As a result of the economic activity of mankind, the water areas of Russia are not only polluted with household waste, chemical and oil-containing products, but also suffer from climatic anomalies and poaching. The ecological problems of the seas are causing concern. Ignoring them will lead to irreversible consequences in the life of marine flora and fauna, and will affect the world water balance.
Russian seas
On the territory of the Russian Federation there are 13 sea areas, diverse in natural resources, climatic features and degree of study.
The Baltic, Black and Azov seas belong to the Atlantic Ocean. Reservoirs of the Arctic Ocean - Barents, White, Kara. Further there are the Laptev Sea, East Siberian and Chukchi seas. Far Eastern waters - Bering, Japan and Okhotsk seas. The Caspian Sea is called inland.
The Russian seas are famous for the variety of fish of the salmon and sturgeon families, for the presence of unique ecological systems.
Their role in human economic activity:
- An affordable and cheap transport route for the transportation of goods.
- 250 commercial fish species, abundance of molluscs and crustaceans provide a supply of seafood.
- An inexhaustible resource of mineral-salt compounds.
- Getting electricity from the energy of the sea tide.
- Famous resort coasts, designed for good rest and health improvement of citizens.
The uncontrolled use of water resources leads to a sharp deterioration in the ecological situation.
Causes of environmental problems
One of the main negative factors is the pollution of the seas as a result of man-made accidents, the discharge of fertilizers from the fields, the deliberate discharge of radioactive substances for burial at the bottom.
Overuse of seaworthy transport is adversely affected.
There are three types of pollution:
- Chemical - getting into water resources of various impurities as a result of human negligence. Inorganic substances (zinc, lead, arsenic, fluorine and other elements) enter the water body with acid rain when industrial waste is discharged. Organic - waste water with elements of sewerage, fertilizers. By settling on the bottom, they slow down the development of microorganisms involved in the process of water purification.
- Physical - contamination with radioactive waste and the release of thermal energy from nuclear power plants.
- Biological - the introduction of pathogens (food waste, sewage, by-products of meat processing plants and cheese factories, and others). This species is dangerous for mankind by the spread of epidemics of infectious diseases (cholera, typhoid, hepatitis).
The ecological map of the seas of Russia clearly shows the degree of pollution of a certain zone. The Barents, White and Kara Seas, due to the individual characteristics of the climatic conditions of the Arctic Ocean (temperature regime, salinity, current velocity, etc.), are subject to active deposition of harmful impurities to the bottom. These reservoirs require close attention of ecologists.
The second reason worsening the condition of natural water areas is the consumption of seafood by humans. Mass fishing, including trawling, destroys valuable bottom biological resources. This ecological problem leads to the extinction of flora and fauna.
It is typical for the Bering Sea, which is the second body of water in the Pacific Ocean in terms of the number of living organisms. Uncontrolled fishing, hunting for walruses and seals, sharply reduced the number of existing individuals, and in some cases led to the complete extinction of the species. The resources of the Bering Sea are not unlimited. Barrels of radioactive waste thrown along the shore are an additional disadvantage leading to an environmental disaster.
Water contamination results
Two decades ago, the map of pollution of the seas of Russia was represented by isolated islands in the vastness of clean water. With the identification of oil fields on the plumes, cases of industrial accidents have become more frequent, the consequence of which is the formation of continuous oily films with a layer thickness of up to 10 cm. Later, the oil turns into an emulsion, lumps floating on the water surface. Small living organisms adhere to the fuel oil fractions, in turn, fish and whales absorb the poisonous delicacy.
The consequences of environmental pollution affect the living inhabitants of the seas. The processes of respiration, growth and reproduction are disrupted, organisms mutate. The presence of organic compounds and nitrogen-containing waste in the reservoir leads to the rapid growth and bloom of algae, a lack of sunlight and oxygen in the water column.
Self-cleaning of reservoirs
The seas have the ability to cleanse themselves at the expense of their living inhabitants, but this process is long. Oil bottom sediments have poisoned the surrounding organisms and plants, turning water areas into dead zones. There are two types of molluscs involved in cleansing water areas:
- Oysters, scallops and mussels suck in the contaminated liquid due to the mouth apparatus, which consists of two tubes. Their body works like a filter, separating particles, and releases purified water back. One adult marine life passes through itself up to 65 liters.
- Crawling species of mollusks move along the bottom and stones. By means of a swirling or oval shell, they clean off perennial deposits of dirt.
In total, there are 70 species of organisms that can fight hydrocarbons and oil impurities. Scientists from the Institute of Biology noted that marine bacteria actively work in warm water. When the temperature drops by 6-9 degrees, they fall into suspended animation, so oil spills in the northern seas can exist unchanged for several decades.
Solutions
Environmental problems are solved at the state level. An investment of funds and the development of a full range of measures are required:
- Preparation of a modern concept of environmental management.
- Strict control over fish catch using trawls. Artificial unevenness on the seabed in the form of concrete reefs.
- Construction of coastal sewage collectors in strict accordance with the approved project documentation that has passed the state examination. Tracking unauthorized wastewater emissions.
- Providing favorable conditions for the reproduction of molluscs, shrimps, algae, which are living treatment facilities.
- Updating and improving the technology involved in clearing the coastal strip.
- Implementation of innovations in the waste collection and disposal system.
- Planting forest belts along agricultural fields to prevent leaching of fertilizers.
Every citizen is able to identify environmental problems and find ways to solve them. The simplest actions - after relaxing on the beach, pick up garbage with you, use water rationally - will make a small contribution to a big cause.
Completed by a pupil of 8 "A" class GBOU SOSH "TsO" settlement Varlamovo Artyom Martirosyan Head teacher of geography Lisenkov SA Humanity faced the most severe Humanity faced a severe ecological crisis. The planet's resources are not multiplying, but drying up. Water and air are polluted catastrophically quickly, while “We are all children of one ship named Earth”, which means that there is simply nowhere to change from it. Humanity cannot survive without preserving nature, and in particular without preserving the seas. After all, everyone has the right to live in a clean world. 2017 has been declared the year of ecology in Russia. Environmental problems of the seas are relevant today. If we ignore them, then not only the state of the waters of the World Ocean will worsen, but some water bodies may also disappear from the earth. The main goal of creating my project was the main goal of creating my project was the desire to show the relationship of all aspects of the life of the human community from an environmental point of view and the impact of this relationship on the future of the seas of Russia Objectives: Determination of the main factors of pollution of the seas of Russia Familiarization with the environmental problems of the most problematic seas of Russia Finding ways solving ecological problems The sea is a unique object of nature, in the sea it is a unique object of nature in which the ocean, land and atmosphere interact, not excluding the influence of the anthropogenic factor. A special natural zone is formed on the sea coasts, which affects the ecosystems located nearby. The waters of the rivers flowing through various settlements flow into the seas and feed them. Climate change Climate change Global warming and climate change affect the state of the seas. As a result of an annual temperature rise of +2 degrees Celsius, glaciers are melting, the level of the World Ocean rises, and, accordingly, the sea level rises, which leads to flooding and erosion of the shores. Over the 20th century, more than half of the world's sandy beaches were destroyed. Density of land use Density of land use Migration processes have such a tendency that people are more actively moving not to the continental zone, but to the coast. As a result, the number of people on the shores increases, the resources of the sea and the coastal strip are more used, and a large load on the land occurs. Tourism is flourishing in resort seaside cities, which increases the activity of people. This increases the level of pollution of the water and the coast itself. Causes of pollution of the seas of Russia seas from rivers) ▊ Acid rain ▊ Polluted atmosphere
- Black Sea
- Azov sea
- Baltic Sea
- water pollution by industrial, agricultural and domestic wastewater;
- spill of oil products on the water surface;
- unauthorized fishing in large quantities and during spawning seasons;
- construction of reservoirs;
- discharge of pesticides into the sea;
- chemical pollution of water;
- throwing garbage into the sea by people having a rest on the coast;
- construction of various structures along the coast of the water area, etc.
- reduce dangerous shipping by sea; ▊ to breed marine species of animals and fish;
- toughen penalties for poachers; ▊ constantly monitor the water space and the sea coast.
- https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_page
- https://ecoportal.info/
- http://www.clipartbest.com/cliparts/RTG/6qB/RTG6qBakc.jpeg
- http://pptgeo.3dn.ru/Templ/Prew/Global_City_M.jpg
- http://freekaliningrad.ru/upload/medialibrary/e66/oceans_impacts_seas_degradation_garbage_plastic_pollution_galapagos_q_48950.jpg
- http://1778.com.ua/uploads/all/image/Na_odin_raz/36/40.jpg
- http://isabelkingsfordwildlifestyle.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/7656551586_3818789860_k-1440x1080.jpg
- https://im0-tub-ru.yandex.net/i?id\u003d9c37a2af268f852246aeed4f1445aceb&n\u003d33&h\u003d215&w\u003d323
Environmental project.
Environmental problems of the Black Sea.
Completed by a student of 9 "B" class MBOU "School No. 30":
Wooden Irina
Supervisor: geography teacher
Aksenova Veronika Pavlovna
g. Balashikha 2015
The main environmental problems of the Black Sea:
Eutrophication ("water bloom") due to the ingress of chemical fertilizer residues and insufficiently treated wastewater into coastal waters;
Water pollution with oil products and other toxic substances;
Biological pollution by alien species (rapan, comb jelly);
Decrease in biological diversity, expressed in a decrease in the number or complete disappearance of the Black Sea species of flora and fauna;
Reduction of the area of \u200b\u200bnatural landscapes, forest and specially protected areas in coastal zones;
Accumulation of solid household waste.
Bucharest Convention
- The main international document governing the protection of the Black Sea is the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea from Pollution, signed by six Black Sea countries - Bulgaria, Georgia, Russia, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine in 1992 in Bucharest (Bucharest Convention). Also in June 1994, the representatives of Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine and the European Union signed the Convention on Cooperation for the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Danube River in Sofia. As a result of these agreements, the Black Sea Commission (Istanbul) and the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (Vienna) were established.
"Sanitary and Epidemiological Requirements for the Protection of Coastal Sea Waters from Pollution in Places of Water Use by the Population".
Water sample
1.Distilled water
Transparency
2.Sudak (buoy)
Odor intensity
3.Sudak (shore)
4.Sand (buoy)
No smell
No traces found
Light smell of iodine (sea)
Smell hydrogen sulfide
The control sample does not contain chlorine ions, the water is clear
Slight turbidity indicates the presence of sulfate ions
The smell of iodine (sea) is more intense
The control sample contains chlorine ions in a fairly large amount
Slight turbidity indicates the presence of sulfate ions
The intensity of precipitation is lower than in sample No. 2
As you can see, the intensity of the siege is large
Experience number 2: Water transparency.
Distilled water (Sample # 1)
Pike perch (buoy) (Sample No. 2)
Pike perch (shore) (Sample No. 3)
Sandy (buoy) (Sample No. 4)
Experience # 3: The intensity of odors.
Distilled water
Pike perch (buoyok)
No smell
Light smell of iodine (sea)
Sudak (shore)
Sandy (buoyok)
Smell of hydrogen sulfide
The smell of the sea is more intense
Experience No. 4: For chloride ions.
Distilled water No. 1
Pike perch (buoyok)
The control sample does not contain chlorine ions, the water is clear
№ 2
The control sample contains chlorine ions, they are present in rather large quantities
Sudak (shore)
№ 3
Sandy (buoyok)
The intensity of precipitation is lower than in sample No. 2
№ 4
As you can see, the intensity of precipitation is large
Experience number 5: For sulfate ion.
Distilled water
Pike perch (buoyok)
No traces found
Sudak (shore)
Sandy (buoyok)
Slight turbidity indicates the presence of sulfate ions
Slight turbidity indicates the presence of sulfate ions
What can I do to protect the Black Sea:
- 1. Every time after visiting the beach and the seashore, I will take with me all the rubbish and at least a small part of the rubbish that does not belong to me.
- 2. Try to conserve water so as not to overload treatment systems.
- 3. Do not pour oil, paints or chemicals on the ground or down the drain, but dispose of them in an environmentally friendly manner.
- 4. Plant trees, shrubs and flowers around your home and in public areas.
- 5. Limit the use of plastic bags and choose products with environmentally friendly packaging.
- 6. Observe the rules for the disposal of solid household waste.
- 7. To demand from the leadership of the settlements at the place of residence to give priority attention to environmental problems.
- 8. Demand from the state municipal bodies, responsible for the environment, the conscientious fulfillment of their duties.
- 9. Take an interest in construction going on by the sea and near the place of residence in order to control the impact on the environment.
Bibliography:
1. Vershinin A. About "Life of the Black Sea" - Moscow, "MAK-CENTER. Publishing house ", 2003.
2. Pankova S. A., Logvinenko I. A., Pankov S. L. "Guide to the underwater world of the Black Sea" - Krasnodar, 2000.
3. Mi Laurence D. How to Save the Black Sea: Your Guide to a Strategic Action Plan for the Black Sea - Istanbul, 1999.
List of sites:
1.http: // www. oneblacksea. org
2.http: // www. rus-green. ru
3.http: // www. ecoindustry. ru
Slide 2
The main types of pollution
The greatest damage to marine communities is caused by nitrogen and phosphorus compounds supplied with domestic and industrial wastewater, as well as storm water, which is washed off from fertilizer fields, from pastures and livestock farms - animal excrement
Slide 3
The presented satellite photograph clearly shows that the Black Sea literally "blooms" in comparison with the Mediterranean.
Slide 4
Contamination with oil products and other toxic substances
Slide 5
According to the reports of the International Association of Tanker Owners at the beginning of the XXI century, the Black Sea ranked first in terms of oil pollution.
Slide 6
Slide 7
Accumulation of solid household waste
Diving studies show that the bottom of coastal waters is literally littered with household garbage. These are bottles, cans, plastic waste, scraps of fishing nets and much more.
The same rubbish is present everywhere and on the shore. Municipal solid waste (MSW) has become a real scourge of the coast in recent years.
Slide 8
Slide 9
Decrease in biological diversity
Human activities for the uncontrolled catch of fish,
Degradation of coastal benthic communities.
Bottom communities are the most important for the marine ecosystem. They are biological water purifiers. It is here, in the thickets of algae, that biodiversity is concentrated. Almost all species of the Black Sea fauna reproduce here.
Slide 10
Slide 11
Biological contamination by alien species
The most significant for the biota of the Black Sea was the introduction of the mollusk rapan and ctenophore Mnemiopsis.
Slide 12
What can I do to protect the Black Sea
1. Every time after visiting the beach and the seashore, I will take all the trash with me.
2. Try to conserve water so as not to overload treatment systems.
3. Do not pour oil, paints on the ground or down the drain, but dispose of them in an environmentally friendly way.
4. Plant trees, shrubs and flowers around your home and in public areas.
5. Limit the use of plastic bags and choose products with environmentally friendly packaging.
6. Require the leadership of the localities to give priority to environmental issues.
Only with the active position of coastal residents can the growth of environmental problems be prevented and the Black Sea saved. Environmental protection is the duty of every Russian citizen.
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