ARCHITECTURE XIV-XV - the first stone buildings in the Moscow principality, continue the traditions of Vladimir - Suzdal architecture. Cathedral of the Assumption of the Mother of God on Gorodok in Zvenigorod (gg.) Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin Savvin - Storozhevsky Monastery (1405)
THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MOSCOW KREMLIN 1367 - under Dmitry Donskoy, the white-stone walls of the Kremlin were erected in the 15th - early 16th centuries. - the present Moscow Kremlin was created Territory - 27.5 hectares Wall length - 2.25 km Wall thickness - 3.5-6.5 m Wall height - 5-19 m "The Moscow Kremlin under Dmitry Donskoy" AM Vasnetsov "Moscow The Kremlin under Ivan III "A. M. Vasnetsov
ARCHITECTURE MOSCOW KREMLIN Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin (years) Architect - Aristotle Fioravanti Function: Cathedral
ARCHITECTURE MOSCOW KREMLIN Archangel Cathedral (years) Architect - Aleviz Novy Function: from the 16th to the 18th century it served as a burial place for Moscow princes and kings. The princely - royal necropolis includes 46 tombs. The first Russian tsar, Ivan the Terrible, rests in the tsar's tomb, arranged in the altar of the church.
ARCHITECTURE MOSCOW KREMLIN Cathedral of the Annunciation (gg.) Architects - Pskov craftsmen Function: the house church of Russian princes, and after the wedding of Ivan the Terrible in 1547 - Russian tsars. Its north and west galleries served as the main entrance to the royal palace.
PAINTING THEOPHANE THE GREK Theophanes the Greek (approx after 1405) is a painter, originally from Byzantium. He worked in Russia in the second half of the XIV century. Together with Andrei Rublev and Prokhor from Gorodets, he painted the Annunciation Cathedral in Moscow. His works are distinguished by their monumentality and inner strength. The Don Icon of the Mother of God Transfiguration of the Savior Almighty Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior on Ilyin Street in Veliky Novgorod (1378)
PAINTING ANDREY RUBLEV Andrei Rublev (approx.) In his work, Russian fresco painting and icon painting reached the highest degree of perfection. The most famous works: the icon "Our Lady of Vladimir" (Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin) icon "Trinity" "Savior" "Archangel Michael" Trinity Savior of the Zvenigorod rank Archangel Michael
PAINTING DANIEL CHERNY Daniil Cherny is a friend and associate of Andrei Rublev. Together they performed the iconostasis of the Annunciation Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin, the iconostasis and frescoes of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir, the iconostasis of the Trinity Cathedral of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, etc. The most famous works: Icon "Apostle Paul" Icon "Nativity of Christ" (Christmas Church in Zvenigorod) Apostle Paul Christmas Christ's
Culture of Russia XIV-XV centuries.
Poskrebysheva N.A.,
history teacher MBOU №4
pokachi.
Lesson assignment.
What are the achievements of culture
in the 14-15th centuries?
- From the second half of the 14th, the rise of national self-awareness and the revival of Russian culture began.
- Some enrichment, thanks to the interaction of ancient Russian and Eastern cultures.
- Preservation of some old cultural centers (Novgorod, Pskov) and the emergence of new ones - Moscow, Tver.
Themes of the works.
- Lives of the saints
- Chronicle
- Words of praise (to princes)
- Stories about the fight against the Mongol-Tatars
(about the devastation of Ryazan by Batu, the invasion of Tokhtamysh, about Shevkal)
- About the Kulikovo battle
("The Legend of the Mamayev Massacre", "Zadonshchina")
- Travel stories.
Architecture (stone book). 14th century.
- Church of Fyodor Stratilatus Church of the Transfiguration
on the Brook (1360) on Ilyin Street (1375)
(1407) in the Zverin monastery (1467)
features
architecture of the 14th century?
Church of Peter and Paul 1407
Moscow Kremlin at the end of the 15th century
Assumption Cathedral (1475-1479) Architect Fiorovanti
On the territory of the Moscow Kremlin.
- Annunciation Cathedral Faceted Chamber (1491)
(1484-1489) (Marco Ruffo and Pietro Salari)
Interior view of the Faceted Chamber
Moscow Kremlin.
The sources have preserved the names of three great artists of the 14-15th centuries.
Andrey Rublev
Theophanes the Greek
Dionysius.
Andrey Rublev
"Trinity" (c. 1411) - the most famous icon of ancient Russia
(fragment of a fresco in Vladimir) by Andrei Rublev
- The Don Mother of God Transfiguration
Dionysius (about 1440-after 1503)
- Our Lady of Hodegetria Angel (detail)
The best artist of the 15th century.
- Prophets Daniel, David and Solomon
Peter's sewing (XIV century)
“Of all the periods of the history of culture, it is the 14-15 centuries are especially important. It was then that the restoration of the interrupted process of the created single state and the revival of culture took place. In the future, this process, despite numerous crisis moments, was no longer interrupted, but only acquired new features. " D.S.Likhachev.
Thanks for your attention.
Sources.
Painting: http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/ru/collection/_
Architecture: Yandex. For example, the cathedrals of Novgorod, the Assumption Cathedral….
www.abrisburo.ru
In the 13th century, temple construction was completely transferred from the princes to the Novgorodians themselves. Church buildings are being built at the expense of the townspeople. In the second half of the 13th century, stone construction completely stopped (onslaught from the north-west, a tribute to the horde). Tver was the first to renew the stone architecture. And behind her is Novgorod. Already in 1292, the Novgorodians built the Church of St. Nicholas on Lipna, and in the 14th century a number of churches were created, distinguished by the completeness and maturity of architectural forms. Novgorod craftsmen created a special style of temple construction. Small, four-pillar, single-domed temples with almost cubic proportions of the building. The temple was designed for a small group of parishioners on one street. They also collected money for its construction. Novgorod masters abandoned zakomars, the apse was lowered to the middle of the wall in favor of a three-bladed coating - a favorite of architects of the 14-15th centuries, a symbol of the Novgorod style. Plinth was not used, the temple was laid out of roughly hewn limestone and boulders. This gave the walls a wavy surface. Temples are ambivalent. On the one hand, a breath of rude strength emanates from the low dumpy churches, on the other, the elegance of decor and thoughtfulness of forms speak of a high culture of architecture.
Russian cultureXIV-XV centuries
Russian history presentation for students 10
class Culture is the totality
material and spiritual
values \u200b\u200bcreated
humanity in progress
his activities. Development conditions
culture
The yoke of the Golden Horde destroyed many
material and spiritual values;
The unification process of the Russian lands around
Moscow;
Restoration of interrupted ties with Byzantium;
Economic development;
The struggle of the Russian lands against the Mongol-Tatar
yoke. Literature:
1. oral folk art;
2. chronicle;
3. historical stories;
4.Life literature (hagiography);
5. walking;
6. chronograph. Literature
Folklore
The struggle against foreign invaders caused
a new upsurge in oral folk art.
Legends, epics, legends created by the people
called the Russian people to fight for the overthrow
Horde yoke.
One of the most famous works of this period is
"The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh" Chronicle:
In the 14-15 centuries. chronicle had its own characteristics:
A distinctive feature of the entire Russian chronicle
are patriotism and the idea of \u200b\u200bthe unity of Russians
lands.
All chronicles clearly show
general Russian character.
After the Battle of Kulikovo, the content of the chronicle
was determined by the idea of \u200b\u200bthe unity of the Russian lands under
the domination of Moscow. chronicle
During this period, created:
Trinity Chronicle of the early 15th century (1408) - all-Russian
annals. (Killed in the Moscow fire of 1812)
The Moscow Chronicle of the late 15th century (1480), designed
justify the historical role of Moscow. Historical stories
The main form of literary works of the XIV-XV centuries. - a historical story.
They told about the activities of real historical figures, specific historical events and
facts. Quite often stories became part of the chronicle text.
The main theme of the literature of the XIV-XIV centuries. - the fight against the conquerors.
The most famous works. Tale of the fight against the Mongol-Tatars:
"The Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu":
"The Tale of Shevkal" (1327 - uprising in Tver);
"The Tale of the Battle on the Piana River" (1377);
"The Tale of the Battle of the Vozha River" (1378);
"The Tale of the invasion of Tokhtamysh" (1382)
"The Tale of the Invasion of Edigei" (1408).
"A word about the destruction of the Russian land", historical
story
"The story of
ruin
Ryazan
Batu " Historical stories
At the turn of the XIV-XV centuries. an important topic of Russian literature
was the Battle of Kulikovo.
A whole cycle of historical stories is dedicated to the victory of 1380:
"The Legend of the Mamaev Massacre"
"Zadonshchina" heroic poem, author Safroniy Ryazanets
"The Chronicle of the Battle of Kulikovo"; Thumbnail from "The Tale
about the Mamaev massacre ”. literature
The flowering of hagiography (hagiography)
associated with the process of unification of Russian lands
around Moscow. Writers Pachomius Lagofet and
Epiphanius the Wise compiled biographies
the largest church figures in Russia:
Metropolitan Peter;
Sergius of Radonezh. Lives of the saints
"Life of Mikhail of Chernigov";
"The Tale of Mikhail Tverskoy";
The Life of Alexander Nevsky;
"Life of Sergius of Radonezh", "Life of Stephen of Perm",
author - Epiphanius the Wise
Lives - Church writings about outstanding Russians
people - princes, church leaders. literature
Walking - travel literature.
In the second half of the 15th century. secular
walking.
The most striking example of walking (walking) is
notes from Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin
"Walking the Three Seas" describing it
a three-year trip to India. literature
One of the genres of medieval Russian literature is
Chronograph
Chronograph - a kind of history of Russia, inscribed in
the historical context of the development of Orthodox states that
time.
The first Chronograph was created by Pachomius Lagofet in 1442
year. Architecture
1. Cult, fortification,
civil architecture.
2. The architecture of Veliky Novgorod;
3. Start of stone construction in Moscow:
- churches of the Moscow Kremlin.
- Faceted Chamber. Novgorod architecture
Novgorod churches of this time were built on
means of boyars and merchants.
The buildings still look massive and
monolithic.
The preservation of old features was combined with
creative pursuits.
A new style appeared, characterized by an abundance of
decorative ornaments.
Instead of the traditional three apses, only one remained. Fyodor's Church
Stratilat
on the Brook. Novgorod.
1360-1361
Development of architecture in Russia
was suspended
Mongol conquest.
The new rise of the Russian
architecture began at the end
XIV - early XV century
However, in Novgorod
construction is not
stopped even in years
invasions. Iconic construction
Church of the Savior on Kovalevo. Novgorod. 1345 BC Fortification architecture of Novgorod
Novgorod Kremlin
Faceted Chamber Civil architecture of Novgorod
Faceted Chamber Fotifying architecture of Moscow
Moscow Kremlin under Ivan III. Artist
A. Vasnetsov the Moscow Kremlin
His story
starts back in XII
in. when on
Borovitsky hill
were built
wooden walls.
Ensemble creation
The Moscow Kremlin
ended at the end
XIV - early XVI century and
became a symbol
power and greatness
capital of the state. Fortification architecture of Moscow
The Moscow Kremlin. Italian masters. Modern look The Moscow Kremlin
Years of construction - 1482-1495
Area - 27.7 hectares
Wall length - 2500 m
Number of towers - 20
Number of gates - 4
Tower heights - up to 80 m
The thickness of the walls of the towers - 24 m
Wall height - from 5 to 19 m
Wall thickness - from 3.5 to 6.5 m The beginning of the stone
cult building
in Moscow refers to
second quarter of the XIV century.
This date is associated with
turning Moscow into
the residence of the princes and
metropolitans.
Assumption Cathedral
in the Moscow Kremlin.
1326-1333
Reconstruction. Moscow
architectural school
formed on the basis
traditions of vladimirouzdal architecture.
Assumption Cathedral
Moscow Kremlin,
architect
Aristotle
Fioravanti
1479 g. Home church
Moscow princes
Annunciation
cathedral of moscow
the Kremlin
Pskov
master
1484-1489 Tomb
Moscow princes
Cathedral of the Archangel
Moscow Kremlin
Architect Aleviz
New (Aleviz yes
Montagnana)
1503-1508 Church
Moscow
metropolitans
Church
Risposition
Moscow Kremlin.
Pskov masters,
1484-1486 The Moscow Kremlin
Bell tower
Ivana
Great.
Bon Fryazin,
1505-1508 Civil architecture
Moscow The Faceted Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin
In 1487-1491 the Kremlin was
built the Faceted Chamber for
receptions of foreign
ambassadors. It was the largest hall
in the then Russia.
Faceted Chamber
Moscow Kremlin.
Architects Marco Ruffo and
Pietro Antonio Solari painting Painting:
1. Main development trends;
2. Iconography:
- Novgorod Icon Painting School;
- Pskov icon painting;
- Moscow school;
3. Fresco;
4. Formation of the author's style:
- Theophanes the Greek;
- Andrey Rublev. The main
painting:
development trends
development of local schools based on
traditions;
start of the process of merging local
art schools into a
an all-Russian painting school;
decisive influence of the church on development
painting. Novgorod school of icon painting
In the XIV century. the Novgorod
school of icon painting.
Characteristics:
Laconic compositions,
Clarity of the picture,
High technology, cleanliness
paints.
Novgorod icon of the XIV century.
"The Descent of Christ
to hell. " Author's style. Theophanes the Greek.
The personality of the artist has acquired great importance in painting. Author's
the style of the most talented painters overcame the influence of local
traditions.
The largest artist of the late XIV - early XV century. - Theophanes the Greek.
Theophanes the Greek painting is distinguished by its monumentality,
expressiveness of images, bold and free painting manner.
The faces from the frescoes of Theophanes look stern and formidable.
There are two periods in the work of Theophanes the Greek:
rebellious Novgorod and more calm Moscow.
In Novgorod, fragments of his painting of the Church of the Savior on
Ilyina. Feofan
Greek
"Savior Almighty"
Dome painting
Church of the Savior on
Ilyina street in
Novgorod.
Theophanes the Greek. 1378 BC In Moscow Theophanes the Greek
painted by Arkhangelsky and
Cathedral of the Annunciation,
Church of the Nativity of the Virgin,
the palace of Vasily I.
Due to the demolition of these buildings
under Ivan III the painting of Theophanes
did not reach us.
But icons have survived
written by him for the iconostasis
Annunciation Cathedral.
Archangel Gabriel.
Detail of icons from
iconostasis
Annunciation Cathedral.
Theophanes the Greek. 1405 BC Pskov school
Differed from
Novgorod courage
composition, severity
faces, heavier
figures.
Saints Boris and Gleb.
Icon of the 14-15th centuries. Pskov
icon painting.
15th century
Assumption.
Saints Vladimir,
Boris and Gleb. Moscow school
Leading position in the 14th century. occupied the Moscow school,
formed on the basis of
Rostov-Suzdal and absorbing the best achievements
all Russian schools.
Fresco
Starting from the 14th century. the plot became more complicated, appeared
spatial character, landscape, intensified
psychologism of the image. Author's style. Andrey Rublev.
To the greatest Russians
artist of the XV century. considered
Andrey Rublev (c. 1360-1430),
monk of Trinity-Sergiev, and later
- Spaso-Andronikov Monastery.
Rublyov's works
have deep humanity
and sublime
spirituality of images in
combined with softness and
lyricism.
Savior the Almighty.
Central icon
Deesis rank.
The Nativity Cathedral of the Savvino Storozhevsky Monastery.
Andrei Rublev, 1410-1420s Andrei
Rublev
Transfiguration.
Festive row icon
iconostasis
Annunciation Cathedral.
A. Rublev. 1405 BC Andrey Rublev's brushes
those who have come down to
us fresco painting
Assumption Cathedral in
Vladimir, icons
Zvenigorod rank,
Trinity Cathedral
Trinity-Sergeev Monastery in
Zagorsk, Blagoveshchensky
Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin and
those killed in the 18th century frescoes
Spassky Cathedral of the Spaso-Andronikov Monastery.
Annunciation.
Festive row icon
iconostasis
Annunciation Cathedral.
A. Rublev. 1405 BC "Trinity" A. Rublyov
His most famous work, which became one of the peaks
world art, - the icon "Trinity", written for the iconostasis
Trinity Cathedral of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra (stored in
Tretyakov Gallery).
In the Christian tradition, angels are considered the embodiment of the Trinity.
All attention is to the figures of angels. Composition is subject to rhythm
circular motion, creating a mood of infinity,
tranquility and harmony. Trinity
Old Testament
I am.
Temple
icon
iconostasis
Trinity Sergiev
monastery.
Andrei
Rublev. 14221427 Conclusions:
The Mongol invasion, according to a number of historians, significantly
slowed down the pace of the cultural and historical process, but did not interrupt
it did not break the continuity in the development of Russian culture.
Russian culture has retained its national character. Big role
in the transfer of traditions and cultural and historical experience played
lands that have not been destroyed. The invasion did not destroy
national identity and independence of the Russian
culture.
End of the XIV - XV centuries. characterized by the beginning of a long process
fusion of local literary, architectural, artistic
schools into a single national all-Russian school. Continued
the process of the formation of the Russian people.
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2 slide
The aim of the project is To study Russian culture of the XIV-XV centuries, to show that it reflects historical events, processes taking place in Russia.
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hypothesis If the works created by Russian masters are not inferior to the best world examples, then the rise in spirituality was really very high.
5 slide
Iconography Icon "The Don Mother of God" The first mention of the icon "The Don Mother of God" dates back to 1380. According to legend, it was brought with them by the Don Cossacks, who arrived in 1380 to help the Grand Duke Dmitry Ioannovich. During the Battle of Kulikovo, the icon "The Donskaya Mother of God" was among the Russian army. After the battle, the image was presented to Prince Dmitry Ioannovich.
6 slide
A. Rublev "Trinity" The icon "Trinity", painted in 1425-1427 by the famous Russian master Andrei Rublev, as a temple image entered the iconostasis of the Trinity Cathedral of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. The plot of the icon is based on the legendary biblical story about the appearance of the righteous Abraham and Sarah of three beautiful youths, symbolizing the trinity of God in the Christian religion (God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit).
7 slide
A. Rublev (about 1360 / 70-1427) Chronicles have preserved very little information about this great painter. Andrei Rublev was a monk of the Trinity-Sergiev Monastery, and then the Spaso-Andronikov Monastery. He was probably tonsured very early. Together with Theophanes the Greek and Prokhor from Gorodets, Rublev painted the Annunciation Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin (1405). Later, in 1408, together with Daniil Cherny he worked on the painting of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir. In the 20s of the XIV century, Andrei Rublev worked in the Savior Cathedral of the Andronikov Monastery in Moscow. In 1425-1427, Daniil Cherny and Andrei Rublev painted frescoes and icons for the Trinity Cathedral in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.
8 slide
Architecture Novodevichy Convent in Moscow The Novodevichy Convent in Moscow was founded in 1524 by Grand Duke Vasily III Ioannovich on the occasion of the victory over the Lithuanians and the return of Smolensk to the Russian state. In 1524-1525, the Smolensk Cathedral was erected in the monastery, built on the model of the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. In the Smolensk Cathedral of the Novodevichy Convent in 1598, Boris Fedorovich Godunov was elected to the kingdom. Near the cathedral, towering above the monastery, there is a multi-tiered bell tower topped with a gilded dome. It was built in 1690, not far from the monastery refectory, erected in 1685-1687. IN
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The Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery was founded in 1479 near Volokolamsk by the monk Joseph Volotskiy (in the world Ivan Sanin). In the XV-XVII centuries the monastery was the religious and political center of the Russian state. Here in 1610 the deposed Tsar Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky was imprisoned. Over the centuries-old history of its existence, the monastery has repeatedly withstood invasions, was destroyed, however, then it was rebuilt again. The architectural ensemble of the monastery included powerful fortress walls with hipped-roof towers (1543-1566, rebuilt in 1676-1688, architect T. Ignatiev), a church
10 slide
Frescoes Frescoes of the Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior on Ilyin Street in Novgorod In 1378, by order of the noble boyar and residents of Ilyin Street in Novgorod, the famous master Theophan the Greek painted the local Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior. The frescoes are painted in a monochromatic manner characteristic of the master. The characters of Theophanes the Greek have tremendous power of emotional impact on the viewer, their movements are full of irresistible power. The master managed to show the greatness and inexhaustible strength of the human spirit.
11 slide
Laurentian Chronicle The Laurentian Chronicle is a Russian annalistic collection named after the monk Laurentia, who wrote it off, as can be seen from the postscript, in 1377 by order of the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal prince Dmitry Konstantinovich. The work was based on the Vladimir vault of 1305. The chronicle is written on 173 sheets of parchment. It begins with the oldest extant edition of the Tale of Bygone Years. In the 19th century, the Laurentian Chronicle was presented to Tsar Alexander I by the Russian archeographer Alexei Ivanovich Musin-Pushkin.
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