Comparative characteristics of the images of larr and danko. Romantic stories by M. Gorky. Analysis of the story "The Old Woman Izergil". Other compositions on this work

And - the characters of M. Gorky's story "The Old Woman Izergil". These images are antipode heroes.

The narrator and the reader become acquainted with the image of Larra when the old woman Izergil tells the legend about the proud son of an eagle, with the image of Larra when the heroine tells about a brave and self-sacrificing person. These two legends are already opposing heroes: Larra personifies selfishness and pride, Danko is the embodiment of altruism and self-sacrifice.

Despite the opposite character traits and outlook on life, Danko and Larra have certain similarities. Both characters were distinguished by their good looks. However, Danko was handsome and bold, and Larra was handsome and cold. In Larra, one can also note the courage that manifests itself in communicating with the elders of the tribe, as with equals. However, this illustrates more pride than courage.

Larra considers herself better than others, the first in the whole world. This belief made the hero selfish and indifferent to those around him. Larra is used to doing whatever he wants, he is used to living only for himself. Danko, on the other hand, seeks to live for the well-being of the people around him, so he sacrifices his own life to save his people from darkness. So, Larra becomes the cause of the death of many people from the tribe of his mother, and Danko becomes the one who stops all misfortunes in the fate of his people.

All Larra's actions are based on the desire to achieve their own goals in any way, even the most cruel. The hero kills a girl who did not want to belong to him. Danko's actions are built on a sincere desire to help people, even if for this you have to sacrifice your aspirations. Danko is not afraid to give his own life to bring peace and quiet to his tribe.

The appearance of Larra and Danko also speaks of the opposite of images. The eyes of the eagle's son were distinguished by their coldness and pride, and Danko's eyes embodied strength and "living fire". So, Larra's cold is opposed to Danko's fire.

Both characters turned out to be misunderstood by the people around them. However, Larra was rejected by the tribe for his immoral acts. On Danko, people took up arms because of the inability to recognize their own impotence. Danko did everything for the sake of his tribe, but people did not understand his true intentions. This caused a violent conflict between the crowd and Danko. The hero dies like a real hero who has accomplished a feat for the sake of all mankind. Larra is doomed to eternal loneliness, he has no right to die. The hero is between life and death, his body has turned into a shadow that understands neither the actions of people, nor her speech.

It is noteworthy that the old woman Izergil refers to the concept of pride both when she tells about Larra and when she tells about Danko. But the pride of the characters is different. Danko's pride is his strength, courage, courage and courage, which contributed to the salvation of all people from darkness. Larra's pride, or rather pride, lies in an arrogant attitude towards the people around him, in the belief that he is the best in the world.

Thus, Larra and Danko are the personification of opposite human qualities.

("Old Isergil")

Information card.

What are the similarities and differences between Larra, old women Izergil and Danko?

("Old Isergil")

Gorky's story "The Old Woman Izergil" is a story of reflection on the meaning of life. This work belongs to the early period of the writer's work. In it, Gorky is a romantic, in love with beautiful, proud, courageous people who “know their will”, “the steppe breadth is understandable”, and “the sea wave's voice makes the heart laugh”. That is why Gorky makes his heroes exceptional people, sharpening in the character of each of them some one, leading trait: Larra, for example, lives only for herself; Danko, on the contrary, gives everything to others.

Compositionally, the story is constructed in such a way that the story of the old woman Izergil about her life is between the two legends she told. Like two poles, two opposites, the images of Danko and Larra appear before us.

Larra, "handsome and strong," is the son of an eagle and an earthly woman. This man has "cold and proud, like the king of birds, eyes"; he is not like the people around him: he does not want to live like them, he wants to be free. But Larra understands freedom in his own way: do what you want, take what you want, without giving anything in return: "He wants to keep himself whole."

Danko, like Larra, is handsome and courageous, "but a lot of strength and living fire shone in his eyes." He also dreams of freedom, but of freedom not only for himself, but, above all, for people. That is why he leads them, sacrificing schoboy from the dark forest, from the stench of terrible swamps to the vastness of the steppes, to the "golden shining" river.

Larra considers himself to be the first on earth and, except himself, sees nothing, and this, according to his ideas, gives him the right to despise the others and rule over them.

Danko is "the best of all" and that is why he takes responsibility for the lives of his fellow tribesmen. ("He loved people and thought that maybe they would die without him")

But no matter how different the heroes are, the result is the same - loneliness. Larra, opposing herself to the people around her, considering herself above all, by this dooms herself to loneliness. It is no accident that the wisest says: "the punishment is in him!" But the rejected, "thrown out" Larra only laughs after the people who sentenced him to the most terrible punishment in the world - the punishment of loneliness and.

Decades pass, and Larra returns to people, hoping to accept death from them, but now they laugh at him, rejoicing that he cannot die. Larre “has no life, and death does not smile at him. And there is no place for him among people ... This is how the man was amazed for his pride! "

What Larra was punished for is understandable. But why is Danko, who sacrificed his life for the sake of the freedom of other people, also punished? His "proud heart" was trampled under the foot of a "cautious" person who was frightened of "something." The fact is that the crowd never forgives superiority over itself. The weak and insignificant always yearn for one thing: to find the culprit that they turned out to be such, because it is easier to be a slave and walk with everyone together, "like a flock of sheep." And if they dare to cast a reproach in your face for weakness and cowardice, then this person will have a bad time: he will be torn to pieces, he will not have pity and mercy. This is what happened to Danko. He, like Larra, was "struck for pride."

But before dying, Danko laughs "proudly"; Larra, before leaving people forever, laughs loudly. " Only a shadow was left of Larra, roaming the steppe; from the "proud heart of Danko" there are sparks that appear before the storm.

The fate of the old woman Izergil is in many respects similar to the fate of Larra and Danko. Firstly, just like them, she lived a "rebellious" life and "was never a slave, nobody's." Like Larra, she lived “greedily”, taking from people everything that they could give her, but, unlike him, she paid for it with herself, “spent” herself, not sparing, giving herself completely. And this already makes her life similar to that of Danko.

In addition, the result of her life is loneliness, she “stuck” to strangers and lives out her life with them. But still, her life did not pass without a trace: she brought happiness to those she loved, and for the sake of her beloved she could sacrifice her life (remember how she saves Arkadek from death).

The people among whom Izergil lives in old age love her, they need her stories; because in their present life there is no that power and that fire that used to be in people. Today's people “do not live, but try on everything, try on and put their whole life on it. And when they rob themselves, having wasted time, they will begin to cry at fate. What is fate here? Everyone is his own destiny! " - says Izergil.

And she, and Larra, and Danko created their own destinies, and, no matter how sad the outcome of their lives, they still lived, and “did not try on”.

QUESTIONS AND TASKS.

1. Give brief description early period of creativity M. Gorky.

2. What place does the story "The Old Woman Izergil" take in Gorky's work?

3. Complete the comparison table.

5. How does the current generation differ from Larra, Danko, Izergil?

6. Make a conclusion about the similarities and differences between Danko, Larra, Izergil.

Information card.

Are there grounds in the play for Satin's belief in the enormous potential of man?

("At the bottom")

It is difficult to talk about the enormous possibilities of man as applied to people who are the heroes of M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom". The very environment of a shelter, similar to a cave, with low ceilings, lack of air and light, seems to press on people, does not give them the opportunity to live like a human being. Before us is not so much people as what is left of them. It is no coincidence that one of the remarks accompanying the words of Satin in the first act - “growls”. People have reached the limit, many have even lost their names, only nicknames remained (Actor, Tatar, Baron). Almost all the characters in the play, with rare exceptions, do nothing. They only drink, play cards, fight, swear. What enormous human possibilities are there!

And yet, even in these degraded people, something human remained, which gives grounds for belief in their rebirth. Here Anna, the wife of Tick, dies With her constant coughing, she has long disturbed everyone, but nevertheless, some of the hostels take care of her: Kvashnya treats her to dumplings, the Actor takes her out to breathe fresh air. This means that the hearts of these people have not yet become completely stale, there is kindness and compassion in them. And the Actor has a dream: he wants to recover from alcoholism. Agree, when a person is able to dream of something, this is already a lot.

Nastya also dreams, dreams of love. According to her ideas, love must certainly be fatal, as in the books that she read. Nastya defends her right to have a past, and in this past - love for Raoul or Gaston. And when the embittered Baron throws in her face: “It was not! You didn't have any love! ", She shouts:" There was! ". In this willingness to fight for your invented past, for your dream, you feel strength, and the strong can do a lot.

Vaska Ashes, "a thief and a thief's son," sincerely loves Natasha. He can still feel. The tick, I am sure that it will break out from the bottom, that for this you only need to work, and he constantly repeats about himself: "I am a working man!" As you can see, in many of the inhabitants of the shelter, what should be inherent in people has not yet been completely lost.

And then an amazing person comes to the shelter - Luke. He is a wanderer, he walked a lot on the earth, he saw a lot. Luke sincerely loves people, wishes them well, every person is important to him. Before Luka appeared in the shelter, it never occurred to anyone to think about the meaning of their existence: people lived as if "chilled", and Luka appeared and warmed them up a little. After the first conversation with the old man, the Actor, for example, feels that something forgotten is awakening in his soul. Gorky shows this with stingy remarks: "thinking", "smiling", laughing ", says" as if waking up. " The actor remembers his name, then his favorite poem, and in fact “the whole soul is in the beloved”. And maybe the fact that he voluntarily leaves life means that the Man awakened in him was horrified at how the Actor lives, and did not want to live like that anymore.

Satin, in whose mouth Gorky puts the famous words about Man, says that Luke "leavened his cohabitants," that is, made them think, awakened in the souls of these people long-forgotten things, opened some way out for them. “The old man is right,” says Satin. “He did everything for you, he acted on me like acid on a rusty coin.” Satin's belief in the enormous potential of man was raised by Luke, who argued: "A man can teach good things very simply."

1. Give general characteristics the inhabitants of the shelter.

2. What is human in them and how is it manifested?

3. What are the dreams of the lodgers?

4. How does Nastya differ from others in her dreams?

A comparative table of these heroes is needed, and in each line there is a separate comparison criterion. I understand that you will not answer with a table, but links, solid text (your personal) are welcome. I will be grateful.

2. Gorky's story "The old woman Izergil"
A story-reflection on the meaning of life

The main character - exceptional personality
Features of the composition:
1consists of three independent parts
2 retains the inner unity of the idea and tone of the narrative
3 the first and third parts - legends - are opposite in content
4central part - the story of the old woman Izergil

Comparison of the two main characters:
Comparison parameters
Larra
Danko

Appearance
"Handsome and strong", "cold and proud, like the king of birds, eyes"
handsome and bold, "in his eyes a lot of strength and living fire shone"

Life position
♦ he is not like other people - he does not want to live "like them", wants to be free, that is, to do what you want, take what you want, without giving anything in return, in a word, “wants to keep himself whole”;

♦ “considers himself the first on earth and, besides himself, sees nothing”, this gives him the right to despise other people and rule over them, and, as a result, people punish him for pride, expel him from his tribe - “punishment is himself "
♦ “the best of all”, “he loved people and thought that maybe they would die without him”, dreams of freedom not only for himself, but, above all, for all his fellow tribesmen, that is why he leads them, sacrificing himself , from the dark forest to the "golden shining river";

♦ Danko's “proud heart” was trampled by a “cautious” person who was frightened of “something”. People do not forgive superiority over themselves. Tribesmen "punish" Danko for his pride

Life summary
loneliness

Afterword
from Larra there was only a shadow roaming the steppe
from the proud heart of Danko there were sparks that appear before the storm

Output
extreme individualist who expresses contempt for people
altruist, expressing the highest degree of love for people

Antiideal
romantic ideal

Old Isergil
Ideal and anti-ideal are two romantic poles of the story. And between them there is a real character, the old woman Izergil, who, being the narrator of both legends, wants to put herself, her life in a coordinate system set by extreme points: individualism (Larra) - altruism (Danko).
Two legends frame the story of the old woman's own life, which is the ideological center of the story.

The fate of the old woman Izergil is in many ways similar to the fate of Larra and Danko:
1
Larra and Danko
Old Isergil

They lived a stormy and rebellious life, striving for independence.

2
Danko
Old Isergil

Embody the highest ideal of love for people and self-sacrifice. Their life is dedicated to love for people.

3
Larra
Old Isergil

They are not able to remember for a long time those people who become of little interest or indifference to them. The old woman Izergil “greedily”, taking from people everything they could give her, but, unlike him (Larra), she paid for it, “spent” herself, not sparing.

4
Larra and Danko
Old Isergil

The result of life is loneliness. The old woman Izergil "stuck" to strangers and lives out her day with them.

5
The old woman Izergil brought happiness to those whom she loved, and for the sake of her beloved she could sacrifice herself.

	Larra	Danko
Character	Brave, determined, strong, proud, and too selfish, cruel, arrogant. Not able to love, compassion.	Strong, proud, but able to sacrifice his life for the people he loves. Courageous, fearless, merciful.
Appearance	Nice young man.	Young and handsome.
Sight	Cold and proud like the king of beasts.	Illuminates with strength and life fire.
Family ties	Son of an eagle and a woman	Representative of an ancient tribe
Life position	Doesn't want to share with others. Wants to take the best. He believes that since he is unlike the others, he can do whatever he wants. Dreamed of becoming free	Sacrifices himself in order to save his fellow tribesmen. I dreamed of giving them freedom. He loved people, wanted to help everyone.
The attitude of fellow tribesmen to the hero	They hated him for his great pride, although they understood that he was no worse than them.	They considered him the best, respected his strong spirit, faith and courage. Even when they turned away from him, he sacrificed himself to save them.
The meaning of the image	confident condemnation of selfishness and self-reliance.	Tribute, give, giver. What will I give people? What will I do for the people?
Reasons for "punishment"	He despises all people. Considers them slaves.	Too proud heart.
Perfect deeds	Committed a crime - killed a girl. Evil deeds.	He accomplished a feat - he lit the way for people with his heart. Good deeds.
True happiness	Death	Live for others.
Eventually	Loneliness
Hero with the crowd	Conflict
General	Outwardly beautiful, bold and strong in spirit.
Legend in modern words	Turns into shadow (darkness, cold)	Blue sparks (light, warm)
Key thought	Pride is a wonderful part of character. It makes a person a person and neglects the generally accepted.	Self-sacrifice.
Output	Anti-ideal, expressing contempt for people.	An ideal that expresses the highest degree of love for people.
Quotes	"He is no better than them, only his eyes were cold and proud, like the king of birds" "She pushed him away, and walked away, and he hit her and, when she fell, stood with his foot on her chest." "I killed her because I think she pushed me away."	"He is the best of all, because a lot of power and living fire shone in his eyes" "And suddenly he tore his chest with his hands and tore his heart out of it" "It blazed as brightly as the sun, and brighter than the sun, and the whole forest fell silent, illuminated by this torch."

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Lesson objectives:

1. Continue acquaintance with the early works of M. Gorky;
2. Analyze the legends. Compare the main characters of the legends Larra and Danko;
3. To trace how the writer's intention is revealed in the composition of the story;
4. Consider the hallmarks of romanticism in the studied work.

During the classes.

I. Organizational moment

In 1895 "Samarskaya Gazeta" published the story of M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil". Gorky was noticed, appreciated, enthusiastic responses about the story appeared in the press.

II. Main part

1. The early stories of M. Gorky have a romantic character.

Let's remember what romanticism is. Give a definition of romanticism, name its distinctive features.

Romanticism is a special type of creativity, the characteristic features of which are the display and reproduction of life outside the real-concrete connections of a person with the surrounding reality, the image of an exceptional personality, often lonely and dissatisfied with the present, striving for a distant ideal and therefore in sharp conflict with society, with people.

2. The heroes appear in a romantic landscape. Give examples to prove this (working with text). Conversation on questions:

What time of day does the story take place? Why? (The old woman Izergil tells legends at night. Night is the most mysterious, romantic time of day);

What natural images could you highlight? (sea, sky, wind, clouds, moon);

What artistic means did the author use in depicting nature? (epithets, personification, metaphor);

Why is the landscape shown in the story this way? (Nature is shown animated, it lives according to its own laws. Nature is beautiful, majestic. The sea, the sky are endless, wide spaces. All natural images are symbols of freedom. But nature is closely connected with man, it reflects his inner spiritual world. That is why nature symbolizes the boundless freedom of the hero, his inability and unwillingness to exchange this freedom for anything).

CONCLUSION: Only in such a landscape, seaside, night, mysterious, can the heroine realize herself, telling the legends about Larra and Danko.

3. Composition of the story "The Old Woman Izergil".

What is the compositional solution of the story?

In your opinion, for what purpose did the writer use such a technique in his story? (In her legends, the heroine of the story expresses her idea of \u200b\u200bpeople, about what she considers valuable, important in her life. Thus, a system of coordinates is created by which one can judge the heroine of the story).

How many parts in the composition could you highlight? (Three parts: Part 1 - the legend of Larra; Part 2 - the story of the life and love of Old Woman Izergil; Part 3 - the legend of Danko).

4. Analysis of the legend of Larra.

Who are the main characters of the first legend?

Is the story of a young man's birth important for understanding his character?

How does the hero relate to other people? (contemptuous, arrogant. He considers himself the first on earth).

A romantic work is characterized by a conflict between the crowd and the hero. What lies at the heart of the conflict between Larra and humans? (his pride, extreme individualism).

How pride differs from pride. Separate these words. (Card number 1)

Card number 1 Pride - Self-esteem, self-respect. High opinion, excessive high opinion of oneself. Pride is overwhelming pride.

Prove that it is pride, not pride, that characterizes Larra.

What does the hero's extreme individualism lead to? (to crime, to selfish arbitrariness. Larra kills the girl)

What punishment did Larra take for his pride? (loneliness and eternal existence, immortality).

Why do you think such a punishment is worse than the punishment of death?

What is the author's attitude to the psychology of individualism? (He condemns the hero, in which the antihuman essence is embodied. For Gorky, Larra's lifestyle, behavior, character traits are unacceptable. Larra is an anti-ideal in which individualism is taken to the extreme)

5. Analysis of the legend of Danko.

a) The legend of Danko is based on the biblical story of Moses. Let's remember it and compare it with the legend of Danko. Individual student message. (Students listen to the biblical story and compare it with the legend of Danko.)

God commanded Moses to lead the Jewish people out of Egypt. Jews have lived in Egypt for hundreds of years, and it is very sad for them to part with their homes. The carts were drawn up, and the Jews set off.

Suddenly the Egyptian king regretted that he had released his slaves. It so happened that the Jews came to the sea when they saw the chariots of the Egyptian troops behind them. The Jews looked and were horrified: in front of the sea, and behind an armed army. But the merciful Lord saved the Jews from death. He told Moses to hit the sea with a stick. And suddenly the waters parted and became walls, and in the middle it became dry. The Jews rushed along the dry bottom, and Moses again hit the water with a stick, and behind the Israelites it closed again.

Then the Jews walked through the desert, and the Lord constantly took care of them. The Lord told Moses to hit the rock with a stick, and from it gushed cold water... The Lord showed many favors to the Jews, but they were not grateful. For disobedience and ingratitude, God punished the Jews: for forty years they wandered in the wilderness, could not come to the land that God had promised. Finally, the Lord took pity on them and brought them closer to this earth. But at this time their leader Moses died.

Comparison of the Bible story and the legend of Danko:

What are the similarities between the biblical story and the legend of Danko? (Moses and Danko lead people out of places dangerous for further living. The path turns out to be difficult, and the relationship between Moses and Danko with the crowd becomes complicated, as people lose faith in salvation)

How is the plot of the legend about Danko different from the biblical story? (Moses relies on the help of God, as he fulfills his will. Danko feels love for people, he volunteers to save them, no one helps him).

b) What are the main features of Danko? What is the basis of his actions? (love for people, desire to help them)

What act did the hero do for the sake of love for people? (Danko accomplishes a feat, saving people from enemies. He brings them out of darkness and chaos to light and harmony)

How is the relationship between Danko and the crowd developing? Work with text. (At first, people “looked and saw that he was the best of them.” The crowd believed that Danko would overcome all difficulties on his own. Then they “began to grumble at Danko,” since the path was difficult, many died on the way; now the crowd was disappointed in Danko. "People fell in anger at Danko" because they were tired, exhausted, but they are ashamed to admit it. People are compared with wolves, beasts, because instead of gratitude they feel hatred for Danko, they are ready to tear him to pieces. Indignation boils in Danko's heart , “But from pity for people it went out.” Danko pacified his pride, since his love for people is boundless. It is love for people that drives Danko's actions).

CONCLUSION: We see that Larra is a romantic anti-ideal, so the conflict between the hero and the crowd is inevitable. Danko is a romantic ideal, but conflict is also at the heart of the relationship between the hero and the crowd. This is one of the features of a romantic piece.

Why do you think the story ends with the legend of Danko? (This is an expression of the author's position. He praises the hero's feat. He admires the strength, beauty, courage, courage of Danko. This is the triumph of kindness, love, light over chaos, pride, selfishness).

6. After analyzing the legend of Larra and Danko, students' independent work. The students compare Danko and Larra, and write down their conclusions in a notebook. Checking the table.

Criteria
1. Attitude towards the crowd
2. The crowd is a hero
3. Distinctive character trait
4. Attitude towards life
5. Legend and modernity

As a result of the work of students with the table, the following may turn out:

Comparison of images of Danko and Larra
Criteria
1. Attitude towards the crowd	Love, pity, desire	Despises people, refers to
	to help them	he is arrogant, does not count
2. The crowd is a hero	conflict	conflict
3. distinctive character trait	Love, compassion, courage,	Pride, selfishness, extreme
	mercy, courage, skill	individualism, cruelty
	suppress pride
4. Attitude towards life	Ready to sacrifice my	It takes everything from life and people, but
	life to save people	gives nothing in return
5. Legend and modernity	Blue sparks (light, warmth)	Turns into shadow (darkness,
6. Actions performed by heroes	A feat for the sake of love for people,	Evil, crime
	good deeds
7. The attitude of the writer to the heroes	Ideal, praises its beauty,	Anti-ideal, condemns him
	courage, feat for the sake of love for	deeds, antihuman
		essence

7. But the story is called “The Old Woman Izergil”. Why do you think M. Gorky titled his story this way? (the main heroine of the story is still the old woman Izergil, and the legend is needed in order to understand her character, to understand what is important for her, the main thing).

Legends frame the story of the life and love of the old woman Izergil.

To which of the heroes does the heroine belong? Use the arrow to mark in the card number 2

Card number 2

Students mark their own check. Justify your choice. (The old woman Izergil considers herself to be Danko, as she believes that the meaning of her life was love)

Card number 2

Why do you think Gorky refers the old woman Izergil to Larra? (her love is inherently selfish. Having stopped loving a person, she immediately forgot about him)

III. Conclusion on the lesson. Summing up the lesson.

IV. Homework:

1. Reading the play "At the Bottom";
2. Consider the history of the creation of the play, the genre of the work, the conflict.

USED \u200b\u200bBOOKS

1. Russian literature of the XX century - Textbook for grade 11 / ed. V.V. Agenosova: M .: Publishing House "Drofa" 1997;
2. N.V. Egorova: Lesson developments in Russian literature of the 20th century, grade 11. M .: Publishing house "VAKO", 2007;
3. B.I. Turyanskaya: Literature in grade 7 - lesson by lesson. M .: "Russian Word", 1999