economic, spiritual, cultural and sports life of the city of Zaraska. The TV channel is developing dynamically, expanding its broadcasting area, implementing new projects, creating cycles of programs of its own production. The most modern technical base, a professional team, a clearly formulated concept (exclusive, timely, reliable news from the capital region) are competitive advantages in the media market. Zaraske TV is positive, relevant and socially oriented television.