Methodical passport:
Lesson topic : The letter e is at the beginning of words and after vowels; after consonants.
The purpose of the lesson : Continue to familiarize students with the dual role of the letter e - at the beginning of words and after vowels; after consonants.
Lesson objectives:
To develop the ability to isolate in speech the sounds [e], [th, e], indicated by the letters E, e in different positions; read syllables, words and sentences with learned letters.
Continue work on developing the articulatory apparatus and phonemic hearing, enriching the vocabulary of children.
Develop the ability to compare and analyze; develop students’ logical thinking and imagination, memory, attention.
Foster a culture of educational work: respectful attitude towards comrades, the ability to work collectively in a group, in pairs, independently, develop a sense of responsibility for the completed task.
Development of UDD:
Subject
Recognize letters representing vowels and consonants
Recognize iotated sounds at the beginning of a word and after a vowel,
Recognize the graphic image of letters, isolate sounds from words,
Denote vowel sounds with letters,
Metasubject
Regulatory
1. Organize your workplace under the guidance of a teacher.
2. Carry out control in the form of comparing your work with a given standard.
Cognitive
1. Find your bearings in textbooks.
2. Compare objects, objects: find commonalities and differences.
3. Group, classify objects based on essential features, according to specified criteria.
Communication
1. Observe the simplest norms of speech etiquette: say hello, say goodbye, thank you.
2. Engage in dialogue (answer questions, ask questions, clarify anything unclear).
3. Cooperate with comrades when performing tasks in pairs or groups: establish and follow the order of actions, correctly report errors to a comrade.
4.Participate in a collective discussion of an educational problem.
Personal
Show respect for your class, appreciate mutual assistance and mutual support of classmates.
Accept the new status of “student”, the internal position of the student at the level of a positive attitude towards school.
Be attentive to your own experiences and the experiences of others.
Follow the rules of conduct in class.
Lesson technology: according to the system TDM
Lesson type : a lesson in systematizing new knowledge.
Lesson structure: Stages: preparatory, systematization of knowledge, primary consolidation, reflection.
Formation of key competencies:
educational and cognitive
communicative
Unit of content: characteristics of the sounds [e], [y’e], denoted in writing by the letter E, e.
The boundary between knowledge and ignorance: In the previous lesson, the children were introduced to the new letter e.
Students in class: 25
Used textbooks and teaching aids:
Textbook "ABC" V.G. Goretsky, V.A. Kiryushkin and othersM.: “Enlightenment” 2012.
S.I. Ozhegov “Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language”
Equipment used: Multimedia equipment, magnetic alphabet, globe, cards for working in pairs, groups, cards with texts for reading, emoticons in red, yellow and green, pencils and colored pencils, blanks – emoticons, magnets.
Lesson steps
- Our raccoon continues the story about himself. Raccoons feel best near water. It is here, on the banks of rivers, that they go out in search of food: with palpating movements of small, dexterous paws, without even looking, the striped raccoon explores the shallow water and looks for food. - How do you understand the word shallow water? (uses an explanatory dictionary) - “ABC” will help you find out additional facts about the river as a habitat not only for raccoons. On page 75, find the text “River”. Read the text and complete any of the additional tasks.- Count the number of offers. Find words that have 2 syllables and all consonants are soft. Find in the explanatory dictionary the meanings of the words IL, TINA.
Let's summarize our work.
What new did you learn in the lesson?
Continue my proposal:
* We got acquainted with the letter….
* The letter e denotes one sound... when it comes after....
* The letter e stands for two sounds... when it stands....
Where can you apply the acquired knowledge?
What was interesting for you in the lesson?
Now let’s remember about our smiley. If you are satisfied with your work in class, then draw a smile on the emoticon. If you would like to improve your work, draw a serious face (hands out blanks). Place emojis on the board.
And I also want to draw a smile on the emoticon, because I liked your active and friendly work in class. Thanks for the work! (draws a smile on the emoticon)
Sources:
Exercise for the eyes
- poems about raccoon
Letter uh written at the beginning of the root to convey a vowel uh(without antecedent j):
1. At the beginning of the following native Russian pronominal words and interjections: this (this, this, these), this, this, this, this, this; eva, evon, ege, ege ge, hey, ek, eh, ehma, ehe he .
2. At the beginning of words of foreign origin (including proper names), for example: eureka, export, emergency, hellenic, epic, era, ethics, echo, etna, eric(with letter uh eucalyptus, egoism, equator, exam, economy, electricity, element, elite, emotion, energy, epigraph, epidemic, escort, aesthetics, etymology, ether, Everest, Oedipus, Aeschylus(here the letter uh
3. After prefixes or components of complex and compound words (both after vowels and consonants). Examples:
A) after vowels: anti-electron, anti-SR, de-escalation, unethical, re-examination, step by step, therefore, re-export; dielectric, movie screen, television screen, megaerg, microelement, polyester, mezzanine, five-story;
b) after consonants : electrodeless, sub-screen, pre-exam, one-of-a-kind, save, super-economical, sub-equatorial, super-elite; two-story, three-element, political economy, sanitary and epidemiological station, Mosenergo, Ministry of Economy.
Not at the beginning of the root after vowels (in words of foreign origin) are written as a letter uh , so e . Their choice depends on the preceding vowel.
1. After the letters e And And is written e. List of basic words: Gehenna, register, extravaganza; hygiene, hyena, sharp, diet, realtor, siesta, spaniel, fiesta and words to −ent: applicant, client, ingredient, coefficient, patient etc. (with the letter e , conveying a stressed vowel); fan, leer, player, Jesuit, hierarchy, hieroglyph, myelitis, pyelitis, piety, requiem, trier(here the letter e conveys an unstressed vowel).
2. After the letters a, oh, y, yu is written e. List of basic words: duel, duet, maestro, minuet, pirouette, poet, poetry, poem, silhouette, figurine(here the letter uh conveys a stressed vowel); aloe, airfield (and other words with initial part aero), firewall, canoe, coefficient, lues, maestoso, muezzin, phaeton, fouette(here the letter uh conveys an unstressed vowel). The same in proper names, for example: Puerto Rico, Wales, Hemingway, Maugham, Laertes, Aelita.
Not at the beginning of the root after the consonants uh written to convey a voweluhand at the same time to indicate the hardness of the preceding consonant in the following cases.
1. In a few common nouns of foreign origin. List of basic words: mayor, master‘teacher, master’, plein air, peer, racket, rap, sir; the same in words derived from them, for example: mayor's office, peerage, racketeer. The range of other words (mostly highly specialized) is determined by a spelling dictionary.
2. In many proper names of foreign origin, for example: Bacon, David, Deng Xiaoping, Davis, Rayleigh, Rambo, Salinger, Sam, Sasson, Thatcher, Teffi(personal names and surnames), Maryland, Taipei, Ulan Ude, Yellow River(geographical names). Letter uh is preserved in any words derived from such proper names, as well as when they transform into common nouns, for example: Ulan Udensky, Rayleigh(physical unit), sasson(a haircut).
In other cases, the letter is written not at the beginning of the root after the consonants e .
Moreover, in all native Russian words the letter e indicates the softness of the preceding consonant, for example: white, wind, word, leg, matter, in the water, underground, trace, laudatory, exchange, wall, census, endure, cut, grow old, spring, reading, paths .
However, in words of foreign origin spelled with the letter e , the preceding consonant can be pronounced firmly. So, after letters conveying a soft consonant, the letter e P found in words asbestos, version, ghetto, despot, zebra, comet, lady, pioneer, subscriber, aspect, watercolor, sector, patent, defect and in a number of others. After letters conveying a hard consonant, e written in words baby, dandy, delta, model, eczema, cousin, slang, businessman, inertia, phonetics, cappella, rugby, rating, dispensary, setter, cottage, parterre, stand, pace and many others, as well as in indeclinable common nouns consistently written with the final letter e, eg: meringue, chimpanzee, macrame, summary, pince-nez, tour, coupe, corrugated, puree, dash, cabaret, fricassee, highway, essay, variety show, décolleté, karate, cafe, and in words with a foreign suffix −essa(type poetess, flight attendant, baroness); in a number of proper names, for example: Carmen, Nehru, Roerich, Brehm, Dantes, Taylor, Delphi, Saint Gotthard .
vowel letters"
ONU
Guys, today we have an unusual lesson. Guests have come to us, turn to them
face and say hello. Now everyone will remember their name. Take your seats, those
whose name begins with a vowel sound, sit down guys whose name begins with a consonant
sound. Was there enough room for everyone?
Updating basic knowledge.
How are vowel sounds different from consonants?
How many vowel sounds do you know? Name them.
How many vowel sounds do you know? Name them.
Choral answers. We need the letter A and the letter Z for the sound....
What “work” do the letters A O U E Y do?
What work do the letters I Y Y E I do?
Goal setting
Open your textbooks to page 98. Look at the diagrams, tell us which ones
letters we will speak today. How did you guess?
Work on the topic of the lesson
When do the letters Ya Yo Yu E mean two sounds?
Pay attention to the symbol that will tell us how to
answer the question...as an artist or as a scientist.
At the beginning of the lesson, I asked you to remember your name. Unfortunately, today with
Yulia is not with us, she left for the competition. Her friends Eva and
Yana. I asked the girls to choose patterns for their names. Are they the right choice?
done? What did Julia not take into account?
Let's read words with these letters. There are three columns of words in front of you. First row
will read the first column in unison and answer which of the proposed schemes he
applies. The second row reads the second column in unison and answers which scheme it belongs to
this column. The third row will work similarly with the third column.
Why are all the words in the first column capitalized? How many letters are in each
word? How many sounds?
What is a cabin? What is a lighthouse? Why is it needed?
Cartoon fragment
"Old Lighthouse"
(Soyuzmultfilm 1976. Director Vitold Bordzilovsky.)
Let's make a diagram of the word "lighthouse". How many sounds does it have? How many letters?
Why are there more sounds?
Physical education minute
Get up, let's rest a little. The lighthouse is located next to the sea.
And above the sea - you and I!
Seagulls circle above the waves,
Let's fly after them together.
Splashes of foam, sound of the surf,
And above the sea - you and I! (Children wave their arms like wings.)
We are now sailing on the sea
And we frolic in the open space.
Have fun raking
And catch up with the dolphins. (Children make swimming movements with their hands.)
Guys, a long time ago, more than 70 years ago, the Nazis attacked our land. They
captured one of these lighthouses.
Cartoon fragment.
Our soldiers could not liberate the city, because the seashore is dangerous, and the lighthouse
extinguished. Shall we help the guys light the beacon? We need to get to him in such a way that we are not
the enemy noticed. The map will help us with this. We can get it if we find it in
Each line has an extra word.
there is a sheet of paper with words. Find and cross out the extra word, try to convince
comrade in his rightness (crossing out extra words on the board). Along the way, work on
the meaning of the words: shiver, sneak, stick, cabin boy.
Cartoon fragment.
Looking at our map, you can understand that many dangerous places await us along the way.
What dangerous places can we encounter when writing?
In pairs, highlight the dangerous places in the words. This will help us smoothly
get to the lighthouse. Don’t miss a single word...otherwise we won’t be able to light the beacon...no
help Soviet soldiers...( Work on the board)
Physical education minute
Stand up. We're hitting the road! If you see words containing the letters E, E,
Yu, Ya indicate 2 sounds, show them with movements, and if not... freeze on
place. (Words jump Yu, vygl I well, picking it up e m, love Yu, e lives, spr I I feel like I'm looking out Yu,
By e m)
Cartoon fragment.
Now we are already at the lighthouse. It is guarded by the Germans. We can only defeat them with our
intelligence. They invite us to play word games.
which one? Of course, this is the letter Y. In it. the language also has the word ja, it sounds like our word
"I" means "yes"
The first row comes up with words starting with the letter E, the second with the letter E, and the third with the letter
Yu. One, two, three, start of the game...
Cartoon fragment.
Bottom line
Today, with the help of our knowledge, we helped the guys light the beacon and
liberate the city. Of course, the Second World War was completed at the cost of the lives of a huge number of
of people. I would like all conflicts in the present and future to be resolved only
with the help of intellect. Let the voice of weapons never sound!
What knowledge and skills were useful to us today?
Which tasks were difficult? Indeed our acquaintance with
The amazing “work” of the letters E E Yu I has just begun. There is another case when
Spelling is probably one of the most difficult sections of the Russian language. It would seem that there are a huge number of rules indicating how to write correctly, but in all these rules there are also a huge number of exceptions. What do the rules say about how a vowel is used after a vowel? Let's try to figure it out.
Vowel after vowel
Let's start with the fact that vowel sounds (a, o, u, e, i, s) are those that are pronounced only with the voice, without adding noise. After soft consonants in writing, these sounds are represented by the letters i, ё, yu, e - so they can also be considered vowels to some extent. Moving on to the issue of spelling, it is worth noting that the vowel used after the vowel does not in any way affect the spelling of the word; fortunately, unlike consonant sounds, they are not subject to the influence of neighboring sounds. But still, some changes arise due to such proximity.
They concern the phonetic appearance of the word. The sounds e, e (e), yu, i after vowels are doubled. That is, the following transformation occurs: e[e] - [ye], yo[o] - [yo], yu[y] - [yu], ya[a] - [ya]. It is worth noting that the same changes occur after the dividing soft and hard signs, as well as at the beginning of the word. For example: small - [m "elkaye", fir tree - [yolka], entrance - [padyezd]. Very often in tests of the most varied levels there are tasks, the main goal of which is to catch students not knowing this rule. Usually they need to say in which there are more sounds in a word than letters, or vice versa. Whenever something like this occurs, you need to check whether the word begins with a vowel, whether it contains soft and hard separating signs, whether it contains vowels that are written after other vowels - if If there is at least one of the above cases, then there will almost certainly be more sounds in the word than letters (there will be nuances in words with dividing marks that do not indicate sounds).
Consolidation: making a transcription
So, let's consolidate this rule with the help of simple exercises. Task one: make a transcription of words with e, e, ya, yu after a vowel: friends, beautiful, jam, sweet berry, announcement, flock, good fidget, pouring, arrival, volume.
Correct transcriptions: [druz'ya], [beautiful], [varen "ye", [sweet-yagadny], [abyavleniye], [staya], [harashayegaza], [l"yot], [zayest], [abyom]. As a comment, I would like to add that some letters are pronounced differently than they are written, and this determines the presence of other sounds in their place in the transcription. In addition, all phrases, and in principle any words, are written without spaces or other divisions.
Consolidation: sounds and letters
Let's continue to study the processes that occur with i, yu, ё, e after a vowel with the very task that was mentioned in the rule. Given a number of words, you need to determine which words have more sounds than letters.
Apple, convention, bear, Samoa, blizzard, announcement, spinning top, health, sings, incident.
First, let's make transcriptions of the words: [apple] - at the beginning of the word I doubles; [syezd] - after the dividing hard sign e is doubled, but the hard sign itself does not indicate sound; [m"edv"ed"] - in this word there is no vowel after the vowel, no separating marks, no vowel at the beginning of the word; [samaa] - despite the fact that there is a vowel after the vowel, this is not e, yo, yu , I - that is, it does not double; [in "yuga] - after the separating soft sign yu doubles, but the soft sign itself does not indicate sound; [announcement] - there is no vowel after the vowel, no separating marks, no vowel at the beginning of the word; [yula] - the letter yu is doubled at the beginning of the word; [zdarov "ye] - after a soft separating sign e is doubled; [payot] - after a vowel e is doubled; [incident] - there is no vowel after the vowel, no separating marks, no vowel at the beginning of the word.
So, having compiled the transcriptions, we see that, despite the fact that in some words vowels are doubled due to their position, there are not always more sounds in the word. Thus, the correct answer in this task is an apple, a spinning top and singing.
Vowels in the root
In principle, the spelling of vowels is most often associated either with sounds being tested for stress (for example, unstressed vowels in a word) or with alternation (the famous roots gar-gor, kass-kos, bir-ber and many others). But there are also words that need to be remembered: the vowels in them do not obey any rules, for example: concrete, validol, ham, vinaigrette, intelligentsia, closet, holster, obsession, front garden, periphery, tomato, scholarship, elixir and many others.
Special attention is deserved by those words in which, by changing the unverifiable vowel in the root of the word, its meaning changes: campaign (military, election - that is, a series of events) and company (as a group of people), signor and señor (as the Italian and Spanish versions, respectively) . In these cases you will have to be even more careful.
More complicated
So, we figured out how a vowel is written after a vowel, we learned a little about verifiable and unverified sounds. Now let's turn to the spelling of vowels next to consonants. Everything here is very simple: the same rules about verifiable and unverifiable vowels in roots, with endings everything is also extremely simple. But there is a separate caste of words in relation to which it is useless to rely on already known rules: these are those words where vowels meet sibilants.
Vowels with sibilants
Let's start with how the vowels o and e are written after the sibilants at the root of the word. If a word can be matched with a test with the letter e, then at the root under the stress you need to write e (sh?lk-silk), otherwise - o (rustle). In borrowed words, the letter o is written at the root without emphasis: chocolate, jockey, chauvinism. In addition, in homonym words it is worth taking into account the part of speech: verbs are written with the letter ё (set the house on fire), and nouns - with o (convicted of arson). As for suffixes, everything is much simpler here. The suffix -ov- you just need to remember: hedgehog, brocade, canvas. In other cases, under the stress we write about (mouse, hook, girl), and without it - e (river, piece).
If you think that the rule about how to write the vowels o, e after sibilants is so simple, you are mistaken. As for the letter ё, it is found in suffixes. Nouns ending in -yer- (trainee), -yovk- (bechYovka), as well as those formed from verbs (sgushchenka (from thicken) are written with it). The same applies to the verbal suffix -yovyat- (shading) and the adjective suffix -yon- (twisted).
Separately, it is worth noting that the majority of sibilants are hardened, that is, after them the vowels a, u, and are always written. The only exceptions are some borrowings and derivatives from them (jury, parachute, Politburo), as well as foreign names (Jules).
Vowels and ts
The vowels o, e after c are subject to the rules of stress: o (clatter) is written under it, and without it, accordingly, e (chain). But there are several exceptions here, as in any rule of language: duke, palazzo, scherzo, mezzo, tsokotukha and others.
But a more interesting question is the spelling of the vowels i, ы after ц: an eternal dilemma. So, let’s remember: after ц it is always written and - this needs to be remembered. Exceptions are remembered using a simple phrase: the gypsy stands on tiptoe and says chick to the chicken. This also includes the suffix -yn- (sinitsyn).
Remember vowels with sibilants and ts
Now we have examined the main points of spelling vowels after sibilant consonants and ts. In order to consolidate this material, let's do a simple exercise. Insert the missing letters:
Ts?kat, granddaughter, reed, old burnt, bees, sh?pot, ts?lenok, brocade, hood, ts?rk, gilded, set fire to wood, f?len, girl, speech, cat, f?gler, boyfriend, sh?rokh, overnight.
Correct answers: tsukats, granddaughter, reeds, old burn, bees, whisper, chicken, brocade, hood, circus, gilded, launched firewood, julienne, girl, speech, kitty, junner, earright, rustle, overnight.
Generalization
So, we looked at the main points of vowel spelling. Firstly, the proximity of a vowel to another letter does not in any way affect the spelling of the word (the only exception is roots with alternation, in which the letter depends on the presence or absence of a vowel sound behind it). Usually, vowels at the root of a word are either checked or simply remembered; as for suffixes, there are strict rules governing the spelling of letters.
It is worth paying attention to the proximity of vowel sounds with hissing consonants: they have their own system of rules regarding vowels both in roots and in suffixes. By the way, we should also not forget about the letter c with its requirements for vowels in the root, as well as for the eternal choice between i and s. As for the cases when a vowel is written after a vowel, there are no changes in spelling, we are only talking about adding an additional sound in the transcription.
Keeping all the above nuances in mind, you can easily work with vowels in a wide variety of words.
§1
Letters a, y used:
To convey vowels a, y hell, scarlet, army, gasp, liana, oasis, Loire; mind, morning, goober, spider, teach.
To convey vowels a, y and at the same time to indicate the hardness of the preceding consonant, for example: ball, decoction, tie, gift, weaver, wish; storm, owl, take, drown.
§2
Letters I, yu used:
1. To convey vowels a, y woodpecker, chill, soft, invigorating, all; dunes, loves, driving, everywhere, suit.
2. To transmit a combination j followed by a vowel A or at:
A) at the beginning of a word and after vowels, for example: apple, lighthouse, Yalta; southern, cabin, Yura;
b) after consonants; in this case before the letters I, yu dividing marks are written b or ъ (see § 27–28), e.g.: tub, monkey, blizzard, fifty; nuclear-free, vyav, two-tier, pre-anniversary.
Letters o–e
§3
Letter O used:
1. To convey a vowel O at the beginning of a word and after vowels, for example: axis, correspondence, theory, biographer, firsthand, peninsula.
2. To convey a vowel O and at the same time to indicate the hardness of the preceding consonant, for example: fight, plant, dove, kind, knot, yoke, wears, forehead, liter, juice, steam room, hundred.
3. In a limited range of words of foreign origin, the letter O used:
A) to convey a vowel O after j conveyed by the letter th at the beginning of a word and in the middle of a word after vowels, for example: iodine, major(for a list of such words, see § 26, paragraph 2);
b) to transmit a combination j followed by a vowel O as part of a letter combination yo after a consonant; list of basic words: battalion, broth, canyon, companion, cotillion, carmagnola, Cro-Magnon, lotion, medallion, minion, pavilion, curlers, postman, senor, senora, signor, signora, champignon, chignon; quadrillion, quintillion, sextillion(along with options quadrillion, quintillion, sextillion, conveying a different pronunciation); million(a spelling that conveys one of the pronunciation options for the word million); in proper names: Avignon, Asuncion, Guillaume, Mignon, Taglioni, Fritjof. In rare cases, the letter combination yo written to convey the sounds of an unstressed syllable: guillotine, guillotine, senorat, senorita, señoria, signorina, signoria, Murillo.
§4
Letter e used:
1. To convey a stressed vowel O and at the same time to indicate the softness of the preceding consonant, for example: child, oars, nail, breech, light, swept, fawn, motley, ribs, donkey, shabby, growing.
|
Note 1. Letter e after consonants g, k, x found mainly in words of foreign origin, including proper names, for example: gyoza, girls, liqueur; Goethe, Hölderlin, Gothenburg, Cologne, Koestler, Höglund. Combination kyo also presented in words with a foreign suffix −yor type kiosk, alarmist and in personal forms of the verb weave: weave, weave, weave, weave. Note 2. Letter e can be written in place of a vowel O, having a side stress (for example: three-year, four-meter, dark red), and also in place of an unstressed vowel O in words of foreign language origin (for example: Goethean, Königsberger). |
2. To transmit a combinationjfollowed by a stressed vowelO:
A) at the beginning of a word and after vowels, for example: tree, hedgehog, loan, coffee, tip, sings, buoy;
b) after consonants; in this case before the letter e dividing marks are written b or ъ (see § 27–28), e.g.: drinks, gets drunk, underwear, serious, life; volume, removable.
Use of letters e in texts for various purposes
§5
Use of letters e can be sequential or selective.
Consistent use of letters e mandatory in the following types of printed texts:
A) in texts with sequentially placed accent marks (see § 116);
b) in books addressed to young children;
V) in educational texts for primary schoolchildren and foreigners studying the Russian language.
In ordinary printed texts the lettereused selectively. It is recommended to use it in the following cases.
1. To prevent misidentification of a word, e.g.: everything, sky, summer, perfect(in contrast to the words everything, sky, summer, perfect), including to indicate the place of stress in a word, for example: bucket, let's find out(Unlike bucket, let's find out).
2. To indicate the correct pronunciation of a word that is either rare, not well known, or has a common mispronunciation, e.g.: gyoza, surfing, fleur, harder, lye, including to indicate the correct accent, for example: fable, brought, carried away, condemned, newborn, spy.
3. In proper names - surnames, geographical names, for example: Konenkov, Neyolova, Catherine Deneuve, Schrödinger, Dezhnev, Koshelev, Chebyshev, Veshenskaya, Olekma.
Letters e-e
§6
Letter uh written at the beginning of the root to convey a vowel uh(without antecedent j):
1. At the beginning of the following native Russian pronominal words and interjections: this (this, this, these), this, this, this, this, this; eva, evon, ege, ege ge, hey, ek, eh, ehma, ehe he.
2. At the beginning of words of foreign origin (including proper names), for example: eureka, export, emergency, hellenic, epic, era, ethics, echo, etna, eric(with letter uh eucalyptus, egoism, equator, exam, economy, electricity, element, elite, emotion, energy, epigraph, epidemic, escort, aesthetics, etymology, ether, Everest, Oedipus, Aeschylus(here the letter uh
3. In letter names el, em, en, er, es, ef, as well as at the beginning of abbreviations written by the names of letters, and words formed from the names of letters and from letter abbreviations, for example: Socialist-Revolutionary, nth, ensky, emka.
4. After prefixes or components of complex and compound words (both after vowels and consonants). Examples:
A) after vowels: anti-electron, anti-SR, de-escalation, unethical, re-examination, step by step, therefore, re-export; dielectric, movie screen, television screen, megaerg, microelement, polyester, mezzanine, five-story;
b) after consonants : electrodeless, sub-screen, pre-exam, one-of-a-kind, save, super-economical, sub-equatorial, super-elite; two-story, three-element, political economy, sanitary and epidemiological station, Mosenergo, Ministry of Economy.
§7
Not at the beginning of the root after vowels (in words of foreign origin) are written as a letter uh , so e . Their choice depends on the preceding vowel.
1. After the letters e And And is written e. List of basic words: Gehenna, register, extravaganza; hygiene, hyena, sharp, diet, realtor, siesta, spaniel, fiesta and words to −ent: applicant, client, ingredient, coefficient, patient etc. (with the letter e , conveying a stressed vowel); fan, leer, player, Jesuit, hierarchy, hieroglyph, myelitis, pyelitis, piety, requiem, trier(here the letter e conveys an unstressed vowel).
2. After the letters a, oh, y, yu is written uh . List of basic words: duel, duet, maestro, minuet, pirouette, poet, poetry, poem, silhouette, figurine(here the letter uh conveys a stressed vowel); aloe, airfield(and other words with initial part aero), firewall, canoe, coefficient, lues, maestoso, muezzin, phaeton, fouette(here the letter uh conveys an unstressed vowel). The same in proper names, for example: Puerto Rico, Wales, Hemingway, Maugham, Laertes, Aelita.
§8
Not at the beginning of the root after the consonants uh written to convey a vowel uh and at the same time to indicate the hardness of the preceding consonant in the following cases.
1. In a few common nouns of foreign origin. List of basic words: mayor, master‘teacher, master’, plein air, peer, racket, rap, sir; the same in words derived from them, for example: mayor's office, peerage, racketeer. The range of other words (mostly highly specialized) is determined by a spelling dictionary.
2. In many proper names of foreign origin, for example: Bacon, David, Deng Xiaoping, Davis, Rayleigh, Rambo, Salinger, Sam, Sasson, Thatcher, Teffi(personal names and surnames), Maryland, Taipei, Ulan Ude, Yellow River(geographical names). Letter uh is preserved in any words derived from such proper names, as well as when they transform into common nouns, for example: Ulan Udensky, Rayleigh(physical unit), sasson(a haircut).
3. In letter names bae, ve, ge, de, ze, pe, te, as well as as part of abbreviations written by the names of letters, and words formed from letter abbreviations, for example: armored personnel carriers, kaveenschik, gpeushnik, KGB.
4. In sound abbreviations and words derived from them, for example: HPP, CHPP, VTEK, NEP, FER(physical equivalent of an x-ray), VTEKOVSKY, NEPMAN.
§9
In other cases, the letter is written not at the beginning of the root after the consonants e .
Moreover, in all native Russian words the letter e indicates the softness of the preceding consonant, for example: white, wind, word, leg, matter, in the water, underground, trace, laudatory, exchange, wall, census, endure, cut, grow old, spring, reading, paths.
However, in words of foreign origin spelled with the letter e , the preceding consonant can be pronounced firmly. So, after letters conveying a soft consonant, the letter e written in words asbestos, version, ghetto, despot, zebra, comet, lady, pioneer, subscriber, aspect, watercolor, sector, patent, defect and in a number of others. After letters conveying a hard consonant, e written in words baby, dandy, delta, model, eczema, cousin, slang, businessman, inertia, phonetics, cappella, rugby, rating, dispensary, setter, cottage, parterre, stand, pace and many others, as well as in indeclinable common nouns consistently written with the final letter e , eg: meringue, chimpanzee, macrame, summary, pince-nez, tour, coupe, corrugated, puree, dash, cabaret, fricassee, highway, essay, variety show, décolleté, karate, cafe, and in words with a foreign suffix −essa(type poetess, flight attendant, baroness); in a number of proper names, for example: Carmen, Nehru, Roerich, Brehm, Dantes, Taylor, Delphi, Saint Gotthard.
§10
In the following cases the letter e written to convey the combination j followed by the vowel e:
1. At the beginning of a word, for example: huntsman, caustic, ride, spruce, if, heresy, ride, Eva, Yelnya, Yeisk.
2. After vowels in Russian (not borrowed) words, for example: stop by, move, beating, arrive, military, rapture, eat, bark beetle, sweet tooth, leave, vanity.
3. After consonants; while before the letter e dividing lines are written b And ъ (see § 27–28), e.g.: necklace, premiere, chansonnier, croupier, play, courier, entertainer, tub(dat. p.), in the article, Molière; enter, drive up, departure, disconnect, eat, supernatural, pan-European, injection, courier.
Letters and - s
§eleven
Letter And is written:
1. To convey a vowel And at the beginning of a word and after vowels, for example: name, long ago, spark; ingratiate, frantic, drink, win, cruise, suite, egg.
2. To convey a vowel And and at the same time to indicate the softness of the preceding consonant, for example: battle, cherry, perish, drive, thrust, tanker, downpour, house, lazy, drink, burns, strength, go, countess, dry.
3. To transmit a combination j followed by a vowel And after consonants; in this case before And dividing is written b (see § 28), e.g.: passerine, vary, articles, Ilyin.
4. In the following cases the letter And transmits sound s after hard consonants:
A) after prefixes of foreign origin: hyper, dez, inter, counter, post, sub, super, trans, and also after the initial element pan, eg: hyperinflation, disinformation, disintegration, counter-play, post-impressionism, post-infarction(cf. pre-infarction, see § 12, paragraph 2), sub-inspector, superinfection, trans-Iranian, pan-Islamism;
b) after the Russian prefix above, eg: super sophisticated, super interesting;
V) after the first parts of complex and compound words, for example: two-needle, three-pulse, pedagogical institute, sports equipment, political information, state property, state inspection, financial inspector, world of art(from World of Art).
§12
Letter s used to convey a vowel s and at the same time to indicate the hardness of the preceding consonant:
1. Not after prefixes, e.g.: true story, slave, howl, call, guide, goats, whip, baby, thought, sick, dust, hurry, prowl, full, desert, snort.
2. After Russian prefixes ending in a consonant (except for prefixes above And between), e.g.: needleless(cf. needle), illusionless (illusion), artless (skillful), hopeless (Exodus), win out (play), find (search), take effect (have), similarly: seek, supra-individual, become commonplace, decalcification, named, play along, hold out, pre-infarction, background, make fun of, search, improvise.
Athens Founder of Athens and first Athenian king
Kitchen educational program - how to learn how to cook delicious food from scratch How to cook it correctly
Russian writers about the meaning of life “The Fault in Our Stars” John Green
What are the health benefits of cocoa?
Squash caviar (classic recipe)