Presentation on the topic: Causes of the First World War. The beginning of the war between the Entente countries and the Triple Alliance

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Presentation on the topic: Causes of the First World War. The beginning of the war between the Entente countries and the Triple Alliance

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Causes and pretext for war Aggravation of contradictions between the leading states: - Anglo-German - in the economic sphere and in the colonial question (in China and Africa); - Franco-German - in the territorial issue (Alsace and Lorraine), because of the colonies (in Africa), in the economic sphere; - Russia and Austria-Hungary - due to the influence in the Balkans; - Russian-German - in the economic sphere.

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Reasons and reason for the war The reason for the war was the murder of June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo G. The principle of the successor to the Austrian and Hungarian throne Ferdinand and the refusal of the Serbian government on July 25, 1914 to accept the terms of the Austrian ultimatum of July 23, 191.

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Military-strategic plans of the Entente Russia planned simultaneous hostilities on two fronts in response to France's demand - against Germany in East Prussia and against Austria-Hungary in Galicia. If Germany first attacked Russia, then the Russian-German front became the main one, if France, then the main blow was inflicted on Austria-Hungary. The French "plan number 17" provided for the transition to the offensive of French troops against the Germans in the Verdun area (eastern France), but only in response to enemy actions. England envisaged a blockade of Germany by its fleet. Operations on land were not planned.

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Military-strategic plans of the Triple Alliance The German Schlieffen plan (which was adopted in 1905) provided for a lightning-fast defeat of France in 6-8 weeks in the event of a war on two fronts, while the Russian army was mobilized, and then the transfer of all forces to the east and the defeat of Russia The Austro-Hungarian plan envisaged military operations against Russia and in the Balkans. Depending on Russia's actions, either a quick defeat of Serbia and a strategic defense against Russia, or a joint defeat of Russia with Germany with an offensive defeat of Serbia was assumed.

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The outbreak of hostilities in 1914 July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Russia, in order to restrain Austria-Hungary, announced a mobilization on July 31. Germany used c as an excuse to declare war on Russia. On August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia and began its own mobilization. This was the beginning of the First World War. On August 2, German troops pushed into the territory of a neutral state - Luxembourg (to ensure an offensive against Belgium and France). On August 3, 1914, Germany declared war on France. On August 4, 1914, German troops broke into Belgium, violating its internationally recognized neutrality. Taking advantage of this, Great Britain on the same day declared war on Germany. August 6, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia. A few days later it was in a state of war with other Entente states. On August 23, 1914, Japan declared war on Germany and seized its colonies in China. On October 29, 1914, without declaring war, German ships under the Turkish flag fired on the Russian Black Sea coast. Russia declared war on Turkey, England on the 5th, and France on the 6th. On November 12, Turkey proclaimed "I sacred war" (jihad) of England, France and Russia.

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Beginning of hostilities in 1914 At the beginning of August, German troops, in accordance with Schlieffen's plan, went to France through Belgium, bypassing French troops from the north (the so-called "sickle strikes"). The threat of the defeat of the French army and the fall of Paris forced the Russian command to abandon the guards corps under the command of Samsonov and Renenkampf into East Prussia even before the end of the mobilization of troops. Saving the estates of the Prussian cadets, the German command transferred part of the troops from France to the east, which defeated the Russian troops, but could not completely defeat them. This halted the pace of the German offensive in France. In August-September, a successful offensive of Russian troops began in Galicia, which led to the capture of Western Ukraine (Lvov, the siege of Przemysl) and the exit to the Carpathian passes by the end of the year. In September, when German troops approached Paris, the Battle of the Marne took place, in which the French managed to stop the German advance. The front has stabilized. Attempts to bypass each other from the north (the so-called "run to the sea") caused the continuation of the front line up to 600 km. The exhaustion of the sides, the expenditure of ammunition led to the beginning of a "positional war" on the western front.

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The beginning of hostilities in 1914 In the Balkans, the Serbian army, taking advantage of the weakening of the Austro-Hungarian troops due to the "Galician operation", launched a counteroffensive and on December 15 liberated Belgrade, driving the enemy out of Serbia's borders. On the Caucasian front, which was formed after Turkey entered the war, Russian troops were the attempts of the Turks to seize Russian territories and the successful Sarikamish operation (December 22, 1914 - January 7, 1915) were reflected, which ended in the defeat of the Turkish 3rd Army.In Mesopatamia, British troops tried to take control of the oil-bearing regions (Basra), and in Palestine They managed to stop the offensive of Turkish troops in the direction of the Suez Canal. Japan, having entered the war, captured the German colonies in China and did not conduct further active actions. In Africa, German troops, given the superiority of the Entente forces, switched to partisan warfare. Thus, in 1914. neither side was able to implement their strategic plans to defeat the enemy. The depletion of military supplies and an equivalent confrontation caused the transition to trench warfare (primarily on the Western Front).

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LESSON PLAN

2 Reasons and reason for the war Military-strategic plans of the parties Beginning of hostilities in 1914

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Reasons and reason for war

3 Aggravation of contradictions between the leading states: - Anglo-German - in the economic sphere and in the colonial question (in China and Africa); - Franco-German - in the territorial issue (Alsace and Lorraine), because of the colonies (in Africa), in the economic sphere; - Russia and Austria-Hungary - due to the influence in the Balkans; - Russian-German - in the economic sphere.

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4 The arms race of the leading states led to their accumulation of military reserves. Germany, which had previously managed to carry out rearmament, received a real chance for a military victory in the "lightning war".

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5 The existence of military-political blocs - the Entente and the Triple Alliance - gave rise to the aggressiveness of the member countries of the alliances, since the strengthening of their military potential made them less compliant in critical situations.

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6 The reason for the war was the murder on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo. The principle of the successor to the Austrian and Hungarian throne Ferdinand and the refusal of the Serbian government on July 25, 1914 to accept the terms of the Austrian ultimatum of July 23, 191.

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7 LED BRITAIN FRANCE RUSSIAN EMPIRE 1904 1893 1902 ANTANTA ANTANTA FORMATION

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Military-strategic plans of the Entente

8 Russia, in response to the demand of France, planned simultaneous hostilities on two fronts - against Germany in East Prussia and against Austria-Hungary in Galicia. If Germany first attacked Russia, then the Russian-German front became the main one; if France, then the main blow was inflicted on Austria-Hungary. The French "plan number 17" envisaged the transition to the offensive of French troops against the Germans in the Verdun area (eastern France), but only in response to enemy actions. England envisaged a blockade by her fleet of Germany. Operations on land were not planned.

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FORMATION OF THE TRINITY UNION

9 GERMAN EMPIRE AUSTRIAN-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE ITALY TRIPLE UNION 1882

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Military strategic plans of the Triple Alliance

10 German Schlieffen's plan (which was adopted in 1905) envisaged, in the event of a war on two fronts, a lightning-fast defeat of France in 6-8 weeks, while the mobilization of the Russian army was going on, and then the transfer of all forces eastward and the defeat of Russia. The Austro-Hungarian plan envisaged military operations against Russia and in the Balkans. Depending on the actions of Russia, either a quick defeat of Serbia and a strategic defense against Russia, or a common defeat of Russia with Germany with an offensive defeat of Serbia was assumed.

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The beginning of hostilities in 1914

11 July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Russia, in order to restrain Austria-Hungary, announced a mobilization on July 31. Germany used q as a pretext to declare war on Russia. On August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia and began its own mobilization. This was the beginning of the First World War. On August 2, German troops pushed into the territory of a neutral state - Luxembourg (to ensure an offensive on Belgium and France). On August 3, 1914, Germany declared war on France. On August 4, 1914, German troops broke into Belgium, violating its internationally recognized neutrality. Taking advantage of this, Great Britain declared war on Germany on the same day. August 6, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia. And a few days later she found herself at war with other Entente states. On August 23, 1914, Japan declared war on Germany and captured her colonies in China. On October 29, 1914, without a declaration of war, German ships under the Turkish flag shelled the Russian Black Sea coast. On November 1, 1914, Russia declared war on Turkey, England on the 5th, and France on the 6th. On November 12, Turkey proclaimed "I sacred war" (jihad) of England, France and Russia.

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12  At the beginning of August, in accordance with Schlieffen's plan, German troops went to France through Belgium, outflanking the French troops from the north (the so-called “sickle strikes”).  The threat of the defeat of the French army and the fall of Paris forced the Russian command to abandon the guards corps under the command of Samsonov and Renenkampf to East Prussia even before the end of the mobilization of troops. Saving the estates of the Prussian cadets, the German command transferred part of the troops from France to the east, which defeated the Russian troops, but could not completely defeat them. This halted the pace of the German offensive in France.  In August-September, the successful offensive of Russian troops in Galicia began, which led to the capture of Western Ukraine (Lvov, the siege of Przemysl) and the exit to the Carpathian passes by the end of the year.  In September, when German troops approached Paris, the Battle of the Marne took place, in which the French managed to stop the advance of the Germans. The front has stabilized. Attempts to bypass each other from the north (the so-called "run to the sea") caused the continuation of the front line up to 600 km. The exhaustion of the sides, the expenditure of ammunition led to the beginning of a "positional war" on the western front.

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13 On the Balkans, the Serb army, taking advantage of the weakening of the Austro-Hungarian troops as a result of the "Galician operation", launched a counteroffensive and on December 15 liberated Belgrade, driving the enemy out of the borders of Serbia. On the Caucasian front, which was formed after Turkey entered the war, Russian troops repelled the attempts of the Turks to seize Russian territories and the successful Sarikamish operation (December 22, 1914 - January 7, 1915), which ended in the defeat of the Turkish 3rd Army. In Mesopatamia, British troops tried to take control of the oil-bearing regions (Basra), and in Palestine, they managed to halt the Turkish advance towards the Suez Canal. Japan, having entered the war, captured the German colonies in China and did not conduct further active actions. In the African German troops, given the superiority of the Entente forces, they switched to partisan warfare. Thus, in 1914. neither side was able to implement their strategic plans to defeat the enemy. The depletion of military supplies and an equivalent confrontation caused the transition to trench warfare (primarily on the Western Front).

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World War I (1914-1918)

Prepared by: history teacher Yu.V. Shusherov

1. The main characteristics of the war

2. The beginning of the war

3. Objectives of the belligerent powers

4. Major hostilities and events

5. Results and consequences of the war

Military-political alliances on the eve of the war.

Triple Alliance 1882 .

Entente 1907

England, France, Russia,

Germany, Austria-Hungary

and 30 more countries

Common features 1.Active colonial policy.

2. Each country pursues its own selfish goals.

Differences : 1.Antanta folds in response to block creation

Central Powers.

and the economic balance in Europe.

3. The triple alliance unites the countries of the second

echelon of modernization.

Cause

Balkans -

Hotbed of international tension

Balkan Wars. Threat of a pan-European conflict

"Bosnian crisis" caused by annexation Austria-Hungary Bosnia and Herzegovina with the support of Germany

Struggle of European countries for the Turkish inheritance and influence on politics in the Balkans

The beginning of the first world war

Entente

1914-1918

Triple Alliance

Austro-hungary

Germany

Murder in Sarajevo of the heir to the Austrian throne

Targets of the belligerent powers

Crush France and Russia

Annex the Baltic and Polish lands of Russia

Capture French colonies in Africa

Settle in the Middle East and Turkey

Subjugate the Balkan States

Capture the Bosphorus and Dardanelles

Assert your dominance in the Balkans

Reunite all Polish lands

Stop German expansion

Return of Elsis, Lorraine and the capture of the Saar

Partition of Turkish territories

Major battles and events

1914 -1915

Eastern front

Western front

German invasion of Belgium, France by " schlieffen's plan ».

The offensive of Russian troops in East Prussia and Galicia.

Battle of the Marne ... Withdrawal of German troops to the Aisne River.

Retreat of Russian troops from East Prussia.

September

Breakthrough by the German forces of the front in Galicia. The retreat of the Russian troops. September 1915 - the formation of the Quadruple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey)

End of 1914

Transition from maneuverable to positional warfare.

The first use by the German command of chemical warfare agents (chlorine) in the area of \u200b\u200bYpres.

April-May 1915

Front stabilization. Trench warfare.

September

1916 -1917

-Battle of Verdun. -Jutland sea \u200b\u200bbattle.

March 1916

Brusilov breakthrough German-Austrian front.

Anglo-French attack on the Somme , the first use of tanks.

June August.

July August.

Germany's transition to strategic defense.

Submarine war of Germany. Declaration in April 1917 of the war between Germany and the USA.

End of 1916

Milyukov's note on Russia's participation in the war to a victorious end.

April 1917

Unsuccessful French offensive near Arras "Nivelle Slaughterhouse".

July-Autumn

British troops are trying to break through the German front in the Ypres region.

The capture of Riga by German troops, the occupation of a part of the Baltic.

1918

Truce between Soviet Russia and Germany.

December 1917

The occupation of Bessarabia by Romania.

1918, winter.

The offensive of German troops in the Paris direction, the use of troops transferred from the Eastern Front (Arras, Marne). Hindenburg plan.

Brest Peace between Germany and Russia

Battle of Amiens.

March-July

September-November

General offensive of the Entente troops. Defeat of the countries of the Quadruple Alliance. Compiegne Armistice.

Results and consequences of the war

Compiegne truce

Terms Compiegne truce:

1. Immediate withdrawal of German troops from the western occupied territories and the left bank of the Rhine

2. Immediate repatriation without reciprocity of all prisoners of war

3. Concession by the German army of the following military material: 5 thousand cannons, 25 thousand machine guns, 3 thousand mortars and 1700 airplanes

4. Return of all German troops to Germany

Brest Peace

1. Russia's refusal from the territories of Estonia, Latvia

2. Withdrawal of Russian troops from Finland, Ukraine

3. The return of the fortresses of Kars, Ardahan, Batum to Turkey

4. Demobilization of the Russian army and navy

5 . Contribution 6bn. stamps

Treaty of Versailles

Agreement conditions:

• colonies .

2. Germany had to pay reparations a total of 132 billion gold marks (52% - France, 22% - Great Britain, 10% - Italy, 8% - Belgium);

3. The imposition of military restrictions on Germany - it was forbidden to have a submarine fleet, large surface ships, tank formations, military and naval aviation, the maximum number of the army was determined at 100 thousand people. The general conscription was abolished.

4. Demilitarization of the Rhineland. The occupation of the Rhineland by the Allied forces for a period of 15 years.

5. Germany was found guilty of unleashing a world war.

• Germany lost 1/8 of its territory and all of its colonies .

July 1.28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia on July 2.31, 1914. Russia announces general mobilization on August 3.1, 1914. Germany declares war on Russia on August 4.3, 1914. Germany declares war on France on July 5.4, 1914. Great Britain declares war on Germany after breaching Belgian neutrality

The Entente Quarter Union Russia (from August 1, 1914) Austria-Hungary (from July 28, 1914) France (from August 3, 1914) Germany (from August 1, 1914) Great Britain (from August 4, 1914) Ottoman Empire (from October 30 1914) Italy (from 23 May 1915) Bulgaria (from 14 October 1915) USA (from 6 April 1917)

Germany seize the colonies of France and Great Britain seize part of the European territory of Russia Austria-Hungary seize part of the western territories from Russia end Serbia and bring the Balkans under control Kaiser Wilhelm II Emperor Franz Joseph

France to return Alsace-Lorraine to seize Syria and Palestine Great Britain to crush Germany as the main rival Russian Empire to ensure control over the Black Sea straits to annex Galicia to provide assistance to the Balkan peoples President of France R. Poincare King of Great Britain George V Russian Emperor Nicholas II The war was just for Serbia and Belgium

German general A. Schlieffen in 1905. developed a plan for a lightning war (blitzkrieg) Germany was supposed to first defeat France (invasion through Belgium), and then Russia (will not have time to mobilize forces) Chief of the General Staff of Germany G. von Moltke Chief of the General Staff of Germany G. von Moltke

Strengthening state regulation of the economy restricting political rights and freedoms creating an "enemy image" lengthening the working day growth of corporate profits introduction of the rationing system worsening living conditions of the population increasing discontent as the war drags on Queue for bread Bombing of London

Defeats in 1915 led to massive discontent. The Cadets put forward the idea of \u200b\u200ba government of "popular confidence". A Progressive Bloc of several parties supporting this idea is being created in the Duma. November 1, 1916 - speech of the leader of the cadets P.N. Milyukov with the question: "What is this: stupidity or treason?"

In August 1915. Nicholas II holds the post of supreme commander in chief. Now he was responsible for the failures in the war. Previously, this post was held by the Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich. The role of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, influenced by the dissolute elder Grigory Rasputin, increased. The "ministerial leapfrog" began (4 prime ministers during the war years). Discontent grows. In December 1916. the leader of the monarchists V.M. Purishkevich, Prince F.F. Yusupov kill Rasputin

12, 8 million peasants went to the front Mobilized demanded tax cuts for their families, payment of benefits. The peasants did not want to hand over their grain. 1916 - the introduction of food appropriation Food appropriation is the obligatory delivery of all surplus grain to the state at fixed prices.

February 1917 - overthrow of the monarchy October 1917 - overthrow of the Provisional Government of A.F. Kerensky and the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks on March 3, 1918. - the conclusion of a separate peace with Germany by Soviet Russia in Brest-Litovsk, Russia was losing Poland, part of the Baltic states, Bessarabia, Western Ukraine and Belarus

Strategic initiative in the hands of the Entente April 1917 - "Nivelle massacre" (unsuccessful offensive of the French) (500 thousand French were killed) November 1917. - Battle of Cambrai. The British first used a massive tank attack (400 tanks) of the Grave. Northern France German Albatross

1. Soroko-Tsyupa O.S., Soroko-Tsyupa A.O. The latest history of foreign countries, XX-early XXI century: a textbook for the 9th grade of educational institutions / O.S. Soroko-Tsyupa, A.O. Soroko-Tsyupa. - 7th ed. - M .: Education, p. 2. Danilov A.A. History of Russia, XX-early XXI century: textbook for the 9th grade of educational institutions / A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina, M. Yu. Brandt. - 2nd edition. - M .: Education, p. 3. Site materials

The First World War: the Triple Alliance and the Entente The work was carried out by pupils of the 9th grade of the secondary school № 4 Kolomnikov Denis and Churbanov Alexey

TRIPLE UNION TRIPLE UNION is a coalition of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, which emerged in 1882 and played a major role in unleashing the World War 1914-18.

Having concluded an alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879, Germany, in order to isolate France, energetically sought a new ally in the person of Italy. Bismarck used the struggle for the capture of Tunisia in order to first, in order to isolate France, embroil Italy with her, and then force Italy to move closer not only to Germany, but also to Austria. Hungary.

In 1881, France occupied Tunisia. Bismarck encouraged the Italian ambassador, but stressed that "Italy can find the keys to German doors only in Vienna." Having received this instruction, the Italian government took appropriate steps in Austria. As a result of negotiations on 20. V 1882 in Vienna an allied treaty was concluded between Germany and Austria. Hungary and Italy.

According to Art. 1 the parties to the treaty promised a friend "peace and friendship", pledged not to take part in any alliances or obligations directed against one of them, to consult among themselves on "political and economic issues of a general nature" and to provide each other with mutual support "within their own boundaries. interests ".

According to Art. 2 Germany and Austria-Hungary pledged to provide Italy with "assistance and assistance with all their strength" in the event that she "without a direct challenge from her side would be attacked by France for any reason", and Italy pledged to do the same in the event unprovoked French attack on Germany. As for Austria-Hungary, it was exempted from providing assistance to Germany against France - it was assigned the role of a reserve in case Russia entered the war, etc.

The Second Allied Treaty of the T. s. was signed in Berlin on 20. II 1887. He confirmed all the provisions of the 1882 treaty and set its validity until 30. V 1892. At the same time, separate Italian-Austrian and Italo-German treaties were signed in Berlin, complementing the obligations of the 1882 treaty.

The Italian-Austrian treaty obliged its participants to try to maintain the territorial status quo in the East. If the preservation of this status quo in the Balkans, or on the Turkish coast, or on the islands of the Adriatic and Aegean Seas would have been impossible and the above-mentioned areas would have been occupied by Italy and Austria-Hungary, then it was envisaged that "this occupation will follow only after a preliminary agreement between the two the named Powers, based on the principle of compensation for any territorial or other acquisition in excess of the current status quo. " The Italian-German treaty contained the same commitment to maintain the territorial status quo in the East, but left a free hand for both sides on the question of Egypt.

For the third time, T. s. was signed in Berlin on 6. V 1891. Its text repeated all the provisions of the treaty of 1882. In addition, according to Art. 9 treaties of 1891, Germany and Italy pledged to make efforts to preserve the territorial status quo in Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and Tunisia. It was further added: "It goes without saying that in the event of such a case, both powers will also try to enter into an agreement with England." The contract was concluded for 6 years.

The additional protocol attached to the treaty stated that since it was possible to achieve, in principle, the accession of England to the resolution of the treaty concerning the East, that is, the territory of the Ottoman Empire, the contracting parties would make every effort "to achieve a similar accession with respect to the North African territories in central and western Mediterranean, including Morocco. " However, hopes for an alliance with England did not come true. The British rejected the repeated proposals for such an alliance, which were made by Chancellor Caprivi.

The fourth allied treaty between Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy was signed in Berlin on 28. VI 1902, completely reproduced the text of the previous, third allied treaty, was concluded for the same 6-year period and with the same extension conditions. In a secret declaration communicated to the Italian government on 30. VI 1902, the Austro-Hungarian government announced that it was striving to maintain the territorial status quo in the East, but would not do anything that could interfere with the actions of Italy dictated by its interests in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica.

The fifth contract T. c. was signed in Vienna on 5. XII 1912. The content of this treaty is identical to the content of the treaties of 1891 and 1902. The treaty of 1912 was in the history of T. s. last; during the World War that began a year and a half later, Italy went over to the side of the Entente powers, and T. s. broke up.

Entente ANTANTA - an alliance of Great Britain, France and Russia; took shape in 1904-1907 and united in the course of the First World War (1914 -1918) against the coalition of the Central Powers more than 20 states (among them the USA, Japan, Italy). The formation of the Entente was preceded by the conclusion of the Russian-French alliance in 1891-1893 in response to the creation of the Triple Alliance (1882), led by Germany.

Russia and France were allies bound by mutual military obligations defined by the military convention of 1892 and subsequent decisions of the general staffs of both states. The British government, despite the contacts between the British and French general staffs and the naval command, established respectively in 1906 and 1912, did not take on certain military obligations. The formation of the Entente softened the differences between its members, but did not eliminate them. In turn, the Entente countries, preparing for a war with Germany, took steps to sever Italy and Austria. Hungary from the Triple Alliance.

After the outbreak of the First World War, in September 1914 in London, an agreement was signed between Great Britain, France and Russia not to conclude a separate peace, replacing the allied military treaty. In October 1915, Japan joined this agreement, which in August 1914 declared war on Germany.

In the course of the war, new states gradually joined the Entente. By the end of the war, the states of the anti-German coalition (not counting Russia, which withdrew from the war after the October Revolution) included Great Britain, France, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Haiti, Guatemala, Honduras, Greece, Italy, China, Cuba, Liberia, Nicaragua, Panama , Peru, Portugal, Romania, San Domingo, San Marino, Serbia, Siam, USA, Uruguay, Montenegro, Hijaz, Ecuador, Japan.

The main members of the Entente - Great Britain, France and Russia, from the first days of the war entered into secret negotiations on the goals of the war. The British-French-Russian agreement (1915) provided for the passage of the Black Sea straits to Russia, the London Treaty (1915) between the Entente and Italy determined the territorial acquisitions of Italy at the expense of Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Albania. After the October Revolution, the Entente organized an armed intervention against Soviet Russia - on December 23, 1917, Great Britain and France signed a corresponding agreement. In March 1918, the Entente's intervention began, but the campaigns against Soviet Russia ended in failure.

The goals that the Entente set for themselves were achieved after the defeat of Germany in the First World War, but the strategic alliance between the leading countries of the Entente - Great Britain and France - remained in the following decades.