, Biology
Class: 10
The lesson is recommended to be held in grade 10 (specialized training) after studying the topics "Cytology", "Reproduction and development of organisms". Lesson - theoretical seminar is conducted on modular technology with a wide coverage of students' knowledge: from the courses "Plants", "Animals" and the basics of the structure and life of the cell. The duration of the lesson is 90 minutes (2 academic hours). The main methodological goal of the lesson: systematization and generalization of students' knowledge and the formation of the concept "Life cycle".
Preparation for the lesson. The teacher prepares preliminary assignments: algorithms for preparing differentiated homework assignments by groups ( appendix 1) .
There is also a corresponding change in mitosis and meiosis: sporophyte (diplophase) - meiosis - spores - mitosis - gametophyte (haplophase) - mitosis - gametes - zygote - mitosis - sporophyte (diplophase).
In order to clarify other ways of alternating nuclear phases, the life cycles of a frog (class Amphibians appendix 5, slide 9) and the life cycle of Chlamydomonas ( appendix 5, slide 7), the life cycle of gymnosperms using the example of Scots pine ( appendix 5, slide 8).
As a result of the discussion, it turns out that there are the following types of changes in nuclear phases in the life cycles of different organisms:
- life cycle with intermediate reduction of nuclear phases
The last group covers the life cycle of the Plasmodium malaria in order to clarify the alternation in the life cycle of different methods of reproduction. After the group's speech, the students draw up schemes for the alternation of reproduction methods using the life cycle schemes of jellyfish and chlamydomonas ( slides 11,12 Appendix 5 ).
Thus, the life cycle is a change in a different number of generations, which are repeated in a certain sequence as a result of different methods of reproduction.
Independent work is carried out in order to generalize and consolidate the patterns identified in the study of the life cycles of various organisms. Students according to the proposed algorithm perform work and voice the results of the work in front of the class (Appendix 1 life cycles of the hepatic fluke and representatives of the Scyphoid class) ( appendix 5slide 13 ).
Generalization is carried out according to generalizing schemes. ( appendix 5slides 14-16 ). Generalizing schemes can be drawn up by the students themselves in groups in the course of independent work. To activate the work in this case, they can be offered terms, silent drawings, unfinished schemes. The degree of assistance provided depends on the preparedness of the students. If you are confident that the students in this group can cope with the proposed work, they can be offered the topic of a generalizing scheme. For example, in this tutorial I usually suggest the following topics:
- draw up a generalizing diagram of the life cycle with a zygotic reduction of nuclear phases,
- to draw up a generalizing diagram of the life cycle with intermediate reduction of nuclear phases,
- to draw up a generalizing diagram of the life cycle with gametic reduction of nuclear phases.
Or the teacher suggests a generalizing scheme. Naturally, this depends on what goals the teacher pursues when working at this stage of the lesson .
In order to check the level of assimilation of the studied material, knowledge control is carried out before summing up the results of the lesson (Appendix 5, slides 17-21)... Students are offered 4 options for assignments (Appendix No. 3).
The generalization of knowledge according to generalizing schemes and the implementation of the final control with individual cards in one lesson can be used only if the students know the material very well and the minimum part of the study time is spent on the first part of the lesson. In my practice, I use different options. The main thing is that the lesson brings maximum satisfaction to both the teacher and the students and the goal is achieved.
Another option for generalization is that the leaders of the project teams prepare a publication - the booklet "Life Cycles" and present it as their creative work (Appendix 4).
In the final part of the lesson, the results are summarized and graded.
Literature
- M.B. Berkinblit, S.M. Glagolev, V.A. Furalev General Biology. MIROS M, 1999
- G.P. Yakovlev, L.V. Averyanov Botany for a teacher, M. Enlightenment. 1996
- N.V. Chebyshev, S.V. Kuznetsov, S.G. Zaichikova Biology A manual for those entering universities. M. New Wave 2004.
- ON THE. Krasilnikov, A.A. Uranov Encyclopedia of Plant Life. M Enlightenment 1974
- Yu.I. Polyansky Encyclopedia of Animal Life. M. Enlightenment 1987.
- THEM. Sharova Zoology of invertebrates
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Slide captions:
sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction Differs in the presence of a sexual process Occurs with the participation of haploid germ cells - gametes Gametes are formed in special organs of males and females The genetic material of the parent individuals is combined, as a result of which the genetic diversity of the offspring and its viability increase
Species depending on the cells produced Separated females, males Bisexual hermaphrodites
Male reproductive system Female reproductive system
Male reproductive system Internal testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, external penis, scrotum
Male reproductive system Testis Vas deferens Sperm Prostate Urethra Mature sperm The width of a human sperm is about 0.005 mm, length is 0.06-0.07 mm, and weight is 0.000000005 g. 1 cm 3 of sperm contains from 20 to 60 million spermatozoa. mps
Human sex cells acrosome
Female reproductive system Internal ovary fallopian tubes uterus vagina External labia
Ovaries Mature ovum Fertilization Vagina Oviduct Uterus Fallopian tubes Ovum diameter is 0.15 mm, weight is 0.000003g. Female reproductive system The ovary of a newborn girl weighs 0.2 g and contains about 400,000 immature germ cells
Human sex cells
The structure of the sex cells Signs Female gametes Male gametes Shapes and sizes Structural features Number of chromosomes Main functions
Find the correspondence: Concepts Categories Concept content 1. reproduction 8. cell 13. reproduction of one's own kind 2. ovum 9. process 14. fusion of germ cells 3. spermatozoa 10. organ 15. formed in the ovaries 4. fertilization 11. gland 16. intended for bearing a fetus 5. testicles 12. organism 17. produces oocytes 6. uterus 18. formed in the testes 7. ovaries 19. produces sperm
On the subject: methodological developments, presentations and notes
Lesson development for grade 6. Work in groups is presented. During the lesson, all the students in the class answer at the blackboard ...
Lesson 64: Life Cycles. Reproduction.
Objectives:
Educational: to give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe life cycles of individual individuals and the conditions for the existence of a species;to reveal the concept of reproduction, its role and features; to identify the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual in adaptation to the environment; to acquaint with the male and female reproductive systems, the formation and development of the embryo, with the causes of menstruation and emission.
Educational: fostering a healthy lifestyle, increasing interest in biological sciences.
Developing: continue to form the ability to independently work with literature and additional sources, develop the ability to creative and logical thinking, the ability to concisely express their thoughts.
Equipment: tables "Scheme of fertilization and development of the embryo", "Male reproductive system", "Female reproductive system".
Lesson type: combined.
During the classes.
Organizational moment.
Knowledge update.
Individual survey on questions after §59 or:
To reveal the role of the pituitary gland in the regulation of growth and development.
Explain the significance and functions of the thyroid gland and the consequences of their disorders.
To highlight the importance of the endocrine glands in the individual development of the organism.
Find out the role of the adrenal glands in the adaptation of the body to increased stress.
Goal setting and motivation.
People often ask themselves the question: “Why did we come to this world? What is the purpose of man on this Earth? Work? Study? Travel?"
For a long time man has been worried about another question about the immortality of the soul and body. How many recipes for eternal existence, elixirs of youth have been invented, but to this day the problem remains unresolved. Many smart heads have labored to answer these questions.
The answer lies in the powerful instinct inherent in all living things - to leave behind offspring. Our children have a part of ourselves and our parents too. As long as children are born, it means we are immortal, since they contain the genes of our kind.
So, the topic of today's lesson is “Life cycles. Reproduction ".
The Lord said “Be fruitful and multiply” (in the great book “Bible”) and he did everything for this. There are many wonders of the world in the world, but one of them, in my opinion, is the most perfect creation - the human body (photos of paintings and sculptures of a person made by various artists). Everything is beautiful in him, there is nothing shameful, and many poets and artists glorified the beauty of the human body.
Learning new material.
All living things in our world have their own logical chain - birth, youth, maturity and death. This applies to a plant, to an animal, to a person or an insect - during different periods of time, all living things go through these stages. In other words, it can be called mandatory alternation of life cycles.
Life cycle - is a set of processes performed from the moment the needs of society for a certain product are identified until the moment these needs are met and the product is disposed of.
Answer the questions:
What is life?
What is a living organism or an individual?
What do you think “reproduction” means?
The root “plurality” in the word “reproduction” indicates that this process is aimed at increasing the number. This is one of the fundamental properties of living things - the reproduction of their own kind.
Even the smallest non-cellular structures - viruses, even if not independently, but with the help of the host cell, also multiply. In the course of evolution over billions of years in nature, several main ways or methods of reproduction have arisen.
Reproduction - the inherent property of all living organisms to reproduce their own kind, ensuring the continuity and continuity of life.
What are the types of reproduction that you know from previous biology courses?
Reproduction
Sexless Sexual
Dividing Spores Vegetative
RT assignment number 220-221.
What method of reproduction is most common in nature, both in plants and animals?
Why is the sexual reproduction method more progressive in the organic world?
The change of generations of people is associated with reproduction, which is characteristic of all living things, however, unlike representatives of the animal world, people have a highly developed consciousness and try to build their families on the basis of mutual love and raise children.
Sexual reproduction can take place subject to the presence of male and female organisms. Accordingly, these organisms must contain the corresponding reproductive systems in their anatomical structure.
The male reproductive system produces male reproductive cells necessary for reproduction - spermatozoa. Female - an egg.
For the first time, a human sperm was seen in 1677 by A. Levenguk, and in 1853 the penetration of sperm into an egg was described. The author of the research is F. Keber.
Of 100 million sperm, only 1 fertilizes an egg.
The cycle of sperm formation is 70-75 days.
The path of the sperm through the vas deferens is 10-15 days.
In the air, a sperm cell lives for 24 hours, in a woman's body - 3-4 days.
In all cases, the oocytes are large and inactive, and the sperm are small motile, consisting of a head, neck and tail.
Egg cells carry a set of type X chromosomes, while sperm cells carry either X or Y chromosomes. If XX chromosomes merge, a girl is born, XY is a boy.
It is known that the number of chromosomes in different representatives of the Kingdom of Animals is different, for example, the hydra has 32, the rabbit 44, and the cockroach and chimpanzee are the same - 48!
It is important to note that disruption of the structure of the sperm leads to the inability to fertilize. That is, cells with structural defects are sterile.
Each human cell has 46 chromosomes. The egg (fertilized female reproductive cell) has 46 chromosomes.
Why is there chromosome 46 in the egg, and not 92, because the egg is formed as a result of the fusion of two (male and female) sex cells?(Sex cells have a half (haploid) set of chromosomes compared to somatic cells (they have a diploid set of chromosomes))
When a haploid egg is fertilized with a haploid sperm, a new living organism is conceived. As a result of fertilization, a germ cell is formed - a zygote - with a complete (that is, double) set of chromosomes.
- This is the fusion of the male reproductive cell (sperm) with the female (egg, ovum), leading to the formation of a zygote - a new unicellular organism.
During intercourse, sperm cells quickly penetrate the woman's genital tract into the upper part of the uterine, and out of several million, only one penetrates the egg. So it turned out we are with you. So we are originally Winners, because millions of other applicants could have been born.
A fertilized egg - a zygote - begins to divide and descend into the uterus, where it penetrates into its mucous membrane and, over time, a placenta (baby's place) is formed, through which the embryo is fed. It is a disc with a diameter of 20 cm and a thickness of 5 cm, intertwined with the blood vessels of the mother and the child, but they are not united.
In humans and animals, an unborn living organism is calledembryo ... The formation of the embryo occurs mainly during the prenatal period. After birth, a young organism only develops and grows. That is, all vital organs and systems are laid before birth.
Differentiation of the genital organs into male andfemale in man ends by the 8th week intprenatal development.
In the prolongation of the genus, 2 people participate: a man and a woman, and everything in their body is provided for this. They differ from each other externally, as well as the structure of the reproductive organs.
Reproductive system
GenitalsMens
Womens
Outdoor
scrotum
penis
urethra
large labia
small labia
clitoris
vestibule
Internal
Testes
vas deferens
spermatic cord
prostate
Cooper's iron
ovary
uterus
oviduct
vagina
Acquaintance with the structure and functions of the human reproductive systems occurs in the process of independent work with the textbook §60 p.308-310 and the performance of task No. 223 in the RT.
Menstruation - the monthly process of endometrial rejection, accompanied by the release of blood.
Emission - involuntary discharge of sperm.
Primary anchoring.
Answer tests:
1. Reproduction is divided into
A) sexual and asexual
B) sexual and vegetative
C) vegetative and budding.
2. For sexual reproduction you need:
A) the presence of a healthy body
B) the presence of a male and female body
C) the presence of only a female body
3. The male reproductive cell is:
A) ovum
B) testosterone
C) sperm
4. Female reproductive cells mature in:
A) ovaries
B) testes
B) fallopian tubes
5. The zygote has a set of chromosomes:
A) haploid
B) diploid
B) depending on the temperature regime n or 2n.
1. Name the organs of the female reproductive system.
2. Give the definition of "reproduction".
3. Name the breeding function.
4. Describe the life cycles of a person.
Home assignment.
§60, terms after paragraph.
RT task number 222
Reflection.
It is interesting to know that ...
Bed bugs mate by traumatic insemination. This means that the female, in principle, has no genital opening, and the male has to pierce her abdomen with his genital organ, injecting sperm there.
Giant pandas are recognized as an endangered species and have a low birth rate. Female giant pandas are ready to breed only once a year for 72 hours, and only 12 to 24 hours during this period they can be successfully fertilized. Males, on the other hand, have disproportionately small penises, which is why sexual intercourse is possible only in a strictly defined position, and males know this position poorly.
The offspring of seahorses are carried by the male, not the female. On the body of the male there is a special pocket where the female throws eggs. This brood chamber is abundantly supplied with blood and acts as a uterus.
About male reproductive cells
Average volume of one human spermequal to 16-19 microns 3 ... During the day in the testesa person matures up to 100 million sperm.
Chromosome number in some types of organisms
14Sunflower
Potatoes
Cucumber
Apple tree
Earthworm
Fruit fly
Rabbit
Person
About Barr's bodies
One of the methods that played an important role in the study of the problem of sex in humans is the detection in the nuclei of cells of humans and some other mammals of special chromatin formations, known under a double name, namely: sex chromatin or Barr's bodies (named after the author who discovered them in 1949 g.).
Barr's bodies are spherical formations about 1 micron in diameter; they are located near the wall, adjacent to the inner surface of the nuclear envelope. The chromatin nature of Barr's bodies is evidenced, in particular, by the fact that they are stained with the same special dyes as chromosomes.
The origin of Barr's bodies and their relationship to chromosomes will be discussed below. Now we will note their other important feature, which is that they are found only in female somatic cells (i.e., in female animals and in women) and are absent in male somatic cells (i.e., in male animals and in men).
We give preference to the name "Barr's little body" because, firstly, it goes well with numerals, which cannot be said about "sex chromatin" (for example, "two or three Barr's bodies", but not "two or three sex chromatin" ), and, secondly, it more accurately expresses the meaning of the concept, since the nature of Barr's bodies (sex chromatin) is the same, regardless of their number.
In the nuclei of normal females and in females, one Barr's body is found. Barr's bodies were not found in ovogonia.
In addition to humans, Barr's bodies have been found in a monkey, cat, dog, mink, marten, ferret, fox, bear, wolf, goat, deer, raccoon, skunk, coyote, pig, cow, and possum. In rabbits and rodents, including the mouse, the most thoroughly studied in all respects, Barr's body has not been found.
Microscopic examination of animal cells of any of the named species or humans for Barr's bodies makes it possible to determine its sex, so to speak, from behind the eye, without seeing the object of research itself. Hence, it is clear how important this nuclear "label" has acquired in the analysis of the sex types of a person. Analysis for Barr's little bodies can be done easily, quickly and with a fairly reliable result, and not only in adults and animals, but, if necessary, in the early stages of intrauterine development of a human fetus. In adults, a piece of skin or scraping from the oral mucosa is taken for analysis (most easily from the cheek); in practice, they use this last method, as the simplest.
Thus, modern researchers have at their disposal two mutually complementary methods for elucidating individual aspects of the problem of sex in humans: one of them is direct counting of the number of chromosomes and its deviations from the norm, the other is the study of Barr's bodies. Both of them played an important role in clarifying the mechanism of sex determination and the causes of the occurrence of aberrant sex types in humans.
From NN Medvedev's book "Conversations on the Biology of Sex"
Objectives
- Educational: to form knowledge of the life cycles of living organisms; to reveal the concept of reproduction, its role and features;
- Developing: continue to form the ability to independently work with literature and additional sources, develop the ability to creative and logical thinking, the ability to concisely express their thoughts;
- Educational: fostering a healthy lifestyle, increasing interest in biological sciences.
Tasks
1. Expand the concept of life cycle.
2. Consider the phases of the life cycle
3. Determine the importance of reproduction in the life of organisms.
4. To consolidate the training material by completing practical tasks.
Terms and concepts
- The life cycle is a set of processes performed from the moment the needs of society for a certain product are identified until the moment these needs are met and the product is disposed of.
- Reproduction is the inherent property of all living organisms to reproduce their own kind, ensuring the continuity and continuity of life.
- Fertilization - This is the fusion of the male reproductive cell (sperm) with the female (egg, ovum), leading to the formation of a zygote - a new unicellular organism.
- The embryo is a living organism in the early stages of development.
During the classes
Knowledge update
Answer the questions
1. What is life?
2. What is a living organism or an individual?
3. What do you think “reproduction” means?
4. What are the types of reproduction that you know from previous biology courses?
5. What kind of reproduction is inherent in humans?
Learning new material
All living things in our world have their own logical chain - birth, youth, maturity and death. This applies to a plant, to an animal, to a person or an insect - during different periods of time, all living things go through these stages. In other words, it can be called mandatory alternation of life cycles.
Ensures the safety of species, the ability of living organisms to reproduce. What is reproduction, you can learn from the terms given at the beginning of the lesson. Write these terms down in your notebooks.
Reproduction - This is a complex process, specific for each type of living organisms. But there are 2 types of reproduction - sexual and asexual.
Sexual reproduction can take place subject to the presence of male and female organisms. Accordingly, these organisms must contain the corresponding reproductive systems in their anatomical structure. Figures 1 and 2 show, respectively, the structure of the male and female reproductive systems.
Figure: 1 The structure of the male reproductive system
Figure: 2. The structure of the female reproductive system
The male reproductive system produces male reproductive cells necessary for reproduction - spermatozoa. Female - an egg.
Look at figure 3 - it shows the male and female reproductive cells:
Figure: 3 The structure of the sperm and ovum
The task. Sketch in your notebook a diagram of the structure of the female reproductive cell and the male.
The structure of the sperm cell is shown in more detail in Figure 4.
Figure: 4 Sperm structure
It is important to note that disruption of the structure of the sperm leads to the inability to fertilize. That is, cells with structural defects are sterile. An example of a violation of the morphology of spermatozoa you will see in Figure 5.
Figure: 5. Disorders of sperm morphology
The following video shows the principle of the male reproductive system.
Now look at Figure 6 - it schematically shows data on the female reproductive system. Take a good look at the diagram and sketch it in your workbook.
Figure: 6. Female reproductive system
To better understand the structure of the female reproductive system, watch the video
When a haploid egg is fertilized by a haploid sperm, a new living organism is conceived. As a result of fertilization, an embryonic cell - a zygote - with a complete (i.e. double) set of chromosomes is formed. In humans and animals, an unborn living organism is called an embryo. The formation of the embryo occurs mainly during the prenatal period. After birth, a young organism only develops and grows. That is, all vital organs and systems are laid before birth.
It is important to note that a new organism receives a set of chromosomes equally from its parents.
You can best understand reproduction and fertilization with the following entertaining video:
Consolidation of knowledge
Answer tests:
1. Reproduction is divided into:
A) sexual and asexual
B) sexual and vegetative
C) vegetative and budding.
2. For sexual reproduction you need:
A) the presence of a healthy body
B) the presence of a male and female body
C) the presence of only a female body
3. The male reproductive cell is:
A) ovum
B) testosterone
C) sperm
4. Female reproductive cells mature in:
A) ovaries
B) testes
B) fallopian tubes
5. The zygote has a set of chromosomes:
A) haploid
B) diploid
B) depending on the temperature regime n or 2n.
1. Name the organs of the female reproductive system.
2. Give the definition of "reproduction".
3. Name the breeding function.
4. Describe the life cycles of a person.
To consolidate the material studied, watch the following video again:
Homework
1. Process the textbook material - paragraph 60.
2. Sketch in a notebook the structure of the egg and sperm.
3. Learn the terms given at the beginning of the lesson.
4. Prepare reports on the topic "Human life cycles", "Animal life cycles" (optional)
Bed bugs mate by traumatic insemination. This means that the female basically does not have a genital opening, and the male has to pierce her abdomen with his genital organ, injecting sperm there.
- Giant pandas are recognized as an endangered species and have a low birth rate. Female giant pandas are ready to breed only once a year for 72 hours, and only from 12 to 24 hours during this period they can be successfully fertilized. Males, on the other hand, have disproportionately small penises, which is why sexual intercourse is possible only in a strictly defined position, and males know this position poorly.
- The offspring of seahorses are carried by the male, not the female. On the body of the male there is a special pocket where the female throws eggs. This brood chamber is abundantly supplied with blood and acts as a uterus.
List of sources used
1. Lesson “Life Cycles. Reproduction "Pozdnyakov A.P., teacher of chemistry, biology, school № 8, St. Petersburg
2. Lesson “Reproduction. Features of sexual reproduction "Latvian I.S., teacher biology School № 207, Moscow.
3. Lesson "Human sexual reproduction" Shepel K.A., teacher of biology, school № 58, Donetsk
4. Kolesov D.V. and other Biology. Person. Textbook for grade 8. (3rd ed.) - M .: Bustard, 2012 .-- 336 p.
5. Omelkovets Ya.B. Biology. Testovі zavdannya. 6-11 grades - Kiev: Academy, 2011.- 444s.
Edited and sent by Borisenko I.N.
Worked on the lesson
Borisenko I.N.
A.P. Pozdnyakova
I.S. Latysh
Shepel K.A.
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Slide 1
Reproduction forms of organisms. Life cycle of organisms and the nature of generational changeSlide 2
Characteristics of sexual and asexual reproduction Forms of reproduction Which cells are involved Genetic information changes Genetic information does not change Chromosome set diploid Chromosome set Haploid
Slide 3
Characteristics of sexual and asexual reproduction Forms of reproduction Which cells are involved Genetic information changes Genetic information does not change Chromosome set diploid Chromosome set Haploid Asexual Somatic + + Sexual Sexual + +
Slide 4
Asexual reproduction Division Spore formation Budding Fragmentation Vegetative Polyembryony
Slide 5
Forms of asexual reproduction 1. Division. The most ancient and simplest form of asexual reproduction. Reproduction by cell division is characteristic of unicellular organisms. There are two main methods of division - binary division - division, in which two equivalent daughter cells are formed; multiple division, or schizogony - division in which the mother cell breaks up into a large number of more or less identical daughter cells (malaria plasmodium); multiple fission is subdivided into two phases: the nuclear fission phase; phase of cytoplasmic division.
Slide 6
Forms of asexual reproduction 2. Sporulation. Reproduction by means of spores - specialized cells of fungi and plants. As a rule, the formation of spores occurs in sporangia - unicellular or multicellular structures. If the spores have a flagellum and are mobile, then they are called zoospores (chlamydomonas). But spores can form as a result of sexual reproduction, as, for example, occurs in cap mushrooms.
Slide 7
Forms of asexual reproduction 3. Budding. A method of reproduction, in which an outgrowth is formed on the maternal individual, from which a new individual develops. Moreover, the daughter individual can either separate from the mother and go on to an independent way of life (hydra), or remains attached to it, then a colony is formed.
Slide 8
Forms of asexual reproduction 4. Fragmentation Fragmentation is the division of an individual into two or more parts, each of which develops into a new individual. This method of reproduction is observed in both plants and animals (annelids). Fragmentation is based on the property of regeneration - the ability of some living beings to restore lost organs and tissues.
Slide 9
Forms of asexual reproduction 5. Vegetative reproduction. A form of asexual reproduction, characteristic of many groups of plants. During vegetative propagation, a new individual develops either from a part of the mother, or from special structures (bulb, tuber, etc.) specially designed for vegetative propagation.
Slide 10
Forms of asexual reproduction 6. Polyembryony. It represents reproduction during embryonic development, in which several embryos - twins (identical twins in humans) develop from one zygote. The offspring are always of the same sex.
Slide 11
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