For all peoples at all times, transport played a leading role in their development. The existence of any state is unthinkable without a powerful, well-developed transport complex. Under the influence of a developing economy and increasingly complex economic relations between subjects of production, population growth and mobility, transport as a sector of the country's economy must continuously grow and develop.
In primitive society The role of the vehicle was performed by the person himself, and the first technical means of land transport were simple short poles, which later became rocker arms. A pair of poles became stretchers. Another vehicle of two poles tied together on which a load was placed is known as a drag. The drags were later transformed into sleighs or sleds. Rafts and dugout boats were used as vehicles for moving on water. Subsequently, society's needs for movement increased as an indispensable condition for its survival and development.
In the conditions of the primitive communal system, people used mainly the simplest means for transportation. As animals were domesticated and bred, they began to be used for transport purposes, both as pack animals and as draft power.
As society develops with the transition to the slave system and the separation of cattle breeding from agriculture, and subsequently the separation of crafts from them, a need arose for the exchange of the results of labor, which in turn required the development of means of transport both for the internal needs of the farms of farmers, pastoralists and artisans, and to ensure exchange.
With the emergence of private property and the division of people into classes, states began to develop, within which the requirements for transport increased. The settlement of people primarily along the banks of rivers and seas, the construction of cities, the expansion of exchange and trade, and especially wars of conquest and defense - all this led to the relatively rapid development, primarily of shipbuilding. According to Herodotus, Egypt 5000 years BC had a large river and sea fleet, which employed a huge army of people - 700 thousand people. Along the Nile, agricultural and livestock products, handicrafts, timber, building materials for fortresses, temples, palaces, dwellings and, in particular, huge stone blocks for the construction of pyramids and statues were transported in large quantities on rafts and ships.
The idea of the wheel, apparently taken from the experience of moving heavy objects on rollers, which was used in the construction of the pyramids in Egypt, should be recognized as the greatest invention of mankind. The wheel has no analogue in nature, but the wheeled carriage has served humanity for many millennia and remains the basis of all types of modern land transport.
The next logical step in the development of land transport was the creation artificial surface roads. Wheeled carts are easier to roll where there is a flat and hard surface. Unlike sea and river routes, the location of which is determined by nature, artificial roads can, in principle, be laid in any direction. Where land roads were built, states grew territorially and became stronger economically and politically. Egypt, the Great Persian Kingdom, ancient China - they all owe their progress and power to land roads. Roads make it possible to develop remote fertile lands and keep conquered territories under control.
In the Middle Ages, when the slave system replaced feudalism created more favorable conditions for the development of material production, it was necessary to increase the throughput and transportation capabilities of existing transport capacities and create new ones. During this period there are work to expand the network of river and sea communications, construction of artificial means of communication: canals and land roads. The route from the “Varangians to the Greeks” is known across the territory of Russia, connecting Constantinople with Kiev, Novgorod, and the Baltic Sea. The route passed from the Black Sea along the Dnieper, small rivers with portages along the river. Lovat, Ilmen-lake, r. Volkhov, Lake Ladoga, r. Neva to the Baltic Sea. Rus''s trade connections also included the Don and the Sea of Azov.
Trading cities grew along the trade routes: Azov, Kerch, Kiev, Smolensk, Novgorod, Riga, Vladimir, Tver, Bolgar (near Kazan), Saray (at the confluence of the Akhtuba River with the Volga), Moscow.
The process of the disintegration of feudalism and the emergence of capitalist relations in Europe was accelerated by the opening of new trade routes and new countries in the 15th–16th centuries. This time is known as period of great geographical discoveries, it marked the beginning of the colonization of Africa, Asia and America.
By this time, new technical means of transport and escort methods began to be created. Instead of rowing boats appear sailing ships with a keel, three-masted ships with an oblique sail that could move at an angle to the direction of the wind. The use of a compass, maps, goniometric instruments, tables of the movement of celestial bodies and other scientific discoveries of that time allowed sailors to move away from coastal navigation and undertake deep raids into the open sea.
Development of machinery sharply increased the number of goods that had to be exported in large quantities for sale. At the same time, it was necessary to deliver large quantities of raw materials and supplies to factories. Simultaneously with industry, transport began to develop on the same fundamentally new basis. Steam engine made it possible to create a self-propelled transport unit, theoretically of any power and independent of weather conditions. Steamships, steam locomotives, steam land crews, and later steam airplanes appeared. Along with the development of the rolling stock fleet, intensive construction was carried out communication routes.
Vehicles throughout previous history belonged to the owner of the cargo. As enterprises consolidated, equipment and production technology became more complex, and the volume of transport work increased, it turned out to be more rational to use hired transport than to maintain one’s own, which was more often idle than generating income. Due to transport soon became an independent industry, carrying out transportation of goods and passengers for any client for a fee. In the future, specialization of transport occurs according to its types.
Thus, Under the conditions of the capitalist mode of production, transport has undergone fundamental changes, consisting primarily of:
1) in the use of a mechanical engine,
2) in a significant expansion of the communication network,
3) in the allocation of transport to a special sector of the economy,
4) in the differentiation of means and division of transport into types: sea, river, railway, road, pipeline and air.
In the 20th century, new qualitative changes occurred in all areas of human activity. Science and technology have reached an unprecedented level of prosperity, new laws of world development, new types of energy, new materials, new types and types of machines, new technologies, new means of communication and control have been discovered. Advanced industrialized countries are moving into a stage post-industrial society, which is characterized by the presence of five spheres of material production: 1) mining industry, 2) agriculture, 3) manufacturing industry, 4) transport, 5) information industry.
The role of transport in modern society is only increasing. Transportation in many industries is an element of the production process: refrigerators (storage and transportation), concrete mixer trucks (preparing concrete during its delivery to the place of placement), a store on wheels (storage and sale of goods), preparation of new materials in zero-gravity conditions, etc. d. Transport is becoming an essential element of transport and logistics systems, it not only ensures the movement of goods and passengers, but also ensures optimization of the movement of material, energy and information flows.
The further development of economic ties both within one country and in international communications only strengthens the role of transport, which must ensure rhythm, uninterruptedness, reliability, high speed delivery within the time limits specified by the delivery conditions, without losses and at minimal costs. Satisfying such requirements is possible with the introduction of new transport technologies and the use of new approaches to the construction of transport networks.
One of the most pressing problems of the transport industry is the need for close coordination and interaction of all types of transport based on the widespread introduction of logistics approaches, automated systems for managing the transportation process, and the development of new technologies.
Transport of ancient civilizations, in the era of the Middle Ages, feudalism, capitalism, modern transport. Prospects for development, increasing the efficiency of transport. Basic concepts and terminology. Transport as a branch of material production. Classification of transport. Features of the development of freight and passenger transport.
Classification of transport.
By purpose transport is divided into transport common use (serving the sphere of circulation and the population), transport non-public use (departmental) (intra-production movement of raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products), as well as transport personal use (cars, bicycles, yachts, etc.).
General use– this is the use of all types of transport, except industrial, by any enterprise with any form of ownership, as well as urban transport by the population.
Public transport– transport that meets the needs of organizations of all types of activities and the population in the transportation of goods and passengers, moving various types of products between producers and consumers, providing public transport services to the population. Transportation by public transport includes transportation on a commercial basis (for a fee) of passengers or cargo.
Transportation carried out by a commercial organization is recognized as transportation by public transport if it follows from the law or other legal acts that this organization is obliged to transport goods, passengers and luggage at the request of any citizen or legal entity.
The contract of carriage by public transport is a public contract.
Transport non-public use (departmental), as a rule, transports cargo and passengers of its organization.
TO departmental include industrial transport that serves a specific enterprise and is on the balance sheet of this enterprise. In the current market conditions, after the liquidation of production ministries, the concepts of general and non-general transport turned out to be not strictly differentiated.
Personal use is the use of a vehicle (car, bicycle, yacht, airplane, etc.) by an individual (family).
According to the nature of the work performed transport is divided into passenger And cargo .
Types of transport differ from each other by using different natural or artificial means of communication. The main types of transport are grouped by geosphere:
1) ground (road, railway, pipeline, electrical);
2) water (sea, river, lake);
3) air;
Basic types of transport : railway, sea, river, road, air, pipeline industrial, urban, space transport, transport of energy and information - form unified transport system Russian Federation.
Under unified transport system imply a combination of all types of transport connected by economic, technological, technical and regulatory relationships. Each type of transport has its own area of effective use.
The variety of modes of transport in our country is due to its large territory, many natural waterways, regions with unfavorable climatic zones, diversity of landscapes, etc.
Such types of transport as industrial and urban, in turn, are also a combination of different types of transport, united by territorial characteristics. Each type of transport is effective in a certain area of use.
Railway transport– the most developed and technically equipped type of transport in our country. It accounts for the bulk of transport work (in tonne-kilometers). By rail they transport bulk, inexpensive cargo over medium and long distances, as well as passengers over medium distances and in the suburban area. In market conditions, due to relatively low speeds, railway transport began to lose its importance in the world (except for Russia), however, an increase in technical speeds to 240–320 km/h in a number of countries in Europe, Japan, etc. and the environmental friendliness of electrified railways returned to his former location. Many countries around the world are now intensively developing railway transport, taking into account new scientific achievements.
Automobile transport is developing at an accelerated pace, especially in market conditions, as the most widespread type of transport for transporting passengers and cargo of any value, including expensive ones, over short and medium distances, as well as providing retail trade, small businesses, and production logistics systems. It may be the only mode of transport in agricultural regions for the transport of passengers and goods. Road transport has the widest scope of use: in the city, suburbs, in interregional, intercity and international traffic as an independent transport or for delivery and removal to mainline modes of transport.
This transport is widely used as a tourist and excursion transport (as an independent transport or in interaction with other modes of transport).
The development of modern technologies, for example container technology, expands the scope (range) of road transport. Transportation over long distances in international traffic is also effective, which speeds up the delivery of export-import cargo. For comparison: in the United States, cargo is transported over long distances (several thousand kilometers) - from the west to the east coast and back - by heavy-duty diesel truck tractors with trailers 40–50 feet (12–15 m) long with refrigeration units. Efficiency is achieved through large transport volumes and return loading.
Inland water or river transport lost its leading position to other modes of transport. River transport is used for mass transportation of inexpensive goods (the share of gravel, sand, non-metallic building materials is more than 85%; oil and coal - 11%). A special role is given to river transport when servicing remote areas of our country (Siberia, the Far East), where there are no other modes of transport. It is widely used as a cruise ship, as well as for transporting passengers over medium and long distances.
International river transport services involve 500 ports in Europe, Africa and Asia. Relations with the Scandinavian countries, Holland, Greece, Turkey, England, Germany, etc. are widely developed. The role of river transport increased after the collapse of the USSR, when Russia lost more than ten major seaports.
Inland waterways are natural or artificially created federal communication routes, marked with navigational signs or in another way and used for navigation purposes. The length of inland waterways is determined as the sum of the lengths of rivers, canals, paths on lakes, and reservoirs along which ships move and tow rafts.
Inland waterways with guaranteed channel dimensions are routes on which the established navigation channel dimensions are ensured throughout the entire navigation or part of it.
Sea transport belongs to the oldest types of transport. It is used mainly as intercontinental in international traffic (average transportation distance 4000 km) and in small and large cabotage, i.e. in areas of one or more seas. It is used primarily for the transportation of bulk inexpensive cargo (including raw materials) and as a cruise ship. The prospects for its development are most closely related to the state's policy in international relations.
The special role of maritime transport for our country is the ability to serve the territories adjacent to the Northern Sea Route, which do not have other transport routes.
Air Transport used mainly as a passenger vehicle over medium and long distances. For cargo transportation its use is limited. It differs from other types of transport in its ability to carry out specific types of activities.
Pipeline transport carries out transportation of liquid (mainly oil and petroleum products) and gaseous cargo over any distance, less often - solid cargo.
Main gas pipelines are pipelines designed to transmit gas in large volumes over long distances from the place of production or production to gas distribution stations. The length of gas pipelines is determined as the sum of the linear lengths of all pipeline sections in single-line terms from the inlet manifold of the head pumping station to the inlet manifold of the gas distribution station at the point of destination and the linear lengths of the branches from the line valve to the inlet manifold of the gas distribution station at the point of consumption.
Main oil pipelines are pipelines intended for transporting oil from areas of its production (from the main pumping stations located on the territory of a given oil field or field) to oil processing organizations, oil depots, to railway, river and sea loading points, as well as branches (branches ) from oil pipelines intended to supply oil to individual organizations. The length of oil pipelines is determined as the sum of the linear lengths of all pipeline sections in single-line calculation, including bends.
Trunk petroleum product pipelines are pipelines intended for transporting petroleum products from the areas of their production (from the head or transit pumping, pumping or compressor station) to the points of their consumption (transshipment base, loading point into tank cars, tank cars, tanker ships, populated areas, separate organization). The length is determined similarly to main oil pipelines.
Industrial transport serves the production on the balance sheet of which it is a member, and carries out transportation throughout the territory of enterprises, in workshops, between workshops, and also connects production with main modes of transport for the import and export of raw materials and finished products.
Urban transport provides transport services to the population of the city and suburbs, transporting passengers to places of work, recreation, etc., as well as cargo necessary for people’s livelihoods.
Transport of energy and information provides the needs of society for energy and information, creates conditions for the effective development of industries.
Space transport has become an independent industry and is used not only for scientific purposes of understanding the world, but also carries out a whole range of work to ensure the life and defense of the country. Spacecraft have begun to be used to transmit information, for example, the Com-stat satellite communication is widely used in road transport.
The modern structure of the transport network has developed under the influence of the technical and economic characteristics of various types of transport and the economic and geographical features of our country. As part of the transport system, each type of transport has its own rational areas of application (Table 1).
Table 1. Length of communication routes,(at the end of the year; thousand kilometers)
| Public railway tracks 1 | |||||||||
| Highways – total | … | ||||||||
| including: | |||||||||
| common use | |||||||||
| non-public use | 185 2 | … | |||||||
| Of the total length of roads - paved roads - total | … | ||||||||
| including: | |||||||||
| common use | |||||||||
| including: | |||||||||
| federal significance | |||||||||
| of which are main ones | … | … | |||||||
| regional or intermunicipal significance | |||||||||
| local significance | … | … | … | … | |||||
| non-public use | 125 2 | … | |||||||
| Tram tracks 1 | 3,1 | 3,0 | 3,0 | 2,8 | 2,8 | 2,7 | 2,7 | 2,6 | 2,6 |
| Trolleybus lines 1 | 4,6 | 4,6 | 4,8 | 4,9 | 4,9 | 4,9 | 4,9 | 4,9 | 4,8 |
| Metro tracks 1, km | |||||||||
| Main pipelines – total | |||||||||
| including: | |||||||||
| gas pipelines | |||||||||
| oil pipelines | |||||||||
| oil product pipelines | |||||||||
| Inland waterways | |||||||||
| including guaranteed dimensions |
1 Operating length.
2 Without small businesses.
In the process of production and consumption of products, transport and economic connections are formed between various sectors of the national economy and economic regions, which determine the volume, direction and structure of cargo flows. In turn, the direction and power of transport and economic connections depend on the characteristics of the geographical location of individual areas, the cost of production and transportation.
The importance of each type of transport in a unified transport system is determined primarily by its share in the total freight and passenger turnover. The size of cargo turnover depends on the level of economic development of the country or region, the location of productive forces, the complexity of the development of the region, the concentration of production, the regional balance of production and consumption (Table 2).
Table 2. Share of individual types of transport in the total freight turnover and passenger turnover of the Russian Federation (%)
| Kind of transport | Share in cargo turnover | Share in passenger turnover | ||||||||
| 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 g | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | |
| Railway | 54,73 | 55,65 | 42,83 | 34,36 | 39,45 | 40,98 | 39,46 | 38,62 | 42,29 | 43,29 |
| Nautical | 12,62 | 11,16 | 8,62 | 8,41 | 2,88 | 0,18 | 0,14 | 0,08 | 0,04 | 0,01 |
| Inland waterway | 5,39 | 5,38 | 3,63 | 2,55 | 1,87 | 0,96 | 0,86 | 0,68 | 0,25 | 0,23 |
| Pipeline | 25,68 | 26,18 | 43,73 | 53,76 | 55,07 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Automotive | 1,58 | 1,58 | 1,15 | 0,88 | 0,66 | 39,43 | 40,08 | 38,16 | 41,64 | 42,64 |
| Air | - | 0,05 | 0,04 | 0,04 | 0,07 | 18,45 | 19,46 | 22,45 | 15,78 | 13,83 |
The main link of the Russian transport system – railway transport – provides about 40% of freight turnover and 43% of passenger turnover. This is due to the compliance of the main highways with the main transport and economic connections, as well as the technical and economic advantages of railway transport over other modes of transport. In the total freight turnover, pipeline transport has the largest share, and in passenger turnover – road and rail transport. The ratio of modes of transport varies in different areas and when transporting different goods.
Each economic region has its own freight transportation structure.
The structure of cargo turnover depends on the specialization of economic regions, the combination of economic sectors in them, the location of large raw material and fuel bases, the degree of development of the processing industry using imported fuel and raw materials.
Regions with interregional importance of fuel and raw material bases (Northern, West Siberian, East Siberian) have an active transport balance, i.e. the departure of goods exceeds their arrival.
Regions where manufacturing industry is predominantly developed (Central, Volga-Vyatka, North-West) have a passive transport balance - the arrival of goods exceeds their departure.
The predominant area of use of each type of transport is based on its technical and economic characteristics, the location of transport infrastructure in the country or city, the cost and time of transportation. Therefore, in some cases, there is an unambiguous use of a specific type of transport for the transportation of goods of a certain group or over certain distances.
For example, for transcontinental transportation of bulk cargo, sea transport is used as the main one with supply rail, river or road transport; gas is pumped using pipelines; Air transport is more often used when transporting passengers over long distances, and for transporting passengers in large cities, preference is given to the subway.
Of no small importance is the cost or significance of the cargo, as well as the technology for its transportation. Thus, when delivering goods in containers, the effective transportation distance by road increases to 400–500 km, perishable goods – to 600–900 km (usually this is an effective area of operation for the railway).
The uniqueness of the transport infrastructure, the desire to reduce the cost of transportation, and in market relations also increase the speed of delivery, lead to the need to select options for the interaction of different modes of transport to serve a specific cargo or passenger flow (the so-called mixed (multimodal) message). In matters of interaction between different modes of transport, road transport plays a special role, since only it is capable of delivering “door to door”, which allows it to work with any other mode of transport. In addition, thanks to its technology, delivery time is the shortest. But due to the high cost and environmental friendliness, the participation of road transport in mixed transport must be justified using comparative calculations.
It has been established that over distances of up to 200 km, motor transport can deliver cargo 12 times faster than in mixed rail-road traffic, and 5 times faster than in direct rail traffic; at distances of up to 500 km - 7 times faster, however, specific conditions require additional calculations.
Mixed rail and river transport. Railway lines were laid to river ports (piers) and transshipment points were formed. It has the longest history, since 1916–1917. a project was created for organizing the transportation of goods from the Far East and from Siberia to the European part of the country by rail, then by water transport to Tyumen, then by rail to the Perm hub, and from there along the Kama and Volga to their destinations. Already in the GOELRO plan, the need for the construction of river ports for the transfer of goods from water transport to rail was noted.
The development of mixed railway-river transport is associated with restrictions on direct delivery due to the geographical location of rivers, the release of production capacity of railway transport during the river transport season, the use of river transport warehouses by railway transport during the non-navigation period, and the reduction of transport costs in the case of direct transport by one mode of transport.
Up to 90% of all transportation in mixed rail-water transport is coal; 30% of salt and 25% of grain cargo is transshipped along rivers. This type of communication became most widespread when delivering goods to regions of the Far North, Siberia and the Far East that do not have direct connections with the general railway network; as well as with significant load on certain sections of the railway (high load intensity). Such transportation may be cheaper (if this is confirmed by comparative calculations), despite the additional transshipment of cargo.
Mixed rail and road transport began to develop intensively thanks to a centralized system for the removal and delivery of goods from railway stations by large motor transport organizations, especially during container transportation. This development was facilitated by the creation of terminals performing distribution functions (distribution centers), as well as the development of a logistics approach to delivery systems based on the “just-in-time” principle. The variety of operating technologies and the autonomy of road transport allow it, especially in mixed traffic with railway transport, to use various transport schemes, primarily direct transshipment from wagons. The creation of distribution centers during the liquidation of small railway transport enterprises and with proper coordination of work with road transport allows the latter to transport goods to nearby regions. Transportation distances and locations of distribution centers must be justified by appropriate calculations.
Road and water communication is associated with the removal of goods by road from ports and piers (from ships or warehouses), non-metallic building materials directly from the piers of their production, vegetables in containers loaded in the fields and then transported by water transport.
Sea transport interacts with river, rail and road types of transport. Interaction with river transport is carried out in two ways: transshipment onto river vessels directly or through warehouses and with the help of river-sea vessels, i.e., a more advanced intermodal technology. Interaction with railway transport is carried out when laying railway tracks directly on the territory of the port to speed up the processes of direct transshipment or through a warehouse. Road transport carries out the delivery or removal of goods, mainly from the territory of warehouses, as well as passengers - directly from the port, especially during cruise services.
Air Transport interacts mainly with automobiles, since the volumes of transported goods are insignificant. Railroad lines and bus routes for passenger transport may come close to airport terminal buildings.
Due to the fact that 80% of intermodal freight flows begin and end at industrial enterprises, the question arises about the interaction (integration) of mainline transport with industrial transport.
In cities, the metro interacts with railway transport (common transfer stations are being built), and road transport interacts with railway, aviation, sea and river transport, transporting passengers directly to station buildings (terminals), often along special routes. In the city, road transport, in addition to working independently, can serve as a transport vehicle, i.e. interacting with other types of urban transport.
Modern truck.
To date, there are many types of trucks:
· small delivery trucks and pickups with a total weight of no more than 3.5 tons;
· general purpose, equipped with an on-board platform;
· specialized trucks, the function of which is to transport specific types of cargo: vans, container ships, grain trucks, refrigerators, tanks, dump trucks, etc.;
· special, that is, carrying ready-made equipment: concrete mixers, fire trucks, truck cranes, aerial platforms, etc.;
· off-road vehicles with an articulated frame at the base of the chassis;
· tractors designed for towing one or more trailers (semi-trailers) on highways.
The technical characteristics of trucks are also very diverse. There are four truck layout schemes, i.e. cabin location relative to the engine:
1. Kapotnaya(classic) - making it possible to evenly distribute the weight along the axes, provide easy access to the engine and ease of entry into the cabin. The disadvantage of this design is that it increases the overall length of the truck and reduces forward visibility for the driver.
2. The cabin is partially shifted onto the engine– forward visibility and maneuverability are improved, but interior cabin space suffers.
3. The cabin is located directly above the engine– with this scheme, a minimum vehicle length, excellent maneuverability and visibility are achieved. But there are also significant drawbacks: minimal free space in the cabin, strong vibration, two seats, a cabin that tilts forward for access to the engine.
4. Cabin in front of the engine– good visibility and maneuverability, the cabin is more spacious and the seat is three-seater.
As a rule, tractor units produced in the USA are characterized by a hood arrangement of the cab relative to the engine, while in European ones the cab is placed above the engine to reduce the total length of the road train due to strict restrictions on traffic regulations.
Today, trucks are equipped either with internal combustion engines running on gasoline (as a rule, these are light-duty vehicles) or have diesel power plants. The transmission can be either mechanical or electromechanical (automatic). Every year, the elements of the chassis are improved - automated control and suspension systems are introduced - pneumatic and hydropneumatic elements; layout schemes are being improved (for example, an unloaded three-axle truck has the ability to raise the rear axle and move on two axles, saving its resources). Comfortable conditions are created for tractor-trailer drivers performing long distance cargo transportation, while the cabin and even the seat itself are equipped with their own elastic suspension parts, sleeping places are equipped, navigation and microclimate systems are installed.
Thus, a truck in the modern world is an effective and powerful tool in the economy of any country, from the automotive industry to the delivery of goods.
Types of urban transport.
Urban traffic is heterogeneous. It consists of pedestrian and transport flows for various purposes. For the purpose of traffic safety and increasing the efficiency of using the areas of city passages, they are divided in the city space and directed along specially designated areas: sidewalks, street lanes, artificial above-ground structures (bridges, overpasses) or underground structures (tunnels).
According to their purpose, urban transport is divided into passenger, cargo and special. The classification scheme for urban transport (UT) is shown in Figure 7.10.
Urban passenger transport(GPT). Designed to transport the population in the urban and adjacent areas for various purposes: labor, business, public or cultural. Objects that determine the purposes of movement of the urban population (enterprises, theaters, household institutions, etc.) are called centers of transport traffic
gothenia.
Figure 7.10 - Classification of urban transport by purpose
According to the capacity of vehicles, gas transport vehicles are divided into:
· for individual passenger transport (IPT) – cars, motorcycles, bicycles;
· mass or public urban passenger transport (MPT, GMPT) - tram, trolleybus, bus, subway, urban railways, river tram, etc.
To improve the quality of passenger service, urban passenger transport is equipped with special devices (Figure 7.11).
Individual passenger transport is characterized by a capacity of about 1–8 people, public (mass) passenger transport – by a capacity of 18–20 to 200–230 people or more.
Figure 7.11 – Equipping a city bus with a device
for boarding and disembarking disabled people
According to the traffic management system, GPT is divided into route and non-route. Vehicle movement route GPT are organized in certain directions - routes equipped with landing sites, pavilions and route signs for passengers. Vehicle movement non-route GPT organized on the carriageway of streets according to a free movement system within the limits imposed by road signs, roadway markings and traffic light signaling. Basically, all types of modern MPT operate according to the route principle, and IPT means operate according to the free movement system. The only exceptions are minibuses, which are close in capacity to IPT, and in terms of traffic organization - to MPT.
Urban freight transport (GGT). Performs urban freight transportation for industrial, municipal and household purposes. Urban freight traffic is dominated by trucks with a carrying capacity of 2–25 tons, as well as (to a lesser extent) trams and trolleybuses, rail and water transport. According to the traffic management system, GGT, like GPT, is divided into route and non-route. Route the GGT traffic management system is used in areas of constant cargo flows, non-route– when organizing cargo transportation to various addresses according to temporary requests and orders.
The share of GGT in the total urban traffic of modern cities is relatively small (≈ 1/3 versus 2/3 of the GGT movement). However, in different cities the share of freight traffic can be very different. Passenger vehicles (up to 95% of the total volume of traffic) predominate in UPT traffic, the main share of which consists of passenger cars for personal use and a smaller share of taxis (taxis) and departmental vehicles. MAT accounts for less than 5% of total traffic volume. In Moscow, for example, according to surveys in 1970, the share of cars in the total traffic flow was 59%, motorcycles and scooters - 3%, trucks - 35%, buses and trolleybuses - 3%. However, despite such a small share in the total volume of urban traffic, GMPT is mastering huge passenger traffic.
Special urban transport (SGT). Includes urban improvement vehicles (TGB - street waterers, garbage and snow removal vehicles, special vehicles for repairing road surfaces), ambulance transport and home care (TMP), retail network transport (TTS - specialized "bread" vehicles ”, “milk”, “furniture”, “home delivery of products”, etc.), fire fighting vehicles (FAT), vehicles of the Traffic Regulation Department of the Department of Internal Affairs - (ORUD), emergency technical vehicles (ETT), etc. The share of these types of transport in citywide traffic is usually an insignificant part.
Route GPT is characterized by scheduled movement, i.e., regulated in time and urban space. For other types of GPT and GGT, traffic is either not regulated at all in time and space (except for the restrictions imposed by roadway markings, road signs and traffic lights) or a certain amount of such regulatory traffic restrictions is specified (for example, for route freight transport), but it less strict than on a route GPT. Therefore, the principles of organizing the movement of route UPT differ sharply from the organization of movement of other urban transport. In the first case, they are carried out by the method of monitoring the movement of each individual train, in the second - by the method of monitoring the movement of traffic flows, dividing them into freight and passenger traffic by train and straight, right-turn and left-turn in the direction of the expected movement at intersections. At low intensity, freight and passenger traffic are often not even separated.
Technical base of GPT.
WITH 
Figure 7.12 – City equipment
stopping point
The composition of the main elements of gas transport systems is determined by the type of vehicles used in them - rolling stock. In general, GPT systems are complex diversified enterprises, the main elements of which are rolling stock (RS), track structures and devices (Figure 7.12.), structures and devices for storage, maintenance and repair of rolling stock (D) , structures and devices for power supply (energy supply) of rolling stock to carry out transport work (E) and devices for organizing the movement of rolling stock on the line (OD).
The characteristics of a city determine the characteristics of the UPT transport system required for it and influence the choice of modes of transport, transport facilities and traffic management systems.
The main element of any transport systems is rolling stock. Based on the type of rolling stock, a distinction is made between rail and trackless GST.
Bezrelsov are called rolling stock with a wheeled chassis and pneumatic wheels, intended for movement on ordinary road surfaces without special track guides (buses, trolleybuses and cars).
Bus– a trackless street transport with autonomous power supply. The energy required to drive buses is generated from fuel reserves (gasoline, oil, diesel or solid fuel), which, together with the power plant, are located on the bus. This determines the autonomy of the buses, their high maneuverability and at the same time reduced weight characteristics. Buses do not require the construction of special track devices; their movement, like trolleybuses, is organized along the usual road surface of city streets. In this regard, the bus requires small costs in the transport network, which limit
Lyudmila Kulikova
Lesson notes for the senior group “History of Transport”
Summary of the lesson on the FTsKM “History of Transport” in the senior group
Goals. Introduce children to the history of transport development. Learn to compare ancient vehicles with real ones. Expand your knowledge of traffic rules. Develop purposeful perception in children. Foster a sense of responsibility.
Material. Illustrations with images of vintage transport, a “Right - Wrong” punch card, a grandmother’s costume.
Progress of the lesson.
1. Psycho-gymnastics “The Wizard”.
Children are invited to imagine that they are magicians and can fulfill their wishes and the wishes of the teacher. The teacher gives the task to place this or that toy left - right - forward - back - up - down.
2. Surprise moment. A teacher comes in dressed as a grandmother.
Grandmother. Hello! Children, today I want to tell you what they drove in the old days, what they used to transport goods. Horse-drawn carts drove along the streets. Sometimes they harnessed one horse, sometimes a couple or three horses. The driver drove the cart. What do you think was the best time of year to travel the streets? In winter there was no dirt, snow covered everything around. At that time, hundreds of cab drivers rode on sleighs, ready to deliver anyone to any part of the city. The dashing cab driver gallops and constantly shouts: “Get, get out! (Be careful)” - and the people parted in different directions. Children, tell me, what do we have now instead of carts?
Children. Instead of carts there are now cars.
Grandmother. And who controls them?
Children. Mi is controlled by a driver.
Grandmother. Does the driver need to shout for people to watch out? What does the driver have to do this? (Children's answers)
Grandmother. In the old days there were no sidewalks along the road either. Later, when cobblestone streets appeared, people began to ride in carriages that could carry up to 10 people. The carriages were harnessed by a pair of horses. Guys, tell me, what do we have now instead of crews?
Children. Instead of carriages there are now passenger buses.
Grandmother. The horses also carried the horse-drawn carriage that appeared later, which was a carriage running on rails. As you can see, horses served people in the city for a very long time. Where can you find horses now? (Children's answers). That's right, they are helping in agriculture now. Children, what do we have now instead of a horse-drawn car?
Children. Now there is a tram instead of a horse-drawn carriage.
Grandmother. And finally, the horses were replaced by an engine. The first tram powered by steam appeared. There were only three carriages, the first of which had a steam engine with wood fuel. This tram was called a steam train. After the steam train, a tram powered by electricity appeared.
Time passed, the streets changed, the transport changed. Cars appeared. The first ones looked funny, they were ordinary carriages and carriages, only with a gasoline engine instead of horses (shows illustrations of the first cars).
A lot of time has passed since then. What are the streets of our city like now?
Children. The streets have become wide, paved, with sidewalks and markings that help us comply with traffic rules.
Grandmother. How was the transport?
Children. Transport has become faster, more spacious and more convenient.
Grandmother. What types of transport run on electricity?
Children. Trolleybuses and trams run on electricity.
Grandmother. Well done!
There are a lot of traffic rules in the world
It wouldn’t hurt us to learn them all,
But the main thing from the traffic rules
Know how to do multiplication tables:
Don't play on the pavement, don't ride,
If you want to stay healthy!
Did you like my story about the creation of transport? Nowadays transport is modern, high-speed, fast, so you must know the rules of the road so that no harm happens to you. (As a farewell, grandma gives the children a new game based on the Rules of the Road.)
Publications on the topic:
Integrated lesson in the senior group “Travel through the Country of Transport”“Journey through the Country of Transport” Goal: To consolidate children’s knowledge about the generic concept of “transport”, its differentiation (land, water, air).
Purpose: to give an idea of the types of transport (land, air, water). Objectives: - explore modes of transport: land, water, air;.
Summary of a general lesson in the middle group “Modes of Transport” Summary of a general lesson in the middle group Topic: “Types of transport” Objectives: 1. develop the ability to classify types of transport.
Lesson notes for the senior group “History of Khokhloma” Lesson summary for the senior group “History of Khokhloma” Compiled by: A. V. Gelashvili Purpose: To introduce children to a new decorative species.
Summary of a design lesson in the preparatory group “Bridges for pedestrians and vehicles” DESIGN LESSON SUMMARY IN THE PREPARATORY GROUP “BRIDGES FOR PEDESTRIANS AND VEHICLES” Purpose: to teach children to create a design concept.
Summary of an integrated lesson in the senior group “Modes of transport: land, air, water” Methodological development for educational activities in preschool educational institutions. Summary of an integrated lesson in the senior group “Modes of transport: ground,.
Transport appeared in the world several thousand years ago, when the muscular power of slaves, tamed animals, as well as stretchers, rockers, drags and other devices began to be used to move goods or people.
The growth of trade and war contributed to the development of transportation, the creation of carts on runners and wheels, river, lake and sea boats, rafts, pirogues and other vessels moved with oars or poles. The first wheeled vehicles (carts and chariots) appeared three thousand years BC in one of the most ancient centers of civilization in Western Asia - Mesopotamia. The creation of such carts served as an impetus for the development of land transport, namely, it led to the need to build the first artificial land roads in Persia, China, and Europe. The Roman Empire, which extended its power over three
continent, had an extensive network of land roads with a length of about 75 thousand km. The construction of the first wooden bridges across small rivers, ravines, and gorges dates back to the same time.
In the Middle Ages AD, the construction of canals connecting inland waterways began. Oaring and then sailing ships appeared on lakes and seas, which have existed to this day and contributed to the widespread development of navigation, trade, and travel.
In Fig. 1 shows a sailing Fig. 1. Caravel X. Columbus ship - caravel of Christopher Co. - “Santa Maria” (Spain)
Lumba "Santa Maria". A flotilla of three caravels under the command of Columbus crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 1492 and reached the island of S. Salvador, and in 1498 Vasco da Gama sailed on caravels from Europe to India.
Program content:
1. Strengthen children’s knowledge about modern transport.
2. Introduce children to the history of the development of road transport. 3. Systematize children’s knowledge about traffic rules and behavior on the street.
4. Develop children’s cognitive and mental activity: produce mental
operations (comparison, generalization); develop creative thinking.
5. Improve dialogic speech, enrichment and activation of vocabulary:
chariot, carriage, steam engine, “self-propelled car”, types of transport:
land, air, water, passenger, cargo, rail,
agricultural.
Material:
A panel with a set of pictures of various types of transport, drawings “History of road transport”, individual cards with a task (drawing by dots), a model of a city street, an exhibition of road transport .
Preliminary work:
1. Reading books by V. Zubkov “From Wheel to Robot”, “Machines Around Us”, “Great Discoveries”.
2. Lessons “Cave people”, “Giants of the past”, “Peasant farmstead”, “History of the wheel”.
3. Excursions along the city streets.
4. Making a “City Street” model.
The teacher invites the children to the “transport museum”.
Listening to a tape recording (sounds and noises of the street, transport)
What sounds and noises did you hear?
Plane, train, cars - what is it?
What types of transport do you know?
What type of transport can you most often find in our city?
Name the types of ground transport.
In front of you is a panel and different types of transport. Find each car its place (working with panels)
How is air transport different from water transport?
What is the name of a vehicle that transports people?
What is the name of a vehicle that transports goods?
Panel truck what type of transport and why?
Machines, like people, have many different professions: loaders, postmen, orderlies, military personnel.
What are they for? Who created them?
Yes, thanks to the intelligence, talent and imagination of man, such a miracle technology was created.
Have you ever wondered if there were cars many years ago?
What did they look like?
Want to know how they came to be?
Many, many years ago, ancient people carried loads on themselves, dragged them along the ground. Then, in order to move the load, they began to place logs and push them with long poles. It was very difficult. And then man invented the wheel, which is where it all began. People built carts on solid wooden wheels. They were slowly dragged along the roads by bulls and oxen. In order to travel faster, horses began to be harnessed to the carts - and thus the chariot was born. The ancient Greeks inserted spokes into wooden wheels to make their carts lighter and faster. They rode chariots into battle, solemnly entered captured cities, and competed peacefully at the Olympic Games. But it was inconvenient to ride a chariot, because... it was unstable and could only be ridden while standing. Later, chariots were replaced by carriages. Four-wheeled, closed, they could transport many people and their things: luggage, mail. But the carriages could not travel long distances without stopping, because the horses were tired, they could not do without food and water, and people were also tired from the bumpy ride. A steam engine appeared. And the man called this unusual invention “car”, which means it moves itself – “self-propelled”. Such a car drives around the city, a copper boiler is suspended from it, and the driver sits on a bench and turns the steering wheel. It will drive a little and stop, which means the steam in the boiler has run out. No steam - the machine does not work. The driver had to get out of the car and work as a fireman - lighting the firebox and boiling water. Since then, such a driver-stoker began to be called a driver. Such a car was also inconvenient,
because was heated with wood, the boiler could explode, which created a danger for the driver and pedestrians. Therefore, the steam engine was soon replaced by the first car that had a motor and was fueled with gasoline. This car had different wheels:
two large rear wheels and one small front wheel. It could only be driven by one driver, who controlled the car using a handle. Later, the car got a roof, the wheels were made the same size, and there were four of them. For strength, the wooden wheels with spokes were covered with iron hoops, but there were no doors or glass, and they often broke. Gradually, cars began to have doors, windows,
they began to carry more passengers, but, most importantly, they put rubber inflatable tires on the wheels. Every year there were more and more gasoline cars. Their appearance changed, the design improved, the speed of movement increased, the cars became more convenient for both the driver and passengers.
Imagine that you are design engineers, creating a car of the future. What will it be like? I hope that in the future we will see such cars on our roads.
Guys, you know that museum employees often have to unravel the secrets of ancient objects, things, paintings. It seems to me that this envelope holds some kind of secret.
Let's try to solve it? Here are encrypted pictures. (Task – connect the dots.)
Our tour of the museum has ended, and I invite you to rest.
Physical exercise.
The continuous flow of traffic on the roads creates emergency situations. Let’s go to the “City Street” layout and see what emergency situations have arisen here. Find them.
Situations: cyclist - child entered the roadway,
a woman with a stroller crosses the street at a red traffic light,
the road sign was installed incorrectly,
a girl on roller skates clings to a moving vehicle,
children play ball on the sidewalk.
Today we visited the “transport museum” and learned about the history of the car.
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Sergei Mironov (bodybuilding): biography Sergei Mironov age
How and why to take CLA
Rotation movements Special exercises to improve rotations
Tsyplenkov, Denis Ivanovich Training from Denis Tsyplenkov