Mechanical fabric. Presentation on "Conductive Tissue" Plant Mechanical Tissue Presentation

Classification of tissues by cell shape: Parenchymal - composed of isodiametric cells: meristems, integumentary Prosenchymal - composed of cells elongated in length (the length exceeds the width by 5-6 times or more): conductive, bast and wood fibers Classification by cellular composition: Simple - composed of of the same type of cells: collenchyma Complex - composed of morphologically different cytological elements: xylem, periderm Classification of tissues by the state of cells: Living - consisting only of living cells: meristems Dead - consisting only of dead cells: sclerenchyma

VIII. Excretory tissues: External: - Glandular hairs (trichomes) and outgrowths (emergences); - Nectars; - Hydatodes; Internal: - Excretory cells; - Multicellular secretion receptacles; - Resin channels (resin tubes); - Millers (segmented and non-segmented)

2. Educational tissues Meristems, or educational tissues, are complex, living, parenchymal tissues with the ability to actively divide and form new cells Functions: the formation of permanent tissues and the provision of unlimited plant growth Cytological composition: Initials - delayed at the embryonic stage of development, unlimited the number of times with the formation of derived cells of the meristem Derivative cells divide a limited number of times with subsequent differentiation into cells of permanent tissues

Types of meristems: 1. Primary: Apical, or apical, are located on the tops of shoots and roots, ensuring their growth in length (primary growth due to primary meristems with the formation of the primary plant body). Derivatives of the apical meristem: - protoderm (gives rise to the primary integumentary tissues); - procambium (gives rise to primary conductive tissues); - the main meristem (forms a system of main tissues) Intercalary, or intercalary, are preserved as separate areas in areas of active growth at the base of internodes, petioles and leaf bases

2. Secondary Lateral, or lateral, are located parallel to the lateral surfaces of the axial organs, ensure their growth in thickness: - Cambium (gives rise to secondary conductive tissues) - Fellogen (gives rise to the peridermis) Wound meristems are formed in places of tissue and organ damage and give rise to callus - parenchymal tissue covering the wound site

Cytological characteristics: Cell shape: isodiametric, polyhedral Intercellular spaces absent CS thin, with low cellulose content The nucleus is relatively large, takes the central place Vacuoles small, numerous Ergastic substances are absent Plastids - proplastids, small, few Mitochondria - small, few

Epidermis with stomata: 1 - initial cap, 2 - watermelon, 3 - corn, 4 - iris Covering trichomes: 1-3 - simple unicellular, 4 - simple multicellular, 5 - branched multicellular, 6 - simple two-horned, 7.8 - star-shaped (in plan and cross-section of the sheet)

Stoma structure diagram: A - top view of the epidermis; B - transverse section of the stomatal apparatus: 1 - guard cells, 2 - stomatal cleft, 3 - side cells, 4 - substomatal cavity, 5 - epidermal cells, 6 - cuticle, 7 - cells of spongy chlorenchyma

Epiblema (rhizoderm) is the primary unilamellar tissue in the root suction zone. Arises from the primary apical root meristem. Functions: Absorption of soil solution Protective Cytological characteristics: Cells are isodiametric, thin-walled without intercellular spaces, cuticles and stomata Rich in mitochondria Capable of forming root hairs (trichoblasts)

Secondary integumentary tissues Peridermis is a complex, parenchymal, multi-layered secondary integumentary tissue of stems and roots of perennial plants Education: On shoots - from phellogen, formed from cells of the main parenchyma, lying under the epidermis On roots - from pericycle Functions: Protective Gas and water exchange

Types of peridermis formation: 1 - in the subepidermal layer of elderberry, 2 - in the epidermis of willow, 3 - in the inner layer of the bark of fragrant raspberry; B - fibers, K - bark, Call - collenchyma, P - periderm, F - fella (cork), Fg - phellogen (cork cambium), Fd - phelloderm (cork parenchyma), E - epidermis

The crust (rhytidome) is a complex, parenchymal tertiary integumentary tissue. It is formed as a result of repeated laying of new layers of periderm in deep tissues of the bark Function: protective Oak crust: B - fibers, BK - secondary bark, D - calcium oxalate drusen, P - periderm, PC - remnants of the primary bark

Xylem Xylem (wood) is a conductive tissue that provides an upward flow of water, inorganic and organic substances synthesized in the cells of the roots to the terrestrial organs of the plant. By origin, primary (formed from procambium) and secondary (from cambium) are distinguished Functions: Conducting Storage Support

The water-conducting elements of the xylem are tracheids and vessels (trachea). Tracheids are dead prosenchymal cells, narrowed at the ends and devoid of protoplast, bearing bordered pores of the cell wall. Vessels - hollow tubes, consisting of vertically spaced segments, separated by perforations Types of secondary quenching and to hold the side walls of tracheal elements: 1 - annular, 2-4 - spiral, 5 - mesh, 6 - ladder, 7 - opposite, 8 - alternate

Composition: sieve elements, companion cells, several types of parenchymal cells, bast fibers, idioblasts Scheme of the formation of conductive phloem elements: 1 - initial cell with vacuole and tonoplast, 2 - formation of a segment of the sieve tube and an accompanying cell, 3 - decay of the nucleus, tonoplast, EPR, formation of sieve perforations, 4 - final formation of perforations, 5,6 - plugging of perforations; B - vacuole, Ka - callose, Pl - plastids, Pr - perforations, SC - companion cells, T - tonoplast, R - nucleus

5. Mechanical tissues Mechanical tissues are supporting tissues that give strength to plant organs. Location: in the shoots - along the periphery in the roots - in the central part in the leaves - according to the I-beam principle By origin, primary (collenchyma) and secondary (sclerenchyma, sclereids) mechanical tissues are distinguished

Collenchyma is a simple primary supporting tissue, consisting of living, capable of stretching prosenchymal cells with thickened non-lignified primary CS. Depending on the type of thickening of the CS, there are: Angular Lamellar Loose Collenchyma: 1- volumetric image of angular collenchyma; 2 - cross section through the lamellar collenchyme; 3 - loose collenchyma with intercellular spaces

Sclerenchyma is a mechanical tissue consisting of prosenchymal cells with lignified, less often non-lignified and unevenly thickened CS. Sclerenchymal cells \u003d fibers: bast or woody (libriform), depending on whether they are part of the phloem or xylem. By origin, they are distinguished: primary (arises from the cells of the main meristem, procambium or pericycle); secondary (formed from cambium cells) Meadow geranium wood fibers: A, B - transverse sections, C - longitudinal section; 1 - cell wall, 2 - simple pores, 3 - cell cavity

Sclereids are cells of mechanical tissue, usually arising from cells of the main parenchyma as a result of thickening and lignification of their CS. Functions: - resist squeezing; - protection against eating by animals Origin - primary. Sclereids: A, B - brachysclereids from the pulp of the fruit of the common pear and the heart of the fleshy hoya; B - macrosclereids of the "palisade" epidermal layer (1) in the bean seed; D - individual macrosclereids in longitudinal (a) and transverse (b) sections; D - osteosclereids in the seed coat of peas; E, F, H - astrosclereids in the leaf blades of trochodendron, water lily, camellia; I - filamentous sclereids of the olive tree

6. Basic parenchymal tissues Basic tissues are little specialized tissues that make up most of the plant's body. Present in all vegetative and reproductive organs. They consist of living parenchymal cells with primary CS. Part of the cells retains weak meristematic activity. They are classified according to the main function they perform: woody, bast, primary bark, stem, pith, radial, assimilatory, storing, aquifer, airborne, leaf transfer cells.

Assimilatory tissue Anatomical structure of the assimilation area of \u200b\u200bthe leaf: 1 - upper epidermis, 2 - lower epidermis, 3 - columnar chlorenchyma, 4 - spongy chlorenchyma, 5 - stomata, 6 - cuticle, 7 - air-filled intercellular spaces Chlorophyll-bearing parenchyma, chlorenchyma - tissue, cells containing chloroplasts, performing the function of photosynthesis The main volume of assimilation tissue is in the leaves, less in young green stems

Storage tissues In storage tissues, metabolic products that are excessive during a given period of development are deposited: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, etc. They are mainly represented by large thin-walled living parenchymal cells, less often with thick CS (additional supporting function) Localization: endosperm and perisperm of the seed, metamorphosed roots and shoots, core of stems, parenchyma of conductive tissues

7. Excretory tissues Excretory (secretory) tissues include structural formations that can actively excrete from the plant or isolate metabolic products (secretions) and droplet liquid water in its tissues. Found in all organs of the plant Parenchymal cells, thin-walled, remain alive for a long time Classification: internal secretion external secretion

Functions Protection from being eaten by animals, damage by pests and pathogenic microorganisms Resins and gums "protect" the sites of injuries Nectar attracts pollinators Can act as storage substances Places of "burial" of toxic and excluded from metabolism substances

External excretory tissues Glandular hairs and peltate glands are trichomes (derivatives of the epidermis) 1 - hair of pelargonium with excretion secreted under the cuticle; 2 - rosemary hair; 3 - a hair of a potato; 4 - vesicular hairs of the quinoa with water and salts in the vacuoles; 5 - peltate gland of black currant leaf

Nectaries secrete a sugary liquid, most often found in flowers. Excretory cells have dense cytoplasm and high metabolic activity. A conductive bundle can be approached to the nectary. Nectarium in the flower of marigolds: ZhV - glandular hairs; H - nectary tissue; PP - vascular bundle Floral nectaries: A - daffodil in the form of a depression in the ovary; B - outer at the base of tea stamens; B - coccoloba in the form of rings under the stamens; G - euphorbia in the form of discs under the ovary; D - euonymus in the form of disks between the ovary and stamens; E - umbellate discs in the upper part of the lower ovary; F - jute in the form of cushion hair assemblies; H - plums lining the hypanthium from the inside; And - cinnamon in the form of staminodes; K - flax in the form of glands at the base of the stamens (1 - nectarniki; 2 - staminodes)

Hydatodes release droplet liquid water and salts dissolved in it. Gutation is the phenomenon of squeezing out water droplets through hydatodes when there is an excessive flow of water into the plant and weakened transpiration. Digestive glands of insectivorous plants. The secret contains enzymes, acids. Gidatoda in the leaf of the purslane jellyfish: 1 - view from the surface; 2 - cross section; VU - water stomata; G - hypodermis; About - cover; PP - conductive beam; E - epidermis; Ep - epitheme

Reservoirs of secretions are varied in shape, size, and origin: Schizogenic IVs arise from intercellular spaces filled with secreted substances and surrounded by living epithelial cells (resin passages of pine, aralia, umbelliferae, asteraceae) Lysigenic ones are formed in place of groups of cells that decay after accumulation of secretions (citrus) schizogenic resin canal: 1-3 - in cross sections; 4 - in a longitudinal section; P - channel cavity; E - epithelium

Milky sap - living cells containing milky juice in vacuoles Latex - milky sap containing resins, rubber, essential oils, protein compounds, alkaloids (Brazilian Hevea, kok-sagyz, tau-sagyz, euonymus) Types of milky: Joints are formed from many milk cells , in the places of contact with the dissolved membranes, merged into a single branched system by protoplasts and vacuoles (poppy, bellflower, asteraceae) Non-articular - one giant cell, which, having arisen in the embryo, no longer divides, grows and branches (euphorbia, mulberry) - articulated lactarius; 2 - unsegmented milk jug

Slide 1

Mechanical fabric Plan Mechanical fabric. Definition, function. Collenchyme. Cytological characteristics. Types. Sclerenchyme. Distinctive features. Primary and secondary sclerenchyma. Sclereids, structure, types. Distribution of mechanical tissues in a plant.

Slide 2

Turgor pressure of cells, a set of cell membranes, a powerful integumentary tissue of perennial plants take part in ensuring the strength of the plant. However, the main component is mechanical tissues with cells with thickened membranes, which, after the death of the living cell contents, continue to perform a supporting function. Mechanical tissues can be either primary, derivatives of the main meristem or pericycle, or secondary - derivatives of cambium, phellogen, or the result of dedifferentiation of parenchymal cells. There are two main types of mechanical tissues: collenchyma and sclerenchyma.

Slide 3

Kollenchyma (Greek kolla - glue) is a mechanical tissue, the cells of which are unevenly thickened with cellulose and pectin substances. This is the primary tissue characteristic of dicotyledonous plants and is very close to the parenchyma; it contains protoplasts with all organelles. In shape, cells are often prosenchymal, less often parenchymal. Collenchyma is located in the shoot along the periphery, directly under the epidermis, or at a distance of one or more layers from it. More often forms a continuous annular layer, sometimes strands of cells in the ribs of herbaceous stems. Collenchyma appears in the early stages of shoot development. Its membranes are plastic and capable of stretching, which does not prevent the elongation of the organ, and contributes to the active growth of the plant. Found in young stems and roots, leaf stalks and veins. One of the features of collenchyma is that it fulfills its purpose only in a state of turgor. If the shoots lose water, they wither.

Slide 4

Corner - thickened walls in the corners of polyhedral cells (stems of sorrel, pumpkin, buckwheat, beet); lamellar - thickened shells are located in parallel layers (stems of sunflower, young woody plants); loose - the walls of the cells bordering on the intercellular spaces are thickened (coltsfoot). Collenchyma is a living tissue consisting of elongated cells with unevenly thickened walls, capable of stretching and performing its functions only in a state of cell turgor. Sclerenchyma is the most common type of mechanical tissue among terrestrial higher plants.

Slide 5

Slide 6

Sclerenchyma (from the Greek scleros - hard) is the main mechanical tissue, consisting of tightly closed cells with uniformly thickened membranes. The cells are dead, their cavities are filled with air; cell walls are lignified. Sclerenchymal fibers are dead prosenchymal cells, polyhedral or rounded in cross section with pointed ends, tightly adjacent to each other. The envelopes are thickened, lignified, the pores are few, slit-like, the cell cavity is in the form of a narrow channel. Cellulose fibrils pass helically in the shells, and the direction of the turns in the layers alternates. Primary fibers are located in the leaves, stems and roots of plants, where they surround the primary vascular bundles. Secondary sclerenchyma is located in bark and wood. Recycled fibers include wood and bast fibers. Wood fibers or libriform have thickened and lignified shells. Bast fibers are called technical fibers - they have longer cells, but not always lignified, often retaining cellulose membranes. Bast fibers of some plants are widely used in industry. The most famous fibrous plants and products made from them are: hemp (Cannabis sativa) - ropes and ropes; jute (Corchorus capsularis) - ropes, cords and rough fabrics; kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) - rough tissue; flax (Linum usitatissimum) - weaving; ramie (Bochmeria nivea) - fabrics. For example, in flax the cell length reaches 60 mm, the longer ramie fibers are 350 mm, while the libriform fibers do not exceed 2 mm.

Slide 7

Sclereids are not fiber-shaped and vary greatly in shape. Sclereids are dead, more often parenchymal cells with very thick multilayer membranes, crossed by branching pores. Sclereids are found in all organs in the form of individual cells or clusters. Along with mechanical, it performs a protective function. According to the shape of the cells, sclereids are classified into: - brachyclereids or stony cells - isodiametric cells, the most common. Found in the shell of hazel, acorn; in the seeds of plum fruits, walnuts; in the pulp of pear, quince; in the peel of cedar pine seeds. - astrosclereids - branched, form outgrowths (prominences), which grow into the intercellular spaces by intrusive growth, are found in leaves of a leathery consistency (egg capsules, water lilies); - osteosclereids - resemble the shape of the tibia (bean peel); - macrosclereids - rod-shaped (beans); Sclereids can form continuous groups, tissue mass, like in a fruit shell. They can also be found singly, in the form of idioblasts, as, for example, in leaves. The set of thick-walled lignified plant cells, regardless of their origin, is called a stereome.

Slide 8

Slide 9

Distribution of mechanical tissues in a plant Bionics is a science that studies the architectonics of living organisms, i.e. construction and mechanical principles. V.F. Razdorsky divided the loads experienced by the plant into static - constant, caused by the force of gravity of the crown and dynamic - rapidly changing loads exerted by the wind, blows of rain. Two tendencies appear in the arrangement of mechanical tissue: centripetal and centrifugal. The basic principle is to achieve strength at an economical cost of material. Regularities of the location of mechanical tissue: Engineering "requirements" of plants change during ontogenesis. In the stems of young plants, a peripheral (centrifugal) tendency of the arrangement of mechanical tissues is manifested. Mechanical tissue is located on the periphery in the form of a hollow rigid tube. In the trunks and perennial branches, the center is strengthened to a greater extent, the mechanical tissue makes up the entire inner part (centripetal tendency). In the stems of monocotyledonous plants, resistance to stress is achieved by fragmentation of the stereome; mechanical tissue is located in the form of separate strands. A root surrounded by soil is not in danger of bending and breaking, its task is to resist tearing. Accordingly, mechanical tissues are placed in the center of the organ. In plant leaves, mechanical tissues resemble I-beams in arrangement, mechanical tissues are superficially bilateral.

Mechanical

Covering

Conductive

Types of plant tissues

Main

Educational

Educational fabric

• a group of cells of the same structure,

intensively dividing, preserving

physiological activity throughout

all life and providing continuous

increase in plant mass.

Growth cone of the shoot tip

Root growth zone

Cambium

Covering tissue

• the outer tissues of the plant that protect

his organs from drying out, actions

high and low temperatures, mechanical

damage and other adverse

environmental influences.

Onion peel

Leaf peel

Picture. Peridermis structure

Peridermis (A), appearance of lentils (B), lentil on a cross-section of a branch (C) : 1 - remnants of the epidermis, 2 - cork (fella), 3 - phellogen (cork cambium), 4 - living cells deposited by the cork cambium inside (phelloderm), 5 - lenticular, 6 - loosely located cells

Birch periderm (birch bark)

Birch crust

Picture. Crust structure:

1 - peridermis, 2 - fibers (mechanical tissue), 3 - remnants of the primary cortex, 4 - secondary cortex, 5 - calcium oxalate drusen.

Mechanical fabric

• support fabric for strength

plant organism.

Wood and bast fibers

Kollenchyma

Stony cells

Conductive fabrics

• these are plant tissues used for

plant movement of nutrients

substances and waste products

plants dissolved in water.

Bark sieve tubes

Wood vessels

Xylem conductive elements

Tracheids

Sieve tube

Companion cage

Conductive element phloem

Main fabric

• this is the fabric that makes up the bulk

various plant organs. Main fabric

performs various functions: carries out

photosynthesis, serves for the deposition of spare

substances, absorbs water ..

Photosynthetic leaf tissue

Root suction zone

Cross section of a sheet - tissue synthesis

Upper skin - integumentary tissue

Primary photosynthetic tissue

Conductive tissue - vessels and sieve tubes

Lower skin-integumentary tissue

Fiber -mechanical fabric

II. Learning new material

Open your textbooks and read me the main questions that we have to learn in today's lesson:

• What is the structure of the tissue that performs the supporting function in plants.
• How plant tissues are arranged, along which water and nutrients move.

In order to make it easier for you to assimilate the new material, remember from the previously studied and answer my questions:

• What is fabric?
• What plant tissues do you already know?
• What are the functions of integumentary tissues?
• How are the stomata arranged?
• What functions do they perform?

Everyone watched as a thin straw, supporting a heavy ear, swayed in the wind, but did not break.

• How is this happening?

Mechanical tissues are of great importance in the life of terrestrial plants.
A) Give strength to the plant mechanical fabrics.
Mechanical fabrics - supporting tissues of the plant, ensuring its strength (media object from dictionary) .
They serve as a support for the organs in which they are located. The cells of mechanical tissues have thickened membranes.

• What organs of a plant can contain mechanical tissues?

In the leaves and other organs of young plants, the cells of the mechanical tissue are living. Such tissue is located in separate strands under the integumentary tissue of the stem and leaf petioles, borders the veins of the leaves.
The cells of living mechanical tissue are easily stretchable and do not interfere with the growth of the part of the plant in which they are located.
Thanks to this, the organs of plants act like springs. They are able to return to their original state after removing the load. Everyone saw the grass rise again after a man walked over it.

• List the cell organelles that you saw in the picture.

Mechanical tissue also supports the parts of a plant whose growth is complete, but the mature cells of this tissue are dead. These include bast and woody fiber- long thin cells, collected in strands or bundles.

• What organelles are present in dead cells of mechanical tissues?
• The fibers give the stem strength.
• Tell me in which parts of the plant can you find short dead cells of mechanical tissue (they are called stony)?

Form a seed coat, a nut shell), fruit seeds, give the pear pulp a granular character.

• See what interesting facts about plant life you can read in the biological notebook on page 36?

So let's summarize on mechanical fabrics:

• What types of mechanical fabric are there?
• In which organs of the plant are living mechanical tissues located?
• Where are the stony cells?
• What is the function of mechanical tissue?

We are studying plant tissues, let's imagine that we ...

Autumn leaves lay on the grass
And the wind, the robber blew in the yard
The leaves took off and began to circle
Circled, flew
Tired and sat down. (sit down).

So, let's continue our acquaintance with plant tissues.

• Tell me what other plant tissue we should get acquainted with today in the lesson?

B) In all parts of the plant there are conductive tissue.

• What is the role of the conductive tissue?

Conductive fabrics - plant tissues of the body serving for the transport of water, mineral and organic substances.
They provide the transfer of water and substances dissolved in it.

• What living environments do you know?
• In what environments is the body of terrestrial plants located?
• How will the plant carry out the feeding process?
• How do water and minerals go from the root to the leaves?
• What substances are formed during photosynthesis?
• For what needs of the plant are these substances spent?
• Why don't dissolved organic matter and minerals mix?

Conductive tissues were formed in plants as a result of adaptation to life on land. The body of terrestrial plants is in two environments of life - ground-air and soil. In this regard, two conductive fabrics arose - woodand bast.
Water and mineral salts dissolved in it rise in the underwood from bottom to top (from roots to leaves).
Let's see how this happens in nature.

• You've watched the animation. Who can define wood for me?

Therefore, wood is called a water-conducting fabric.
Wood is the conductive tissue of plants, consisting of vessels formed by the walls of dead cells.

Bast is the inner part of the bark.
Organic substances move along the bast in the direction from top to bottom (from leaves to roots) .
Wood and bast form a continuous branched system in the body of the plant, connecting all its parts.

The main conductive elements of wood are vessels. They are long tubes formed by the walls of dead cells. At first, the cells were alive and had thin, expandable walls. Then the cell walls became lignified, the living contents died. The transverse septa between the cells collapsed and long tubes formed. They consist of separate elements and look like barrels without a bottom and a lid. Water with substances dissolved in it freely passes through the vessels of the wood.
The conductive elements of the bast are living elongated cells. They are connected by their ends and form long rows of cells - tubes. There are small holes (pores) in the transverse walls of the bast cells. Such walls are similar to a sieve, therefore the tubes are called sieve.
Understand, solutions of organic substances move from leaves to all organs of the plant. Bast is a conducting tissue of plants, consisting of thin-walled living cells that form long rows (sieve tubes).
See what interesting facts about plant life you can read in the biological notebook on page 37?

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Slide captions:

Plant tissues of the Pokshengskaya Basic School No. 21 MOU Bogdanova LV 2010

Tissue is a group of cells that are similar in structure, function and have a common origin.

Intercellular spaces are spaces between cells in tissue. Heavyweight fabric Loose fabric

Plant tissue educational mechanical integumentary conductive basic

Educational tissue Young cells, capable of dividing, adhere tightly to each other

Educational tissue Provides plant growth

Main tissue The cells are old and have large vacuoles. Often the cells are loosely arranged, i.e. between the cells there are large intercellular spaces filled with air.

Main tissue Cells of photosynthetic tissue contain chloroplasts Function: Creation and accumulation of substances

The integumentary tissue The cells adhere tightly to each other. Often the cell membranes are impregnated with a cork substance.

Cover tissue Skin Cork Protects against adverse environmental conditions

Conductive tissue Wood (vessels) The cells are dead, the transverse membranes between them are destroyed. The entire vessel is impregnated with a cork substance Conducts water with dissolved minerals from the root to other organs (ascending current)

Conductive tissues Bast (sieve tubes) Cells are alive, old, membranes are pierced with holes, there are channels in the cytoplasm Conducts water with dissolved organic substances from the leaf to other organs (descending current)

Mechanical tissue Dead, narrow, long cells (fibers), membranes impregnated with a cork substance Stony cells Fibers

Mechanical tissue Gives strength and elasticity to organs (plant frame)

lower skin (integumentary tissue) upper skin (integumentary tissue) main tissue (with chloroplasts) mechanical tissue (fibers) conductive tissues (bast and wood) Leaf cross section

On the subject: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Plant transshipment and transplantation concept. The value and methods of handling a houseplant. Selection of flower pots for transshipped plants.

The teacher introduces children to the method of plant transplanting, called transshipment. With this method of transplantation, the root structure of the transplanted plant is not disturbed and the earthen lump is not damaged ...