How to learn to compress text? To begin with, let us recall that a concise presentation is a test of information processing skills. A compressed summary is a concise, generalized presentation of the content of the original text.
The student needs to reflect the content of the original text as much as possible, using minimally speech means... We will define the tasks facing us, we will choose a certain course of action.
According to the criteria for evaluating the condensed presentation, a number of tasks must be completed.
Tasks:
1) Convey the main content of the listened text without missing a single micro theme.
2) Apply at least one text compression method.
3) Write a work without logical errors and violations of the paragraph division of the text (approximately 90-110 words).
Listening to the text
The original text is reproduced twice. Between the first and second readings, you will have 10 minutes to comprehend the text.
At the first reading, try to understand the essence of the text, its main problem. Track the development of micro themes, remember their location and sequence.
If you are not in time, do not strive to write down the entire text. Write down keywords and phrases that form the semantic basis of this text. Leave gaps between entries: this will give you the opportunity to insert words, phrases and even sentences during the second reading and editing. Try to make a plan by formulating each micro-topic in the form of a thesis.
On the second reading, check if you remember correctly the sequence of the disclosure of the topic and the author's reasoning. Complete your notes.
In the process of listening to the text, it is necessary to mentally divide it into its constituent parts - micro themes.
Micro theme - the content of several sentences, united by one thought. Micro theme is part of common theme text and, as a rule, is a separate paragraph (or several). In the text of the condensed presentation, all micro themes of the source text should be noted, otherwise the score will be lowered.
Reading text 1
Having carefully read this text, we will highlight the following micro themes in it:
1 paragraph: Algorithm of black ingratitude - the answer to good with evil.
2 paragraph - Morality is a guide to life.
Paragraph 3 - Happiness to do good is given only to exalted natures.
Ways to compress (compress) text
The point of compressing text is to keep the main information while reducing the secondary information. There are three linguistic ways to compress text: exclusion, generalization, and replacement.
When using an exception, it is necessary to define the main information and secondary details (introductory constructions, repetitions, homogeneous members, synonyms, irrelevant fragments and whole sentences). By eliminating these details, you will create condensed text.
When generalizing, we isolate individual facts, select the means of their brief transmission and compose a new text. Using this method, we can replace homogeneous members with a generic name, direct speech indirectly, several simple sentences with complex ones.
Simplification (replacement) is a text compression technique based on simplifying syntax:
- replacement of a part of a complex sentence with a participle or adverbial turnover;
- merging several sentences into one;
- replacing part of the text with one sentence;
- reducing the number of parts of a complex sentence;
- replacement of a fragment of a sentence with a synonymous expression;
- replacement of a sentence or part of it with a demonstrative pronoun.
Editing 1 paragraph:
One person was told that an acquaintance of his spoke of him in unflattering terms: “It can't be! the man exclaimed. “I didn’t do anything good for him…”. Here it is, the algorithm of black ingratitude, when good is answered with evil. In life, one must assume, this person has met more than once with people who have confused the landmarks on the compass of morality.
We exclude direct speech, an introductory phrase, simplify the last 2 sentences of the paragraph:
The algorithm of black ingratitude is evil in response to good. This is the behavior of people who have confused the landmarks on the compass of morality.
Editing paragraph 2:
Morality is a guide to life. And if you deviate from the road, you may well wander into a windbreak, thorny bushes, or even drown altogether. That is, if you behave ungratefully towards others, then people have the right to behave towards you in the same way.
We apply the replacement method in sentence 2 and exclusion in sentence 3:
Morality is a guide to life, and if you stray from the road, you can get lost or even perish. If you behave ungratefully towards others, you can get the same in return.
Editing paragraph 3:
How to relate to this phenomenon? Be philosophical. Do good and know that it will surely pay off. I assure you that you yourself will receive pleasure from doing good. That is, you will be happy. And this is the goal in life - to live it happily. And remember: elevated natures do good.
We exclude the interrogative sentence, we apply the simplification method, making up one complex from several sentences with the first complicated part (homogeneous terms, a separate circumstance expressed by the adverbial turnover):
It is necessary to treat the phenomenon of ingratitude philosophically: to do good, receiving pleasure from it, and hence the feeling of happiness, which is the goal of life of a sublime nature. (71 words)
Reading text 2
We highlight micro themes:
1 paragraph - Cruel school of war.
2 paragraph - "Mental experience" of military childhood.
3 paragraph - The memory of the war must live.
Editing 1 paragraph:
War was a cruel and rough school for children. They were not sitting at their desks, but in frozen trenches, and in front of them were not notebooks, but armor-piercing shells and machine-gun belts. They did not yet have life experience and therefore did not understand the true value of simple things, which you do not attach importance to in everyday peaceful life.
We exclude one of the adjectives in 1 sentence. We exclude one of the homogeneous circumstances of the place in the second sentence and generalize the homogeneous subjects. We simplify the third sentence and get:
Children passed the cruel school of war in frozen trenches with weapons in their hands instead of notebooks. They have not yet had life experience to truly appreciate what they do not attach importance to in a peaceful life.
Editing paragraph 2:
The war filled their spiritual experience to the limit. They could cry not from grief, but from hatred, they could childishly rejoice at the spring crane wedge, as they had never rejoiced either before the war or after the war, with tenderness to keep in their souls the warmth of their departed youth. Those who survived returned from the war, having managed to preserve in themselves a pure, radiant peace, faith and hope, becoming more irreconcilable to injustice, kinder to good.
We simplify: we make one out of three sentences, complicated by a separate circumstance, expressed by the adverbial phrase. "Radiant and pure world" was replaced by "purity of the world":
The war filled their spiritual experience, making them not only cry with hatred, but also rejoice at the crane wedge, tenderly preserve the warmth of the departing youth, preserve the purity of the world, faith and hope, become kinder and at the same time more implacable to injustice.
Editing paragraph 3:
Although the war has already become history, the memory of it must live on, because the main participants in history are People and Time. Not to forget Time means not to forget People, not to forget People - it means not to forget Time.
We exclude the last sentence of the paragraph as repeating the thought of the first:
The war has become history, but one must remember about it, because the main participants in history are People and Time. (87 words)
Reading text 3
I was betrayed by my own person, my best friend betrayed me. Unfortunately, we hear such statements quite often. Most often, those in whom we have invested our souls betray. The pattern is as follows: the more beneficence, the stronger the betrayal. In such situations, one recalls the statement of Hugo: "I am indifferent to the knife strikes of the enemy, but the pin prick of a friend agonizes me."
Many endure mockery of themselves, hoping that the traitor will wake up a conscience. But something that does not exist cannot wake up. Conscience is a function of the soul, but a traitor does not have it. A traitor usually explains his act by the interests of the case, but in order to justify the first betrayal, he commits the second, third, and so on ad infinitum.
Betrayal completely destroys the dignity of a person, as a result, traitors behave in different ways. Someone defends their behavior, trying to justify their deed, someone falls into a feeling of guilt and fear of impending retribution, and someone just tries to forget everything, without burdening themselves with either emotions or thoughts. In any case, the life of a traitor becomes empty, worthless and meaningless.
Exercise 1:
Select micro-themes of this text on your own and write them down in a notebook.
Assignment 2:
Read the summary and indicate the compression methods:
The pattern is such that most often betrayed by close people - those in whom we have invested our soul. In such situations, one cannot recall the statement by Victor Hugo that the enemy's blows are transferred easier than the pinprick of a friend.
The traitor explains his act by the interests of the case, but in reality his mockery of others is explained by the absence of a soul, and therefore of conscience.
Betrayal destroys the dignity of a person, and then he tries to justify what he has done, or falls into despair before inevitable retribution, or tries to forget everything, and his life becomes worthless. (84 words)
Assignment 3:
Edit the text by highlighting micro themes and using compression methods you know:
The essence of the concept of "power" lies in the ability of one person to force another to do what he would not voluntarily do. The tree, if not disturbed, grows straight up. But even if it does not manage to grow evenly, it, bending under the obstacles, tries to get out from under them and again reach up. So is the person. Sooner or later, he will want to get out of obedience. Submissive people usually suffer, but if once they managed to throw off their "burden", then they often turn into tyrants themselves.
If you command everyone and everywhere, then loneliness awaits a person as the finale of life. Such a person will always be alone. After all, he does not know how to communicate on equal terms. He has a dull, sometimes unconscious anxiety inside him. And he feels calm only when people follow his orders unquestioningly. Commanders are unhappy people themselves, and they breed misfortune, even if they achieve good results.
Commanding and controlling people are two different things. The one who manages knows how to take responsibility for actions. This approach preserves the mental health of both the person himself and those around him.
MUNICIPAL AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL № 17 IN BELEBEY CITY MUNICIPAL DISTRICT BELEBEEVSKY DISTRICT OF THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN
Nickname: why do poets wear masks?
research work
Zaripova Emilia, grade 8 student
Scientific adviser: N.N. Tarasova,
teacher of Russian language and literature
belebey, 2014
Content
Introduction …………………………………………………………………… ... 3 - 4
Chapter 1. The history of the emergence of aliases ……………………………… 5 - 7
Chapter 2. Reasons for using pseudonyms ……………………………… 8 - 14
2.1. Pen test ……………………………………………………… .. 15
2.2. Censorship ……………………………………………………… ..… 16
2.3. Estate prejudices ………………………………………… .. 17
2.4. Dissonance and routine. ……………………………… .. ..18
2.5. Other profession …………………………………… ... …………… .19
2.6. Comic effect ………………………………………………… .20
Chapter 3. Stages of research. Research results …………………… 27
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………… ..
Bibliography ……………………………………………………………..
Appendices ………………………………………………………………… ..
INTRODUCTION
This research paper considers the followingproblem : for what purpose and for what reasons writers and poets hide their real names and use pseudonyms.
Relevance the topic chosen by us is determined by the needto identify and compare the reasons for the appeal of poets and writers to a fictitious name for several centuries.
Goal: identifying the reasons that encourage authors of works to use pseudonyms.
To achieve the goal, we set the followingtasks :
Discoverhistoryemergencealiases.
Identify and compare the reasons for the use of pseudonyms by Russian writers and poets in different time periods.
Analyze the information received and draw conclusions.
An object research - literary criticism.
Subject are the pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets of the 19th, 20th, 21st centuries.
The following were used for the study.methods :
Collection, study and analysis of available information
Student survey
Formulation and presentation of your point of view on this topic.
Theoretical significance lies in the fact that we have undertaken an attempt to look deeper into the reasons why writers and poets hide their real names.
Practical significance: materials and results of work can be used in special courses and optional classes; in the course of teaching literature at school
Hypothesis research :
So what ispseudonym? Literally a false name. A nickname, first name or surname that a person knowingly and legally chooses to cover or hide his real, genuine, official passport name. For most people, this is something unimportant, small, unnecessary for them. A worker or a peasant, a banker or a petty employee, have never heard ofaliasesand they don't need them. Only a narrow part of the intelligentsia - writers, poets, artists, partly scientists, know, use and understand a lot aboutaliases... For them it is understandable, for them it is close, for them it is simply necessary. But such people are negligible among the people - 0, 0001%, if not less. However, it is precisely about them that the media always talk about - TV, radio, the press, they are always in sight, and as now they began to express themselves: “On hearing!”. And this contradiction between the quantitative insignificance of the elite and its exorbitant social significance now no longer worries or worries anyone, and even more so does not outrage, as a result of which the representatives of this elite stratum ceased to usealiasesor have turned their oldaliasesin stable passport names. And this is typical only for our time.
CHAPTER 1
Alias - a common name for a fictitious or altered first and last name that replaced the real first and last name in the signature.
The Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary says thatalias - the conditional name of the author or artist, which replaces his real name or surname (or both). Disclosure of a pseudonym without the consent of the author is not allowed, unless the pseudonym is used for the purpose of falsifying authorship.
Turning to the etymology of the word, we read “Pseudonym - borrowed in the 19th century from the French language, in whichpseudonyme<греч.р seudonymos (Rseudos "False" andonymbut "name".
Who was the first to come up with the pseudonyms is not known for certain. But there is a widespread opinion on this topic.
Our ancestors believed in the mysterious power of the name over the fate of a person. It was believed that the name can protect a person from evil spirits, so it turns out that the first pseudonyms appeared along with the name. The child was given two names: one, which everyone called him, and the second, real, which only the priests (clergy), parents and the person himself knew. Thus, all the names that were in use were actually pseudonyms.
The real names of the creators of many epic works have not reached us, but we know the nicknames of their authors. Thus, one of the first Indian poets who wrote the Ramayana is known as Valmiki , that is, "anthill". Legend has it that in his youth he was engaged in robbery, and in old age, having repented and became a hermit, for many years he sat so still that the ants built their dwelling on it.
Sometimes the nickname emphasized some feature in the character of the author, his life or work. So, the Roman fabulist, who first introduced the genre of satire into literature, where people were portrayed under the guise of animals, was nicknamed Phaedrus (in Greek - funny). He lived in the 1st century AD. e.
The reasons that compel authors to remain incognito are always varied. Some were forced to keep their name a secret because of its dissonance or fear of persecution, others did not open it because of social status, and still others - because of the desire to distract the fire of criticism from themselves or because it was fashionable. There are authors who, out of modesty or indifference to fame, did not want to flaunt their name. And for satirists and humorists, funny pseudonyms were an additional tool to produce a comic effect.
With the help of a pseudonym, the number of authors was also masked: what was written by several was passed off as a work of one, or vice versa.
The science of pseudonyms, which, by analogy with onomastics (the science of names), is calledpseudomastics
orpseudonyms,
that is, the science of fictional
names, originated in the Renaissance. During the Renaissance, Latin was the international language of science and culture, so the first dictionaries of pseudonyms listed authors who wrote in this language. The first such work belongs to Sowers, which was published in the middle of the 17th century and was called in translation from Latin "On signatures and signs, under which the true names are hidden."
At the same time in Paris, a treatise by Andrienne Baye was published with a long title: "Authors who hid under alien, borrowed, invented, false, encrypted, deliberately altered, inverted or translated into another language surnames" and described in detail in it as the reasons due to which writers replaced their names with others, and the ways in which this replacement was carried out.
Antoine Barbier, Napoleon's librarian, published in 1806-1809 a four-volume dictionary of anonymous works that appeared in French. The modern English dictionary of Kennedy pseudonyms numbers about 60 thousand, and the German Holtzman and Bohat - about 83 thousand fictitious surnames. Even in small Denmark, the dictionary of pseudonyms includes 10 thousand.
Russian literary scholars and bibliographers also attached great importance to this issue. In 1874 G. Gennadi compiled a "List of Russian anonymous books with the names of their authors and translators." N. Golitsyn's “Bibliographic Dictionary of Russian Writers” lists anonymous works published under pseudonyms.
The Soviet bibliographer I.F. Masanov collected over 80 thousand Russian writers, scientists and public figures. His dictionary consists of four volumes and is now the most complete reference book of this kind, although it contains inaccuracies.
However, from all these dictionaries and reference books, you can only find out who is behind this or that pseudonym. But there is a book by Valentin Grigorievich Dmitriev "Hiding Their Names" from the history of anonymous and pseudonyms, in which an attempt was made to systematize some facts from the field of literary criticism using examples.
CHAPTER 2
Sodoes the name change affect the fate of the author and his works? In some cases, we can safely answer "yes". On the other hand, the reasons why the author resorts to replacing his own name with another can be quite prosaic. In addition, there may be several of them at once, which will be seen from the examples.
We compiled a table to see if the reasons for using aliases were the same at all times. For the analysis, we have selected the pseudonyms of thirty famous writers and poets of the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries.
19th century
XX century
XXI Century
Alexander N. ksh.p –
A. S. Pushkin
L .- M. Yu. Lermontov
Marlinsky -
A.A. Bestuzhev
V. Alov -
N.V. Gogol
Antosha Ch. -
A. P. Chekhov
Nikolay Shchedrin -
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin
Friend Kuzma Prutkov - F.M.Dostoevsky
N.N.- N. A. Nekrasov
T. L. - I.S.Turgenev
L.N. - L. N. Tolstoy
Maksim Gorky –
A. M. Peshkov
Anna Akhmatova -
A.A. Gorenko
Alexander Green -
A. S. Grinevsky
Dr. Friken -
S. Ya. Marshak
Andrey Bely –
B. N. Bugaev
Demyan Bedny -
E. A. Pridvorov
Sasha Cherny -
A. M. Glikberg
A.A. B.- A. A. Blok
Korney Chukovsky - Nikolay Korneichuk.
Igor Severyanin -
Igor Lotarev
D. Dontsov- Agrippina Arkadyevna Dontsova (nee Vasiliev)
Alexandra Marinina -
M. A.Alekseev
Kir Bulychev -
I.V. Mozheiko
Arkady Arkanov -
A. M. Steinbock
Grigory Gorin -
G. I. Offstein
Boris Akunin –
G. Sh. Chkhartishvili
the guest - Pavel Sanaev
Michael Zhvanetsky - Michael Manievich Zhvanetsky
Ilyin - A.A. Ilyichev
Revealed why the authors of the works turned to the choice of pseudonyms:
1 ... Attempt at writing
Perhaps one of the most common cases. A rare novice author is one hundred percent sure of his success. Why not use a pseudonym or subscribe at all.
Below are the names of poets falling into this category and their pseudonyms pertaining to the occasion.
S.A. Yesenin - 1) Meteor 2) Ariston
N.V. Gogol - V. Alov
I.A. Krylov - 1) unsigned 2) I.Kr. 3) Cr.
M.Yu. Lermontov - L.
V.V. Mayakovsky - 1) -b 2) V. 3) M. 4) V. M.
ON. Nekrasov - N.N.
A.S. Pushkin -1) Alexander N. ksh.p. 2) P 3) 1 ... 14-16
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin - S-c.
I.S. Turgenev - 1) ... vb 2) T.L.
A.A. Fet - A.F.
I.I.Khemnitser - without signature
2 .Censorship
Censorship is one of the tools to combat dissent. Not always effective, but always painful. However, getting around it is considered a matter of honor.
And here a pseudonym comes to the rescue: less attention is paid to an unknown, anonymous author. Then, it is true, they turn it anyway: the careless censor is fired, and the author, if he is lucky, is found and punished (the case of Radishchev, who was not saved by the anonymity of his Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow).
I. Brodsky - Boris Osipov.
ON. Dobrolyubov - 1)Konrad Lipienschwager, 2) Jacob Ham.
Yu.Kim - Yuliy Mikhailov.
V. Küchelbecker - 1) without signature, 2) V. Garpenko.
S.Ya. Marshak - Dr. Friken.
N. Minsky - unsigned (revolutionary poem "The Last Confession" in "Narodnaya Volya", 1879)
V. Protashinsky - Elistrat Fityulkin.
P. Yakubovsky - 1) without a name, 2) P.Ya., 3) P. Filippovich, 4) Matvey Ramshev, 5) About "Connor. 6) Cesare Niccolini
3 ... Estates' prejudices
Composing, and even for money, was considered an unworthy occupation among the upper class. I had to disguise myself.
Prince A.M. Beloselsky-Belozersky - Un prince etranger. Under this name ("Foreign Prince") he released in 1789. your French poetry.
Prince PI Golenishchev-Kutuzov - published his poems (also in French) as "Poems of a Russian" (1811).
Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich (Romanov) - K.R.
Countess Rostopchina - 1) unsigned 2) D ... a 3) R-a 4) group E. R-on 5) Clairvoyant
4 ... Another profession
In 1824. in the I Cadet Corps, an order was issued: to give 25 rods to each cadet noticed in a prose composition and 50 rods for poetry. Poetry was considered a more seditious occupation than prose.
Representatives of other professions, however, were not punished with rods, but they were not averse to using a pseudonym, thus distinguishing between their literary and professional hypostases.
R.F.Brandt - Orest Golovnin. Under this name, the professor of philology graduated in 1910. book of their fables.
R. Jacobson - alYagrov
5 ... The presence of namesakes
Quite an objective reason for the name change.
A.K. Zhukovsky - Burnet. The poet of the nineteenth century, who did not dare to keep the famous name of the author of "Svetlana"
L.V. Lifshits - Lev Losev
V.Nabokov - Sirin
KK Sluchevsky - Lieutenant S. The son of the already mentioned poet Sluchevsky, who inherited not only the surname, but also the name and patronymic, served in the navy and also wrote poetry.
K.K.Fofanov - Olympov
6 ... Soundless and ordinary
Once Chekhov was offered to read the poems of the lyric poet Gusochkin. He refused: .
This is, perhaps, the most controversial category - guess whether the author really did not like his real name so much or did not seem to be expressive enough, or he was guided by other considerations. After all, at certain periods of time (late 19th - early 20th century) it was just fashionable.
B. Gordeev - Bozhidar
E.G. Dziubin - Eduard Bagritsky
L.V. Zak - Chrysanth
Lezhankin - Peter Neznamov
A.A. Nikonova-Tarshis - Ry Nikonova
S.S.Petrov - Grail-Arelsky
E.A. Pridvorov - Demyan Bedny
Yakov Satunovsky - Yan Satunovsky
V. Sidorov - Vadim Bayan
P.S. Solovieva - Allegro
F.K. Teternikov - Fyodor Sologub
T.V. Tolstaya - Tatiana Vechorka
K.K.Fofanov - Olympov
N. Shor - Anatoly Fioletov
7 .Specific associations
Pseudonyms of this kind are intended to emphasize the poet's spiritual closeness to something. They can also be called "talking pseudonyms". This group is quite extensive. Let's divide it into subcategories.
a) geographical
A.V. Abramov - Shiryaevets. This very amusingly sounding pseudonym (remember Bayan Shiryanov) comes from the name of the village of Shiryaevo, the poet's homeland.
V. Zagoryansky - his real name is unknown (from the Zagoryanka station near Moscow).
I.V.Lotarev - Igor Severyanin
V. Makhnin - Sayanov (born at the foot of the Sayan Mountains).
S.G. Petrovsky-Sitnianovich - Simeon Polotsky. The famous monk was a native of Polotsk and served in the local monastery.
b) national
G.N.Kurilov - UluroAdo (Yukaghir name)
G. Lisin-G. Aygi (from the Chuvash "haikhi" - "this one")
P. Stepanov - Lamutsiy (Even poet, Lamuts - the former name of the Evens)
c) ideological
There is also an opposite example - when the real name causes negative associations and it has to be encrypted:
D.M. Censor- Dmitry Ts.
8 they didn't come up with it
It is also a very common option, as a rule, in conjunction with more significant reasons. We already know many of the names in this category.
I. Brodsky - Boris Osipov
B.N.Bugaev - A. Bely
E.I. Vasilieva - Cherubina de Gabriac
N. Mandel - Naum Korzhavin
M.L.Mikhailov - L. Shelgunova
N.A. Nekrasov - Savva Namordnikov
Y. Olesha - Chisel
E.A. Pridvorov - Demyan Bedny
F.K. Tyutyunnikov - Fedor Sologub
M. Sheikhman - Mikhail Svetlov
I. Yurkunas - Yurkun
9 comic effect
Pseudonyms, the purpose of which was to create a comic effect, are called paizonyms (from the Greek paizein - to joke). As a rule, they were temporary and arose not so much to hide the real name, but as a joke, or in order to emphasize the satirical nature of the work.
VA Zhukovsky - Maremyan Danilovich Zhukovyatnikov, chairman of the commission on the construction of the Muratov house, author of a cramped stable, fire-breathing ex-president of an old vegetable garden, cavalier of three liver and commander Galimatiya.
N.A. Nekrasov - Feklist Bob, Ivan Borodavkin, Naum Perepelsky, Churmen, literary exchange broker Nazar Vymochkin.
D.D.Minaev -Fyodor Konyukh, Cook Nikolay Kadov, Lieutenant Khariton Yakobintsev, Juncker A. Restaurants.
A.S. Pushkin - Feofilakt Kosichkin.
Research stages
We decided to combine all the material in a table and find out the percentage of reasons that prompted the authors of works to use pseudonyms.
19th century
XX century
XXI Century
Try pen
Alexander N.K.Sh.P. -
A. S. Pushkin
V. Alov -
N.V. Gogol
Antosha Ch. -
A. P. Chekhov
A. M. Peshkov-
M. Gorky
Alexander Green
A. S. Grinevsky
A.A. B.-
A. A. Blok
Andrey Bely
B. N. Bugaev
K. Bulychev
I.V. Mozheiko
Alexandra Marinina
M.A. Alekseeva
Ilyin-
A.A. Ilyichev
70%
80%
70%
Censorship
Nikolay Shchedrin -
M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin
T ... L. -
I.S. Turgenev
Dr. Friken-
S. Ya. Marshak
Arkady Arkanov-
A. M. Steinbock
Mikhail Zhvanetsky
Mikhail Manievich Zhvanetsky
60%
40%
20%
Estates' prejudices
Friend of Kuzma Prutkov-
F.M. Dostoevsky
50%
0 %
0%
Marlinsky
A.A. Bestuzhev
A. A. Akhmatova
A.A. Gorenko
Roots Chukovsky-
Nikolay Korneichuk
Sasha Cherny
A. M. Glikberg
Grigory Gorin-
G. I. Offstein
Boris Akunin-
G. Sh. Chkhartishvili
4 0%
6 0%
4 0%
Other profession
L .-
Lermontov
Andrey Bely
B. N. Bugaev
D. Dontsov-
Agrippina Dontsova
3 0%
4 0%
2 0%
Comic the effect
N.N.-
N. A. Nekrasov
L.N. -
L. V. Tolstoy
Demyan Bedny
E.A. Of courtiers
The guest-
Pavel Sanaev
5 0%
35 %
2 0%
Research results
In the course of the research work, we conducted a survey among students in grades 8-10. They were asked to answer the following questions:
What is an alias?
Which of the famous writers and poets used pseudonyms in their creative activities? Give examples.
Why do you think people choose pseudonyms?
Which of the writers chose the pseudonym "The Man Without Spleen"?
Would you like to take a pseudonym for yourself?
According to the results of the survey, it was revealed that about 90% of the students know the correct answer to the first question. In the second question, they named a) one example - about 15% of students; b) from two or more - about 80% and c) not a single example - about 5%. The third question was answered with the most correct answers by 85% of students. Unfortunately, few people answered the fourth question - about 5% of the respondents. And 45% of students would like to take a pseudonym. By the way, about 3% of students already have pseudonyms, which surprised us.
The best results on all 5 questions were shown by grade 11 students. This suggests that the more mature a person becomes, the more his interest in literature grows. The results of the survey are presented in more detail in the appendix to scientific work.
CONCLUSION
There is a Latin proverb: “Habent sua fata libelli "-" Each book has its own destiny. " We can say that each pseudonym has its own destiny. Often his life was short: the fictitious name under which the aspiring author, out of caution or for other reasons, entered the literary field, turned out to be unnecessary and was discarded. But sometimes, and not so rarely, the literary surname completely supplanted the real one, both on the pages of books and in the lives of their authors.
Pseudonyms deserve study as one of the important factors in the literary life of all times and peoples. We think that acquaintance with such an interesting topic will broaden the horizons of literature lovers.
The name has a greater impact on the life and character of its bearer. And when fake names are accepted, a certain personality is formed, associated with a combination of surname, name and patronymic. That is, it turns out that by choosing a pseudonym for himself, the writer himself chooses his own destiny, primarily in his writing. For some, a name change will bring success and fame, for others, on the contrary, it will turn out to be a fatal step in their career.
Hearing a person's pseudonym, we learn much more about him than hearing just a name. After all, a pseudonym characterizes a person, carries a large flow of information about him.
It was very interesting for us to conduct this research, it causes a desire to look into the mystery of the name, to understand the reasons that induce people to take this or that pseudonym.
On the example of studying the pseudonyms of some Russian writers, we can draw the following conclusions.
The main reasons by which people use aliases are:
1) In the 19th century, these were, first of all, censorship, the first literary experience and class prejudices.
2) In the 20th century - fear of persecution, test of the pen, cacophony of the name or surname.
3) In the 21st century - the influence of social status, another profession, the first literary experience.
4) For satirists and comedians at all times - to produce a comic effect.
Through the definition of classification, we learned what an amazing variety of pseudonyms exists in a world that we did not even know about.
With the development of computer technology in the modern world, the popularity of the use of nicknames, the same pseudonyms, is increasing. The number of new aliases and their groups is also growing, so the work can be continued.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - M .: ONIX, 2007.
Dmitriev. V.G. Hiding their name. - M .: Nauka, 1977.
Good D.D. The creative path of Pushkin. - M .: Soviet writer, 1967.
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: Biographies. - M .: "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1996.
Chukovsky K.I. About Chekhov. Man and master. - M .: Children's literature, 1971.
Sobolev Y. Chekhov - the life of wonderful people. - M .: Journal and newspaper publishing house, 1934.
Children's encyclopedia. Volume 11. Language and Literature. - M .: Education, 1968.
Lunacharsky A.V. Selection of articles about M. Gorky. - M .: Fiction, 1975.
Materials from the Internet and sites dedicated to literary criticism.
APPENDIX No. 1
Comparison table "Reasons for using aliases at different times"
19th century
XX century
XXI Century
Attempt at writing
A. S. Pushkin
The first poem by Pushkin (then a 15-year-old lyceum student) to appear in print - "To a friend the poet" - was secretly sent to the "Bulletin of Europe" by his lyceum comrade Delvig. No signature was given. In 1814-1816. Pushkin ciphered his name, signing Alexander N.K.Sh.P., or - II -, or 1 ... 14-16.
N.V. Gogol
20-year-old Gogol, embarking on the literary path as a poet, released the idyll "Ganz Kuchelgarten" signed by V. Alov. But when negative reviews appeared in Severnaya Beele and Moscow Telegraph, Gogol bought up all the copies of the idyll they had left from booksellers and destroyed them.
A. P. Chekhov
20-year-old A.P. Chekhov humoresques in "Dragonfly", "Spectator" and "Alarm clock" were signed by Antosha Ch., An. Ch. And A. Chekhonte. And Chekhov's comic letter to the editorial office of Oskolkov was signed by Colonel Kochkarev.
M. Gorky
M. Gorky, under the notes in the "Samara newspaper" and "Nizhegorodsky leaf" (1896), put Pacatus (peaceful), and in the collection "Red Panorama" (1928) signed Unicus (the only one). In "Samara Gazeta" feuilletons "Samara in all respects" with the subtitle "Letters of a knight errant" were signed by Don Quixote (1896). Gorky, in his signatures to the feuilleton, often used the incognito name N. Kh., Which should have been read: "Someone X".
A. Gaidar
The author himself did not write about the origin of the pseudonym "Gaidar" unambiguously and clearly. The name "Gaidar" reminded the writer of his school years, meaning that the "G" in this name meant "Golikov", "ay" - "Arkady", and "gift", as if echoing the hero of Alexander Dumas D'Artagnan, "In the French manner" meant "from Arzamas". Thus, the name "Gaidar" stands for "Golikov Arkady from Arzamas".
A. S. Grinevsky
Alexander Stepanovich Grinevsky, inventing a pseudonym for himself, shortened the surname so that it acquired a foreign, exotic sound, like the names of many of his characters, like the names of the alluring cities and lands that he describes. He also called himself Green Grinych Grinevsky: "I am three times what I am."
Kir Bulychev
Mozheiko Igor Vsevolodovich (1934-2003)
Russian science fiction writer, screenwriter, orientalist historian (candidate of historical sciences). Author of scientific works on the history of South-East Asia (signed with his real name), numerous fantastic stories, stories (often combined in cycles), the collection "Some Poems" (2000). The pseudonym is composed of the name of his wife (Cyrus) and the maiden name of the writer's mother. As the writer admitted, the idea of \u200b\u200ba pseudonym arose long ago, when he was still a graduate student at the Institute of Oriental Studies and wrote the first science fiction story. He was afraid of criticism, ridicule: “I missed the vegetable base! I didn’t appear at the trade union meeting ... And he also indulges in fantastic stories. ” Subsequently, the name "Kirill" on the covers of books began to be written in abbreviated form - "Kir."
Grigory Gorin
Offshtein Grigory Izrailevich (1910-2000)
Russian satirist and author of feuilletons, plays, monologues. When asked about the reason for choosing such a pseudonym, Grigory Izrailevich replied that it was just an abbreviation: "Grisha Ofshtein Decided to Change Nationality".
Censorship
A.N. Radishchev
The first book exposing the horrors and barbarity of the serfdom, the famous "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" by A.N. Radishchev was published in 1790 without specifying the author's name, under a deliberately harmless title. But never before in Russia has such a bold protest against slavery been issued. The book remained banned, "dangerous" for over 100 years.
P. V. Dolgorukov
Prince Pyotr Vladimirovich Dolgorukov published in Paris in French, on behalf of Count Almagro, a brochure "Notes on noble Russian families", which contained incriminating materials about high-ranking persons. The pseudonym did not help the author: upon his return to Russia, he was arrested and, by order of Nicholas I, exiled to Vyatka. Subsequently he became a political emigrant.
N. G. Chernyshevsky
N.G. Chernyshevsky, the author of the well-known novel What Is to Be Done ?, which was sent to hard labor by the authorities, and then into exile with a ban on appearing in print, nevertheless sometimes managed to smuggle his works into freedom and abroad. Thus, in the London printing house of Russian émigrés, the first part of the novel Prologue, written by Chernyshevsky in hard labor, was published anonymously. After the exile, the disgraced writer, whose name was forbidden to be mentioned, was able to publish a number of articles under the pseudonyms of Andreev and the Old Transformist.
S. Ya. Marshak
Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak, being on the territory of the White Guards during the civil war, was published in the magazine Utro Yuga under the pseudonym Doctor Friken. Only a pseudonym, carefully guarded by the editorial board, helped Marshak avoid reprisals for ridiculing the generals - tyrants.
Julius Kim
- Julius Mikhailov
In the late 60s, Russian poet, composer, playwright, screenwriter, bard.
because of his participation in the human rights movement, Yuli Chersanovich Kim was “recommended” to stop public concerts; from the playbills of the performances, from the credits of television and films, where his songs were used, his name disappeared. Later, Kim was allowed to collaborate with cinema and theater, provided that he uses a pseudonym. And until perestroika, he signed the name of Yuli Mikhailov.
Arkady Arkanov
Steinbock Arkady Mikhailovich (born 1933)
Russian satirist writer. In the early 1960s, Arkady Steinbock began to engage in literary activity, but not everyone liked his surname - it was too Jewish. In childhood, Arkady was simply called Arkan - hence the pseudonym.
Eduard Limonov
Savenko Eduard Veniaminovich (born 1943)
The infamous writer, journalist, public and political figure, founder and head of the liquidated National Bolshevik Party. Since July 2006 - an active participant in the opposition to the Kremlin movement "Other Russia", organizer of a number of "Marches of Dissent". The pseudonym Limonov was invented by the artist Vagrich Bakhchanyan (according to other sources - Sergey Dovlatov).
Estates' prejudices
A.M. Beloselsky-Belozersky
Prince A.M. Beloselsky-Belozersky -Unprinceetranger... Under this name ("Foreign Prince") he released in 1789. your French poetry.
E. P. Rostopchina
In 1831, P. A. Vyazemsky published in the almanac "Northern Flowers" the first poem of the Countess "Talisman" signed by D. Later Rostopchina began to sign her publications by R., and then with her full name.
K. K. Romanov
K.R. is the literary pseudonym of the Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich Romanov. For the first time this pseudonym appeared in 1882 in the "Bulletin of Europe" under the poem "The Psalmist David", in order to then enter Russian poetry for three decades.
Anna Akhmatova Gorenko Anna Andreevna (1889-1966)
Russian poet. With her pseudonym, Anna Gorenko chose the surname of her great-grandmother, who was descended from the Tatar khan Akhmat. Later she said: "Only a seventeen-year-old crazy girl could choose a Tatar surname for a Russian poetess ... That's why it occurred to me to take a pseudonym for myself, that when dad found out about my poems, he said:" Don't shame my name. " name! "- I said ..."
Another profession
A. I. Kuprin
At the age of nineteen, Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin, being a cadet at the Alexandrovsky military school, published the story "The Last Debut", signed by Al.K-rin, he, according to his memoirs, "was put in solitary confinement for two days and, under threat of expulsion from the school, was forbidden to continue to engage in unworthy future officer by scribbling. "
A. A. Bestuzhev
The stories of the Decembrist Alexander Alexandrovich Bestuzhev were published under the pseudonym Marlinsky (after the name of the Marly palace in Peterhof, where his regiment was stationed). Marlinsky enjoyed great success as a novelist; in him, according to Belinsky, "they thought to see Pushkin in prose."
A. A. Perovsky
Alexey Alekseevich Perovsky served as a trustee of the educational district. His novels were published under the signature of Anthony Pogorelsky, after the name of his estate Pogoreltsy.
B. Bugaev
The son of a Moscow professor of mathematics, Boris Bugaev, as a student, decided to publish his poems and met with opposition from his father. The pseudonym Andrei Bely was invented for him by Mikhail Sergeevich Solovyov, guided only by a combination of sounds.
K. Bulychev
Kir (Kirill) Bulychev - Igor Mozheiko. Science fiction writer, Doctor of Historical Sciences, employee of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
He published his fantastic works exclusively under a pseudonym, which was composed of the name of his wife (Cyrus) and the maiden name of the writer's mother. The writer kept his real name a secret until 1982, because he believed that the management of the Institute of Oriental Studies would not consider science fiction a serious occupation, and was afraid that after the disclosure of the pseudonym he would be fired.
Irina Grekova
Elena Sergeevna Ventzel (1907 - 2002).
Russian prose writer, mathematician. Doctor of Technical Sciences, author of numerous scientific works on applied problems Efim Alekseevich Pridvorov (1883-1945) mathematics, a university textbook on probability theory, books on game theory, etc. Like Lewis Carroll, she published her scientific works under her real name, and her novels and stories under a “mathematical” pseudonym (from the name of the French letter “game” that goes back to Latin). As a writer, she began to publish in 1957 and immediately became famous and loved, her novel "The Chair" was read literally to the core.
Alexander Green
G. N. Kurilov
He began writing his first poems in 1961. He wrote under the pseudonym UluroAdo.
D. Dontsova
The journalist Agrippina Vasilieva, having married, changed her occupation, and her surname and first name, and became Daria Dontsova.
Dissonant first or last name
F.K. Teternikov
In the editorial office, where he took his first works, he was advised to choose a pseudonym. And then Teternikova was chosen a pseudonym - Fedor Sologub. With one "l", so as not to be confused with the author of "Tarantas".
Sasha Black
- Alexander Mikhailovich Glikberg.
1880-1932.
Poet.
The family had 5 children, two of whom were named Sasha. The blond was called "White", the brunette - "Black". Hence the pseudonym.
Demyan Bedny
Pridvorov Efim Alekseevich (1883-1945)
Russian and Soviet poet. Yefim Alekseevich's surname is by no means suitable for a proletarian writer. The pseudonym Demyan Poor is the village nickname of his uncle, a popular fighter for justice.
B. Akunin
Boris Akunin - Grigory Shalvovich Chkhartishvili. As the writer himself admitted in an interview, the merchants of bookstores would never have pronounced the name of Chkhartishvili anyway. And Boris Akunin speaks out easily, and immediately sets the reader who graduated from school to the classics of the 19th century.
Comic effect
A. P. Chekhov
Numerous pseudonyms of Chekhov, used exclusively for comic effect: G. Baldastov; Makar Baldastov; Doctor without patients; Hot-tempered person; Nut No. 6; Nut No. 9 and others.
A. S. Pushkin
Among the journalistic pseudonyms of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, the most expressive and significant is Feofilakt Kosichkin.
N. A. Nekrasov
ON. Nekrasov - Bob Feklist, Ivan Borodavkin, Naum Perepelsky, Churmen, literary exchange broker Nazar Vymochkin.
M. Gorky
To make the readers laugh, Gorky came up with comic pseudonyms, choosing old, long-obsolete names in combination with an intricate surname. He signed himself Jehudiel Chlamida, Polycarp Unesibozhenozhkin. On the pages of the home handwritten magazine Sorrentyiskaya Pravda (1924), he signed Metranpage Goryachkin, Invalid muses, Osip Tikhovoev, Aristid Balyk.
APPENDIX No. 2
Gennadi Grigory Nikolaevich (1826-1880) - Russian bibliographer, bibliophile and historian of Russian literature pseudonyms. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin has a reputation as a great or greatest Russian poet. Also Pushkin is considered as the creator of the modern (1868 - 1936) - Russian Soviet writer, literary critic and publicist, the founder of Soviet literature, active participant in the revolutionary movement, public figure. One of the most popular authors of the milestoneXIX andXX centuries.
Anna Andreevna Akhmatova (real name - Gorenko ) ( - 1966) - Russian poet, literary critic and translator, one of the most significant figures in Russian literature of the XX century.
You need to write a statement. Help please !!! I am often asked about the origin of my pseudonym. Indeed - why suddenly "Teffi"? What is a dog's name? No wonder in Russia many of the readers of the "Russian Word" gave this name to their Foxes and Greyhounds. Why does a Russian woman sign her works with some anglicized word? Even if she wanted to take a pseudonym, she could have chosen something more sonorous or, at least, with a touch of ideology, like Maxim Gorky, Demyan Bedny, the Wanderer. These are all hints of some poetic suffering and win the reader to himself. In addition, female writers often choose a male pseudonym. It's very smart and discreet. It is customary to treat ladies with a slight grin and even distrust. - And where did she get it? - This is probably for her husband writes. There was a writer Marko Vovchok, a talented novelist and social activist signed "Vergezhsky", a talented poetess signed her critical articles "Anton Krainy". All this, I repeat, has its raison d "etre. Smart and beautiful. But -" Teffi "- what nonsense? So, I want to honestly explain how it all happened. The origin of this wild name refers to the first steps of my literary activity. I had just printed two or three poems signed by my real name and wrote a one-act play, but I didn’t know at all how to get this play on the stage. Everyone around was saying that it’s absolutely impossible, that you need to have connections in the theatrical world, and you need to have a major literary name, otherwise the play will not only not be staged, but never read. ”“ Well, who of the theater directors wants to read all sorts of rubbish when “Hamlet” and “The Inspector General” have already been written? ! That's where I got thoughtful. I didn't want to hide behind a male pseudonym. Cowardly and cowardly. Better to choose something incomprehensible, neither one nor the other. But - what? You need a name that would bring happiness. Best of all is the name of some fool - fool and always happy. For the fools, of course, the case did not become. I knew a lot of them. But if you choose, then something excellent. And then I remembered one fool, really excellent and, in addition, one who was lucky, therefore, recognized by fate itself as an ideal fool. His name was Stepan, and his family called him Staffy. Having discarded the first letter out of delicacy (so that the fool would not be arrogant), I decided to sign my piece "Teffi" and, come what may, sent it directly to the directorate of the Suvorin Theater. I didn’t tell anyone about anything, because I was sure of the failure of my enterprise. Two months passed. I almost forgot about my song, and from everything then I made only an instructive conclusion that fools do not always bring happiness. And once I read "New time" and see something. “The one-act play by Teffi“ The Woman's Question ”has been accepted for staging at the Maly Theater. The first thing I experienced was insane fright. The second is boundless despair. I immediately realized that the play was my impenetrable nonsense, that it was stupid, boring, that you could not hide under a pseudonym for a long time, that the play, of course, would fail miserably and cover me with shame for life. The play was a success. The next day, for the first time in my life, I spoke with a journalist who visited me. I was interviewed. - What are you working on now? - I sew shoes for my niece's doll ... - Hm ... that's how! What does your nickname mean? - This is ... the name of one fool .., that is, so, surname. “They told me it was from Kipling. I'm saved! I'm saved! I'm saved! Indeed, Kipling has such a name, and I immediately remembered everything. - Well, yes, of course, from Kipling! My portrait appeared in the newspapers with the signature "Taffy". Of course, there was no introduction.
Presentation with compression techniques.
I am often asked about the origin of my pseudonym.
Indeed - why suddenly "Teffi"? What is a dog's name? No wonder in Russia many of the readers of the "Russian Word" gave this name to their Foxes and Greyhounds.
Why does a Russian woman sign her works with some anglicized word?
Even if she wanted to take a pseudonym, she could have chosen something more sonorous or, at least, with a touch of ideology, like Maxim Gorky, Demyan Bedny, the Wanderer. These are all hints of some poetic suffering and win the reader to himself.
In addition, female writers often choose a male pseudonym. It's very smart and discreet. It is customary to treat ladies with a slight grin and even distrust.
- And where did she get it?
- This is probably for her husband writes.
There was a writer Marko Vovchok, a talented novelist and social activist signed "Vergezhsky", a talented poetess signed her critical articles "Anton Krainy". All this, I repeat, has its own raison d "etre. Smart and beautiful. But -" Teffi "- what nonsense?
So, I want to honestly explain how it all happened.
The origin of this wild name belongs to the first steps of my literary career. I had just printed two or three poems signed with my real name and wrote a one-act piece, but I did not know at all what to do to get this piece on the stage. Everyone around was saying that it was absolutely impossible, that you need to have connections in the theatrical world and you need to have a major literary name, otherwise the play will not only not be staged, but never read.
- Well, who of the directors of the theater wants to read all sorts of rubbish when "Hamlet" and "The Inspector General" have already been written? And even more so ladies' cooking!
Here I also became thoughtful.
I didn't want to hide behind a male pseudonym. Faint-hearted and cowardly. It is better to choose something incomprehensible, neither this nor that.
But what?
You need a name that would bring happiness. Best of all is the name of some fool - fools are always happy.
For the fools, of course, the case did not become. I knew a lot of them. But if you choose, then something excellent. And then I remembered one fool, really excellent and, in addition, one who was lucky, therefore, recognized by fate itself as an ideal fool.
His name was Stepan, and his family called him Staffy. Having discarded the first letter out of delicacy (so that the fool would not be arrogant), I decided to sign my piece "Teffi" and, come what may, sent it directly to the directorate of the Suvorin Theater. I didn’t tell anyone about anything, because I was sure of the failure of my enterprise.
Two months passed. I almost forgot about my song, and from everything then I made only an instructive conclusion that fools do not always bring happiness.
And once I read "New time" and see something.
“The one-act play by Teffi“ The Woman's Question ”has been accepted for staging at the Maly Theater.
The first thing I experienced was insane fright.
The second is boundless despair.
I immediately realized that the play was my impenetrable nonsense, that it was stupid, boring, that you could not hide under a pseudonym for a long time, that the play, of course, would fail miserably and cover me with shame for life.
The play was a success. The next day, for the first time in my life, I spoke with a journalist who visited me. I was interviewed.
- What are you working on now?
- I sew shoes for my niece's doll ...
- Hm ... that's how! What does your nickname mean?
- This is ... the name of one fool .., that is, so, surname.
“They told me it was from Kipling.
I'm saved! I'm saved! I'm saved! Indeed, Kipling has such a name, and I immediately remembered everything.
- Well, yes, of course, from Kipling!
My portrait appeared in the newspapers with the signature "Taffy".
Of course, there was no introduction.
What is an alias? Many people have probably heard this word, but they represent its meaning, meaning, origin and other interesting features only in general terms. In the article we will take a closer look at this concept, and you will learn what a pseudonym is and what it is eaten with.
Definition
A pseudonym is a fictitious, fake name that a person uses in order not to give out the real data recorded in documents.
Foreign and Russian pseudonyms are equally good, but some people (both "ours" and foreign ones) deliberately use foreign letters to make the new name look as original as possible. Famous personalities, "shining" on the screens, have a more complete name: an artistic pseudonym or, as it is called in another way, a stage name.
Synonyms of the word nickname. They do not always mean the same thing, but they can be called the closest to the concept under discussion.
Origin
Despite the similarity of the concepts "nickname" and "pseudonym", they are still slightly different. At least the fact that nicknames appeared earlier. What is an alias? Fictitious name. And a nickname is also a name, but most often given to a person by other people for some of his features and characteristics.
The origin of pseudonyms can be traced back to the appearance of the book of products, but the roots go precisely from the ranks of writers. It was the authors who first began to use fictitious names. True, even earlier people began to use nicknames, as already mentioned a little above. It's just that once a new name “stuck” to a person, ridiculing his shortcomings or emphasizing his merits, as a result of which the real data were completely forgotten. Then the more active use of both nicknames and pseudonyms began, and now they are unlikely to ever be abandoned.
Why use aliases
The reasons may vary. The most common are listed below:
1. Unwillingness to shine real data in front of the public. For this, again, there are branches. Unwillingness can be caused by:
- Fear of persecution. People do not always write or submit to the public court what everyone will like. Sometimes real data is revealed, for example, about criminals, which means that someone may want to find a writer and take revenge. Tracking a person with a real name is much easier than hiding behind a pseudonym.
- Insufficient status. This was especially true of previous centuries. People from could not be taken seriously by the people just because of their origin. This is unfair and insulting, so the authors had to hide their own surname.
- The fear of "screwing up". Novice authors never know exactly how critics and ordinary people will react to their work - success or failure, so the pseudonyms inspired more confidence: if the "first pancake" was unsuccessful, you can try again, and no one will be prejudiced because of the previous mistake ...
- Natural modesty. Not everyone becomes famous for the sake of fame, for some it comes out almost by accident. To shield strangers even a little, humble people take pseudonyms.
2. Dislike for the real name. Due to the fact that the person does not like the real name given by the parents, but for personal reasons he does not want to change it officially (for example, due to paperwork with documents), the author can make his dreams of a new name come true in a different way.
3. Discrepancy of the real name. A real name can be impossibly banal and ordinary, which is why its owner has to come up with a creative pseudonym that is really able to please the public. This applies to all singers and musicians, as well as more highly specialized people like fortune-tellers, cooks and local (urban, rural, roadside) "stars".
4. The entertaining nature of the new name. This can manifest itself in:
- A mysterious alias. People are trying to unravel the mystery behind an unusual and strange name, trying to understand why the author chose such a nickname, etc.
- Associations. The author deliberately creates a pseudonym for himself, which most people will involuntarily associate and / or identify with someone / something.
- Curiosity. The author carefully hides, leaving behind only a pseudonym, which makes people incredibly interested in who is behind this or that nickname, what kind of person he is, what kind of real he is, etc.
5. "Automatic" alias. This option applies to those who do not invent a nickname for themselves. Serial killers, such as famous thieves or other people who have a nickname thanks to the public and the media, fall into this category.
Who has the most common aliases?
Before
As soon as one person introduced himself with a fictitious name, others began to repeat after him. Most often, pseudonyms were used by public figures who are constantly in sight, whom people know. These can be writers and writers who do not want to shine on the covers of books with real data, singers and singers who simply cannot perform with the name Ivan Ivanov, because it is too banal and ordinary, artists and people of other creative professions who have become world-famous criminals (take the same Jack the Ripper), as well as politicians (for example, Lenin).
Now
Of course, modern writers and people of art and other directions continue to use pseudonyms, as before, since it will never go out of fashion with the stars, but another category of people has been added who almost have to use this method of hiding their real name. Almost every more or less active Internet user uses pseudonyms: nicknames that need to be regularly invented during numerous registrations are the same pseudonyms.
How do you come up with a nickname?
- Own qualities. Clever, daredevil, hero, fool, etc. - all these words characterize a person. Thanks to the definition of their merits or demerits - for those who are not alien to self-irony - you can come up with any nicknames and concepts close to them.
- Compilation of existing names / aliases of a new one. Marilyn Manson, for example, took his name from singer Marilyn Monroe - a sex symbol, singer and actress - and the name of Charles Manson, the once famous killer.
- Anagrams. With this, that is, by rearranging syllables, sounds or letters, you can create an incredible number of new, unusual, but at the same time mysterious pseudonyms. A sniper can turn into Nysper, Truth into Hell of Warp, etc. Sometimes it is almost impossible to learn the old in a new word.
Writers (and poets) using pseudonyms
It is most common for writers to sign books not with their own names. But since these people are associated with literature, they get really interesting nicknames. Writers' pseudonyms are often well remembered and sound original. But not so much as to shock the reader, and therefore it is not always immediately clear whether the name is fake or real.
So, the most famous pseudonyms of writers:
- Agatha Christie.
- Andrey Bely.
- Anna Akhmatova.
- Arkady Gaidar.
- Boris Akunin.
- Voltaire.
- Demyan Bedny.
- Jack London.
- Igor Severyanin .;
- Lewis Carroll.
- Max Fry.
- Maksim Gorky.
- Mark Twain.
- O.Henry.
- Richard Bachman.
- Sasha Cherny.
Actors and TV presenters using pseudonyms
This includes everyone who shines on screens or in theaters. By the way, the modern world allows you to bring to your attention not only film and / or theater actors or TV presenters, but also video bloggers.
So, well-known "screen" personalities using pseudonyms:
- Antonio Banderas.
- Bruce Lee.
- Demmy Moor.
- Jackie Chan.
- Jodie Foster.
- Ilya Maddison.
- Kate Clapp.
- Marilyn Monroe.
- Nicolas Cage.
- Roma Acorn.
- Sophia Loren.
Singers and musicians using pseudonyms
Of course, in addition to writers and TV stars, there are also many singers who use fictitious names. The most famous:
- Alena Apina.
- Bono.
- Vera Brezhneva.
- Dima Bilan.
- Zhanna Friske.
- Masha Rasputin.
- Giacomo Meyerbeer.
- Marilyn Monroe.
- Marilyn Manson.
- Tina Karol.
- Freddie Mercury.
- Elton John.
Other figures
Others are everyone else: criminals, politicians, circus performers, etc.
So, the most famous and best pseudonyms of people not related to literature, music and cinema:
- Jack the Ripper.
- Joseph Stalin.
- Konstantin Stanislavsky.
- Leon Trotsky.
- Lenin.
- Paracelsus.
- Pele.
- Sandro Botticelli.
- Student.
- Tintoretto.
Conclusion
Now you know what a pseudonym is, moreover, you can come up with your own. The main thing is not to be afraid to show imagination - and then the new fictitious name will become truly attractive, interesting and memorable.
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