How does a reproductive cell differ from a zygote? Zygote: is it a new life or just a cell. Zygote formation and its significance

12.03.2024

5. Fill in the blanks in the text:

Mosses are __________________ plants. Moss ____________________ and moss _____________ are common in our forests. In mosses, during reproduction, alternation of _________________ is observed. Asexual ____________ is represented by ________________________________, and sexual ____________. Gametes mature on ____________________, and spores mature on ____________. ____________ develops from the spore, and after fertilization

grow ___________________________________. Sphagnum moss differs from cuckoo flax in that it does not have ______________. Water is absorbed and held by _______________ cells filled with ________________. The lower parts of sphagnum, dying, form _________________________.

When answering test questions, you need to complete the right side of the table. True, now the task is somewhat more complicated. We do not give any indication as to which answer is correct or incorrect. Write the correct word instead of the dots yourself.

A1. In nature, real relationships exist between representatives:

1) departments
2) classes
3) species
4) families

Because individuals of different departments cannot ________________among themselves

. because ____________________
. because ____________________

Explaining this issue can be quite difficult. First of all, think about which group representatives (not just plants) find it easier to leave offspring and compete with each other for space and food.

A2. Algae differ from other plants:

1) the ability to photosynthesize
2) absence of vegetative organs
3) lack of chlorophyll
4) another way of breathing

_
………… because________________________
………… because________________________

In answering this question, it is necessary to compare algae with representatives of other departments in terms of external structure and lifestyle.
_________________________________________________________

A3. Mosses are considered simply organized organisms because:

1) they are small in size
2) they do not have a real conducting system
3) they reproduce by spores
4) they do not have sexual reproduction

………… because_______________________
………. because_______________________
………… because_______________________

When answering this question, we need to remember the habitats of mosses, their appearance and compare mosses with representatives of other departments.

A4. In the fern development cycle, germ cells are formed:

1) in sporangia
2) in disputes
3) on the outgrowth
4) on rhizomes

……….. because_______________
……….. because_______________
……….. because_______________

This question can be difficult if you do not know exactly where germ cells are produced in ferns. However, the answer can be deduced if you know a little plant biology. For example, where spores are formed, what is a rhizome. As a last resort, when training, you can look at the textbook.

Control part

A1. The organelle that responds to light in Chlorella is:

1) chromatophore;
2) flagellum;
3) peephole;
4) core.

A2. Chlorella differs from Chlamydomonas in that:

1) it does not have a chromatophore;
2) it does not have flagella;
3) it does not form a dispute;
4) it produces less organic matter.

A3. The photosynthetic apparatus of algae is called:

1) chloroplast;
2) chlorophyll;
3) chromatophore;
4) chromoplast.

A4. Chlorella is used to clean water bodies because it:

1) contains many vitamins and proteins;
2) rich in fats and carbohydrates;
3) feeds on bacteria, purifying the air;
4) absorbs nitrogen salts and releases oxygen.

1) female reproductive cell;
2) male reproductive cell;
3) fertilized egg;
4) unfertilized egg.

A6. One of the main differences between a zygote and an unfertilized egg is:

1) dimensions;
2) shape;
3) number of chromosomes;
4) mobility.

A7. Asexual reproduction of unicellular algae occurs:

1) by fusion of gametes;
2) disputes or division in half;
3) unequal parts of the body;
4) in all specified ways.

A8. Algae feed on:

1) creating organic substances from inorganic ones;
2) consuming ready-made organic substances;
3) creating inorganic substances from organic ones;
4) using the methods described in paragraphs 1 and 2.

A9. Multicellular green algae include:

1) chlamydomonas;
2) spirogyra;
3) chlorococcus;
4) chlorella.

A10. Of the named plants that can be considered algae:

1) duckweed;
2) reeds;
3) seaweed;
4) water lily.

A11. Algae from which agar-agar is extracted:

1) red;
2) green unicellular;
3) brown;
4) green multicellular.

A12. Sexual reproduction of ulothrix occurs with the help of:

1) dispute;
2) body cells;
3) gametes formed on different individuals;
4) zygotes.

A13. Red algae include:

1) porphyry;
2) cladophora;
3) kelp;
4) fucus.

A14. Algae absorb water and minerals:

1) rhizoids;
2) leaves;
3) roots;
4) whole body.

A15. Mosses are classified as higher plants because they have:

1) rhizoids;
2) chlorophyll;
3) plant organs;
4) disputes.

A16. After fertilization, cuckoo flax develops:

1) disputes;
2) capsules with spores;
3) green threads (pre-teens);
4) leafy plants.

A17. A spore differs from a zygote in that:

1) a spore consists of one cell, and a zygote consists of many;
2) the zygote consists of one cell;
3) there are two times fewer chromosomes in a spore than in a zygote;
4) the zygote has two times fewer chromosomes than the spore.

A18. The spore capsule (sporangium) is:

A19. Germ cells in sphagnum are formed:

1) on the green part of the plant;
2) in boxes with spores;
3) in disputes;
4) in pre-teens.

A20. From a moss spore grows:

1) a box with spores;
2) a green plant with leaves and a stem;
3) pre-teen (green thread);
4) outgrowth.

A21. Mosses differ from multicellular algae in that they have:

1) rhizoids;
2) stems and leaves;
3) chlorophyll;
4) asexual generation.

A22. Plant remains are well preserved in peat because in the peat layer:

1) a lot of oxygen;
2) no bacteria;
3) little oxygen;
4) a lot of bacteria.

A23. Arrangement of leaves of horsetail:

1) next;
2) opposite;
3) whorled;
4) all specified species are found.

A24. Horsetail sporophyte is:

1) teenager;
2) green plant;

4) spore-bearing spikelet.

A25. Horsetails live:

1) in wet conditions;
2) in conditions of lack of moisture;

3) in dry conditions;

4) in any specified habitat.

A26. Soils where horsetail thickets are found:

1) alkaline and require gypsum;
2) acidic and need liming;
3) neutral and do not require the specified measures;
4) can be of all specified types.

27. The underground part of horsetails is formed:

1) roots;
2) rhizomes;
3) root tubers;
4) bulbs.

A28. Ferns are:

1) only herbaceous plants;
2) only shrubs;
3) herbaceous and tree-like plants;
4) shrubs and herbs.

A29. Chlorophyll in fern leaves is:

1) in chromatophores;
2) in chloroplasts;
3) scattered throughout the cytoplasm of cells;
4) in sporangia.

A30. Fern sporophyte is:

1) teenager;
2) outgrowth;
3) an adult green plant;
4) sporangium.

A31. From a fern spore grows:

1) outgrowth;
2) sporangium;
3) adult plant;
4) zygote.

A32. Fertilization in ferns occurs:

1) on the leaves;
2) in sporangia;
3) in flowers;
4) on the outgrowth.

A33. There are mosses in the cells, but there are no chlamydomonas in the cell:

1) cores;
2) chromatophore;
3) cytoplasm;
4) chloroplasts.

A34. From the zygote in ferns it develops:

1) gametophyte;
2) sporophyte;
3) a box with spores;
4) outgrowth.

A35. Sporangia in bracken fern are located on:

1) spore-bearing spikelet;
2) rhizome;
3) the upper side of the leaves;
4) the underside of the leaves.

A36. Ferns differ from mosses in that:

1) they reproduce by spores;
2) they have real conducting vessels of the stem;
3) they are capable of photosynthesis;
4) they have sexual intercourse.

Part B tasks

IN 1.

A. Algae are higher plants.
B. Laminaria lives in the northern seas.
B. Laminaria is attached to the bottom by rhizoids or floats.
D. Red algae are capable of photosynthesis.
D. Some seaweeds accumulate iodine.
E. Spirogyra has a ring-shaped, open chromatophore.
G. Algae reproduce by vegetative, asexual and sexual methods.

AT 2. Choose the correct statements.

A. Mosses belong to higher spore plants.
B. The sporophyte of cuckoo flax is a green plant.
B. Conductive tissues appear for the first time in mosses.
D. Mosses are terrestrial plants.
D. Fertilization in mosses is closely related to water.
E. In cuckoo flax, several sporophytes mature on the gametophyte.
G. Cuckoo flax sporophytes are formed on female plants.

AT 3. From the list below, select plants that do not reproduce by seeds.

A. Sphagnum
B. Orlyak.
V. Pine.
G. Wheat.
D. Spirogyra.
J. Lotus.

What is the difference between a spore and a zygote?

− Examer from Taganrog;
− Teacher Dumbadze V.A.
from school 162 of the Kirov district of St. Petersburg.

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Using a drawing of the process of sexual reproduction of Chlamydomonas, explain the essence of sexual reproduction and how it differs from asexual reproduction. As a result of what process are gametes formed, what are their features? What number in the picture indicates the zygote? How is it different from gametes?

The essence of sexual reproduction of Chlamydomonas and what is its difference from asexual reproduction

Answer: The essence of sexual reproduction is that it creates the possibility of recombination of hereditary characteristics.

OR, As a result of sexual reproduction, a combination of genes of two original Chlamydomonas individuals occurs (combinative variability)

Asexual reproduction involves spores that are formed by mitosis from the mother (adult). The process occurs under favorable conditions. The difference from sexual reproduction is that the genotype of all new individuals is completely identical to the genotype of the original individual.

During sexual reproduction, gametes are formed in the mother cell through mitosis. The gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote. The process takes place under unfavorable conditions.

As a result of what process are gametes formed, what are their features?

Answer: Under unfavorable conditions in different individuals of Chlamydomonas, sex haploid cells are formed by mitosis.

They are similar to zoospores (but their number is much larger: 32 or 64 in one cell). Gametes are capable of fusing in pairs (after maturation, the gametes leave the mother cell and fuse in pairs, forming a zygote).

What number in the picture indicates the zygote? How is it different from gametes?

Answer: The zygote is marked with the number 6

The gamete is haploid. The zygote is diploid.

(Note. The zygote is the only diploid stage of Chlamydomonas development; unlike the maternal individual, gametes and spores that give rise to new individuals, it is diploid).

The criteria that were included in the collection “Typical test tasks in biology, edited by Kalinova G.S., 2017

1) Under unfavorable conditions in different individuals of Chlamydomonas, sex haploid cells are formed by mitosis, which, merging, form a diploid zygote. This is the process of sexual reproduction.

2) The zygote divides by meiosis, four haploid spores are formed. This is asexual reproduction.

3) The zygote is indicated in the figure by the number 6. Unlike haploid spores that give rise to new individuals, it is diploid.

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Difference Between Zygote and Gamete

Reproduction of multicellular organisms can occur in two ways - asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction was the first to appear and has several advantages over sexual reproduction.

Firstly, with asexual reproduction there is no need to look for a partner for mating, and, secondly, hereditary variability is minimized. This type of reproduction is still characteristic of unicellular organisms, as well as many plants and fungi.

Sexual reproduction occurs through a special exchange of genetic information between two individuals - the sexual process. This happens by the fusion of two types of cells (gametes) obtained from male and female individuals. Each cell carries hereditary information from its parent. In the process of fusion of two gametes, a zygote is formed, from which the further development of the organism occurs. Today we will try to figure out what the main differences between these two cells are.

Gamete is a reproductive cell that carries a single (haploid) set of chromosomes. If we consider these cells using the example of oogamy (gametes of different sizes, but one of them is immobile), then the well-known sperm (male gamete) and egg (female gamete) can serve as an example. In addition to oogamy, there are two more types of gamete formation, the first of which is isogamy. The gametes in this case must be exactly the same both in size and structure. Although they are not divided into male and female, they can have different types of mating. In particular, this type of cell formation is characteristic of green algae and chytrid fungi. The second type of gamete formation is anisogamy. In this case, male and female gametes not only differ in size, they are also quite mobile and active. Most often, this process is observed in plants and protozoa, but sometimes it also occurs in multicellular organisms. Each cell here carries part of the parent chromosome set.

Male gamete (sperm). Female gamete (egg)

Zygote- this is nothing more than the result of the fusion of two parental gametes, or, more simply, fertilization. It is a cell with a diploid set of chromosomes that can give birth to another cell. The zygote begins to develop immediately after fertilization or, as happens in most fungi and algae, it is able to surround itself with a dense membrane and turn into a zygospore.

When two gametes containing a haploid set of parental chromosomes fuse, a zygote containing a diploid set of chromosomes is formed. From this we can conclude that gametes and zygote are two different stages in the development of an organism. In addition to the different set of chromosomes, they also differ from each other in morphological structure and development.

thedifference.ru

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Zygote fragmentation: features of this

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Fragmentation of the zygote. . A caterpillar - a butterfly larva - is very different from an adult.

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Embryonic and postembryonic development. Ontogenesis is individual development.

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ZYGOTE CROSSING: FEATURES

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Zygote - Wikipedia

The plant embryo develops only from the zygote. From the second merger a nutrient is formed.

Human · Plants · Development · See also

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Detailed lesson plan

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Fragmentation of the zygote. . Cleavage differs from ordinary mitotic division in the following ways.

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY. ONTOGENESIS.

At the same time, everything free from yolk is divided. Fragmentation of the zygote in humans.

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Higher spore plants. Comparative characteristics

2.5. Higher spore plants. Comparative characteristics

Rice. 26. Life cycle of moss (cuckoo flax): 1 - young sporophyte developing from a zygote at the top of the mother plant; 2 - mature sporophyte; 3 - mature sporangium; 4 - germinated spores; 5 - protonemata; 6 - female gametophyte; 7 - male gametophyte; 8 - archegonium; 9 - egg; 10 - antheridium.

Sphagnum mosses differ from green mosses in the absence of rhizoids. They absorb water over the entire surface of the body due to the presence of air cells. The development cycle of sphagnum mosses is similar to the development cycle of green mosses. Peat is formed from dead parts of the plant in conditions of lack of oxygen.

Modern lycophytes number about 100 species. They have adventitious roots, small, spirally arranged leaves, and ascending shoots. Spores are formed in the sporangia of spore-bearing spikelets. Gametophytes (small shoots) emerge from spores during germination. After 15 years, antheridia and archegonia develop on the shoots, in which male and female gametes mature. In lycophytes, male and female gametes are formed on the same growths, but in their close relatives - Selaginella - on different ones. Therefore, Selaginella growths are called dioecious (male and female), in contrast to the bisexual growths of lycophytes. Female prothallae grow from larger spores than male ones. The spores from which the female shoots grow are called megaspores, the spores from which the male shoots grow are called microspores. Plants with bisexual prothalluses are called homosporous, and those with male and female prothalluses are called heterosporous. Male reproductive cells move with the help of flagella, so they need water for fertilization. After fertilization, a new plant grows from the zygote. Lycopods are used to make medicines and baby powder.

There are about 20 species of horsetails. They reproduce vegetatively - by rhizomes with tubers containing a supply of starch. Asexual reproduction is carried out by spores developing in spore-bearing spikelets. Threads grow from the spores. In horsetails they are male, female and bisexual, although the spores from which male and female shoots grow are practically the same. After fertilization, an embryo grows from the zygote, and from it an adult plant - a diploid sporophyte. Horsetail is used in medicine.

Rice. 27. Life cycle of homosporous fern: 1-3 - development of sporophyte (1 - young sporophyte developing from the zygote; 2 - sporophyte; 3 - sporangium); 4-8 - haploid phase (4 - mature sporangium; 5 - germinated spore; 6 - gametophyte; 7 - archegonium; 8 - antheridium)

Ferns- perennial herbaceous or woody plants, the body of which is divided into stems, leaves and roots extending from the rhizome. They have developed integumentary and conductive tissues. Sporangia are located on the underside of the leaf blade. The spores germinate when they fall into the soil. The spores grow into bisexual shoots with rhizoids. Antheridia and archegonia form on the shoots. After fertilization, a zygote is formed, from which a diploid embryo develops, and then a sporophyte - a leafy plant. Some aquatic pteridophytes have male and female prothlae.

Reproduction of multicellular organisms can occur in two ways - asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction was the first to appear and has several advantages over sexual reproduction.

Male gamete (sperm). Female gamete (egg)

Conclusions website

A gamete contains a haploid (single) set of chromosomes, while a zygote is the result of the fusion of two gametes, due to which it has a diploid (double) set of chromosomes.
The gamete is the initial stage in the development of the organism, the zygote is the subsequent stage.

Any full-fledged biological organism must have the ability to reproduce, otherwise a change of generations will simply be impossible. When reproducing, it is important that genetic material is passed on to descendants. It is equally important that the possibility of genetic diversity is ensured, so that natural or artificial selection can occur. Before considering the concept of a zygote, let us first consider what a gamete is and how a zygote differs from a gamete.

Zygote and gametes: definitions

To solve the problems of reproduction in nature, there are special cells - gametes. They contain a haploid, or single set of chromosomes. Gametes, or sex cells, appear in any organism after puberty. These cells also have a fundamentally different nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. For example, if we consider an ordinary egg, we will see that it is literally loaded with yolk, this is necessary to nourish the future embryo.

During the process of fertilization, male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote. This is the answer to the question, what is a zygote? The zygote, unlike gametes, already has a diploid set of chromosomes. She does not live long, the period of her life depends on the type of biological organism. In humans, this period is about 30 hours. After this, the zygote begins to rapidly divide.

A zygote is an amazing cell, because the entire organism grows from it. We all once consisted of this one single cell.

The appearance of a new life is a real miracle that cannot but amaze the imagination, because from just one cell, called a zygote, a very complex organism develops. The zygote, in turn, appears at the moment of fusion of the germ cells of male and female organisms. What are the main differences between a zygote and germ cells? You will learn about this by reading this article.

Sexual reproduction

There are two main ways of reproduction of living organisms: sexual and asexual. Asexual reproduction is inherent in the simplest organisms: for example, single-celled organisms reproduce in this way. The “mother” cell simply divides into two halves, each containing identical genetic material. Sexual reproduction is more perfect and it arose much later than asexual reproduction: life had to travel a long way before such an elegant way of transmitting genetic information to offspring appeared.

Two individuals participate in sexual reproduction: the paternal and maternal organism. In this case, genetic information from both is passed on to the children. Because of this, species that reproduce sexually have a huge advantage: their offspring are diverse. This means that it has a much greater chance of surviving changes in environmental conditions. With asexual reproduction, the offspring are almost identical to the maternal organism (differences can arise only due to random mutations).

Sex cells are present only in organisms that reproduce sexually. These are animals, birds, insects, some plants, fungi and algae.

Sex cells

Organisms that reproduce sexually have dimorphism: Females are different from males. Moreover, these differences are not only external, but also internal. As an example, we can consider the species Homo Sapiens, that is, Homo sapiens, which includes the readers of this article. The male genital organs produce sperm, and the female genitals produce eggs. Sex cells, otherwise called gametes, have a very interesting feature: they do not carry 46 chromosomes, like somatic ones, but only 23. Of course, there are exceptions: sometimes the process of formation of germ cells occurs with errors, and they carry fewer or a larger number of chromosomes, which leads to the fact that the offspring have various genetic diseases.

Why do germ cells contain exactly half of the hereditary information? This is explained very simply: a new organism that arises as a result of fertilization, that is, the fusion of an egg and a sperm, must have 46 chromosomes.

The reproductive cells of men and women have a number of differences. The egg is immobile and relatively large in size. The sperm is equipped with a flagellum, which allows it to move at a fairly impressive speed. The egg cell measures 0.12 millimeters. The sperm is as much as 85 thousand times smaller than it.

As a result of the fusion of germ cells, an organism appears whose cells carry 50% of the paternal and 50% of the maternal genetic information. That is why a baby can have his father's eyes, mother's physique and maternal grandfather's nose.

Zygote

The zygote is one of the most amazing cells: from it all other cells of the human body are formed. A zygote is formed as a result of the fusion of germ cells. At the moment of fertilization, the sperm penetrates the egg and gives it its genetic information. By the way, the egg has such an impressive size because it contains the nutrients necessary for the development of the embryo.

The zygote, unlike germ cells, contains a complete set of genetic information - it contains 46 chromosomes. About 30 hours after fertilization, the zygote begins to rapidly divide. The long period of rest of the zygote is due to intracellular preparations for the first act of division. By the way, in some types of algae the zygote can remain dormant for several weeks or even months. This usually occurs when environmental conditions are not suitable for the development of a new organism, for example due to drought there is no water available. Such a resting zygote is called a “zygospore”.

Between divisions of the zygote, the resulting cells do not grow: each subsequent “generation” is half the size of the previous ones. For this reason, the first divisions of the zygote are called cleavages. As a result, after some time the zygote, which has already turned into a fertilized egg, begins to resemble a raspberry. Simultaneously with the divisions, the fertilized egg moves through the fallopian tubes into the uterus, where it attaches to the mucous membrane.

Thus, the germ cells are quite different from the zygote. There are both morphological differences (shape, mobility) and genetic ones (the zygote carries a full set of chromosomes, that is, it is diploid, while the germ cells contain exactly half of the genetic information). In addition, the zygote, unlike germ cells, has the ability to divide.

Zygote (from Greek zygotós - joined together)

a cell formed as a result of the fusion of gametes (see Fertilization). The term "Z." introduced by the German botanist E. Strassburger. Unlike gametes (See Gametes) , Z. has a diploid (double) set of chromosomes. Z. begins to develop immediately after fertilization or (in many algae and fungi) is covered with a dense shell and for some time turns into a resting spore, often called a zygospore (See Zygospore).

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

Synonyms:

See what “Zygote” is in other dictionaries:

Opportunities for further differentiation: Blastomeres Zygote (from other Greek ... Wikipedia

- (from the Greek zygotos united together), a cell formed in animals and plants as a result of the fusion of male and female reproductive cells (gametes); fertilized egg, the initial stage of embryo development... Modern encyclopedia

- (from the Greek zygotos joined together) a fertilized egg; a diploid cell formed in animals and plants as a result of the fusion of male and female germ cells (gametes); the initial stage of embryo development... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

ZYGOTE, in sexual reproduction, a cell formed by the fusion of male and female GAMETES. Contains a DIPLOID set of CHROMOSOMES, consisting of half sperm chromosomes and half egg chromosomes. With subsequent CELL DIVISIONS it develops into... ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

- (from the Greek zygotes united together), a cell formed as a result of the fusion of gametes of different sexes; fertilized egg. When two haploid gametes merge into 3., the diploid set inherent in this type of organism is restored... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

Exist., number of synonyms: 8 heterozygote (3) cell (126) merozygote (1) ... Synonym dictionary

ZYGOTE- (from the Greek zygon yoke), the product of the fusion of two gametes, i.e. germ cells or individuals. That. A zygote is any fertilized egg of animals or plants, and in the case of protozoa, a fertilized macrogamete or the product of isogamete fusion. 3.… … Great Medical Encyclopedia

Zygote- A fertilized cell resulting from the fusion of a sperm and an egg. Psychology. A Ya. Dictionary reference book / Transl. from English K. S. Tkachenko. M.: FAIR PRESS. Mike Cordwell. 2000... Great psychological encyclopedia

zygote- A fertilized egg resulting from the fusion of male and female gametes. [GOST 27775 88] Topics: artificial insemination... Technical Translator's Guide

ZYGOTE- English zygote German Kopulationskern; Kopulationskern; Zygote french zygote see > … Phytopathological dictionary-reference book

Zygote- (from the Greek zygotos united together), a cell formed in animals and plants as a result of the fusion of male and female reproductive cells (gametes); fertilized egg, the initial stage of embryo development. ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

Comparative embryology of flowering plants. This volume includes embryological characteristics of representatives of the following 2 subclasses - Caryophyllidae and Dilleniidae, phylogenetically related, according to Takhtajyan, with the original subclass... Publisher: