ATP biopolymer to write down its monomers. Organic matter - carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, atf. Development of logical thinking by comparing the structure of DNA and RNA

14.09.2020

RNA molecules are polymers, the monomers of which are ribonucleotides formed by the residues of three substances: a five-carbon sugar - ribose; one of the nitrogenous bases - from purine - adenine or guanine, from pyrimidine - uracil or cytosine; the remainder of phosphoric acid.

“2. Card at the blackboard "

Write the question numbers on the chalkboard.

against them - short answers.

……………………….

Where is DNA contained in eukaryotic cells?

What is the size of DNA?

What purine bases are included in the DNA molecule?

A DNA fragment contains 30,000 nucleotides. DNA is doubling, how many free nucleotides will it take?

How are DNA nucleotides linked in one strand?

A DNA fragment contains 30,000 A-nucleotides. DNA duplication occurs, how many A and T nucleotides are required for this?

A DNA fragment contains 30,000 A-nucleotides and 40,000 C-nucleotides. How many T and G nucleotides are in this fragment?

What are the functions of DNA in a cell?

How are the chains of nucleotides located in the DNA molecule?

Write down the answers and sit down.

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"3. Cards "

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"4. Overhead. RNA, ATP "

Topic: RNA, ATP.

1. Characteristics of RNA, ATP.

Structure : polymer, one polynucleotide chain.

The RNA nucleotide consists of three residues:

Instead of thymine - uracil. Uridyl nucleotide.

Hydrogen bonds are formed between complementary nucleotides, and specific conformations of RNA molecules are formed.

Functions : participation in protein synthesis.

Kinds : mRNA (mRNA), tRNA, rRNA.

Messenger RNAs (around 5%). They transfer information about the protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Length up to 30,000 nucleotides.

Ribosomal RNA (about 85%) are synthesized in the nucleus in the area of \u200b\u200bthe nucleolus, are part of the ribosomes. 3,000 - 5,000 nucleotides.

Transport RNAs (about 10%). They transport amino acids to the ribosomes. More than 30 species, 76 - 85 nucleotides.

End products of biosynthesis?

AND

TF?

Hormones?

Vitamins?

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"Biopolymers. RNA, ATP "

Biopolymers. RNA, ATP

1. Characterization of RNA.

RNA molecules are polymers, the monomers of which are ribonucleotides formed by the remains of three substances: a five-carbon sugar - ribose; one of the nitrogenous bases - from purine - adenine or guanine, from pyrimidine - uracil or cytosine; the remainder of phosphoric acid.

An RNA molecule is an unbranched polynucleotide with a tertiary structure. The connection of nucleotides into one chain is carried out as a result of a condensation reaction between the phosphoric acid residue of one nucleotide and the 3'-carbon of ribose of the second nucleotide.

Unlike DNA, RNA is not formed by two, but one polynucleotide chain. However, its nucleotides (adenyl, uridyl, thymidyl and cytidyl) are also capable of forming hydrogen bonds with each other, but these are intra-, and not inter-strand compounds of complementary nucleotides. Two hydrogen bonds are formed between the A and Y nucleotides, and three hydrogen bonds between the G and C nucleotides. RNA strands are much shorter than DNA strands.

Information about the structure of the RNA molecule is stored in the DNA molecules. The sequence of nucleotides in RNA is complementary to the codogenic DNA chain, but the uridyl nucleotide of RNA is complementary to the adenyl nucleotide of DNA. If the DNA content in the cell is relatively constant, then the RNA content fluctuates greatly. The greatest amount of RNA in cells is observed during protein synthesis.

There are three main classes of nucleic acids: informational (messenger) RNA - mRNA (mRNA), transport RNA - tRNA, ribosomal RNA - rRNA.

Informational RNAs. The most varied class in terms of size and stability. All of them are carriers of genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Messenger RNAs serve as a matrix for the synthesis of a protein molecule, because determine the amino acid sequence of the primary structure of the protein molecule. MRNA accounts for up to 5% of the total RNA content in the cell.

Transport RNAs. Transport RNA molecules usually contain 75-86 nucleotides. The molecular weight of tRNA molecules is 25,000. The tRNA molecules play the role of mediators in protein biosynthesis - they deliver amino acids to the site of protein synthesis, to the ribosomes. The cell contains more than 30 types of tRNA. Each type of tRNA has a sequence of nucleotides characteristic only for it. However, all molecules have several intramolecular complementary regions, due to the presence of which all tRNAs have a tertiary structure resembling a clover leaf.

Ribosomal RNA. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) accounts for 80-85% of the total RNA content in the cell. Ribosomal RNA consists of 3-5 thousand nucleotides. In combination with ribosomal proteins, rRNA forms ribosomes - organelles on which protein synthesis occurs. The main importance of rRNA is that it provides the initial binding of the mRNA and the ribosome and forms the active center of the ribosome, in which peptide bonds between amino acids are formed during the synthesis of the polypeptide chain.

2. Characteristics of ATP.

In addition to proteins, fats and carbohydrates, a large number of other organic compounds are synthesized in the cell, which can be conditionally divided into intermediate and final... Most often, the production of a certain substance is associated with the operation of a catalytic conveyor (a large number of enzymes), and is associated with the formation of intermediate reaction products, which are affected by the next enzyme. Final organic compounds perform independent functions in the cell or serve as monomers in the synthesis of polymers. The final substances include amino acids, glucose, nucleotides, ATF, hormones, vitamins.

Adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP) is a universal source and main accumulator of energy in living cells. ATP is found in all cells of plants and animals. The amount of ATP fluctuates and averages 0.04% (per cell wet weight). The largest amount of ATP (0.2-0.5%) is found in skeletal muscles.

ATP is a nucleotide consisting of nitrogenous base (adenine), monosaccharide (ribose) residues and three phosphoric acid residues. Since ATP contains not one, but three phosphoric acid residues, it belongs to ribonucleoside triphosphates.

For most types of work taking place in cells, the energy of ATP hydrolysis is used. In this case, with the cleavage of the terminal residue of phosphoric acid, ATP passes into ADP ( adenosine diphosphoric acid), in the cleavage of the second phosphoric acid residue - in AMP ( adenosine monophosphoric acid). The free energy yield upon the elimination of both the terminal and the second phosphoric acid residues is 30.6 kJ each. Cleavage of the third phosphate group is accompanied by the release of only 13.8 kJ. The bonds between the terminal and the second, second and first phosphoric acid residues are called high-energy (high-energy).

ATP reserves are constantly replenished. In the cells of all organisms, ATP synthesis occurs in the process of phosphorylation, i.e. addition of phosphoric acid to ADP. Phosphorylation occurs with different intensities in mitochondria, during glycolysis in the cytoplasm, and during photosynthesis in chloroplasts.

The final organic molecules are also vitamins and hormones... An important role in the life of multicellular organisms is played by vitamins... Vitamins are such organic compounds that the body cannot synthesize (or synthesizes in insufficient quantities) and must receive them with food. Vitamins combine with proteins to form complex enzymes. With a lack of any vitamin in food, an enzyme cannot be formed and one or another vitamin deficiency develops. For example, a lack of vitamin C leads to scurvy, a lack of vitamin B 12 - to anemia, a violation of the normal formation of erythrocytes.

Hormones are regulatorsaffecting the work of individual organs and the whole organism as a whole. They can be of a protein nature (hormones of the pituitary gland, pancreas), they can be lipids (sex hormones), they can be derivatives of amino acids (thyroxine). Hormones are produced by both animals and plants.

Test questions:

The test will offer 10 questions to be answered one complete sentence .

Or testing on a computer, a test task of 15 questions.

Cytology

The main provisions of the cell theory. Cell is a structural and functional unit of a living p. 1

Organic substances of the cell: lipids, ATP, biopolymers (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids) and their role in the cell. page 5

Enzymes, their role in the life process page 7

Features of the structure of cells of prokaryotes and eukaryotes p. 9

The main structural components of the cell p. 11

Surface apparatus of the cell p. 12

Transport of molecules across membranes page 14

Receptor function and its mechanism page 18

Structure and function of cell contacts page 19

Locomotor and individualizing functions of the PAK page 20

Organelles are of general importance. Endoplasmic reticulum page 21

Golgi complex p. 23

Lysosomes page 24

Peroxisomes page 26

Mitochondria p. 26

Ribosomes page 27

Plastids p. 28

Cell center p. 28

Organelles of special significance page 29

Cell nucleus. Structure and function p. 29

Metabolism and energy conversion in the cell page 32

Chemosynthesis p. 36

The main provisions of the cell theory. A cell is a structural and functional unit of living things.

Cytology - the science of cells. Cytology studies the structure and chemical composition of cells, the functions of intracellular structures, the functions of cells in the body of animals, plants, reproduction and development of cells. Of the 5 kingdoms of the organic world, only the kingdom Viruses, represented by living forms, do not have a cellular structure. The remaining 4 kingdoms have a cellular structure: the kingdom of bacteria unites prokaryotes - prenuclear forms. Nuclear forms are eukaryotes, these include the kingdoms Mushrooms, Plants, Animals. Basic principles of cell theory: Cell -functional and structural unit of the living. Cell -elementary system - the basis of the structure and life of the organism. The opening of the cell is associated with the opening of the microscope: 1665 - Hooke invented the microscope and on the cut of the cork he saw cells, which he called cells. 1674 -A. Levinguk first discovered unicellular organisms in water. Early 19th century -J. Purkinje called the substance that fills the cell protoplasm. 1831 -Brown discovered the core. 1838-1839 -Schwann formulated the main provisions of the cell theory. The main provisions of the cell theory:

1. Cell -the main structural unit of all organisms.

2. Cell formation process caused by the growth, development and differentiation of plant and animal cells.

1858 -virchow's work "Cellular Pathology" was published, in which he linked pathological changes in the body with changes in the structure of cells, laying the foundation of pathology - the beginning of theoretical and practical medicine. End of the 19th century -Baer discovered the egg cell, showing that all living organisms originate from one cell (zygote). The complex structure of the cell was discovered, organelles were described, mitosis was studied. Early 20th century -the significance of cellular structures and the transmission of hereditary properties became clear. Modern cellular theory includes the following provisions:

Cell -the basic unit of structure and development of all living organisms, the smallest unit of living.

Cellsall unicellular and multicellular organisms are similar in their structure, chemical composition, the main manifestation of life and metabolism.

Reproduction of cells occurs by way of division, and each new cell is formed by division of the original (mother) cell.

In complex multicellular organisms cells are specializedaccording to their functions and form fabrics. The organs are composed of tissues, which are interconnected and subordinate to the nervous and humoral systems of regulation.

Cell -is an open system for all living organisms, which is characterized by flows of matter, energy and information associated with metabolism (assimilation and dissimilation). Self-renewal carried out as a result of metabolism. Self-regulationis carried out at the level of metabolic processes according to the feedback principle. Self-reproduction cells are provided during its reproduction based on the flow of matter, energy and information. The cell and cellular structure provides:

Thanks to the large surface, favorable conditions for metabolism.

The best storage and transmission of hereditary information.

The ability of organisms to store and transmit energy and turn it into work.

Gradual replacement of the whole organism (multicellular) dying parts without replacing the whole organism.

In a multicellular organism, the specialization of cells ensures the broad adaptability of the organism and its evolutionary capabilities.

Cells have structural similarity, i.e. similarity at different levels: atomic, molecular, supramolecular, etc. Cells have functional similarity, the unity of the chemical processes of metabolism.

Slide 1

Biopolymers. Nucleic acids. ATP. Etc. Naidanova, biology teacher, "Secondary School No. 9"

Slide 2

Tasks: To form knowledge about the structure and functions of DNA, RNA, ATP molecules, the principle of complementarity. Development of logical thinking by comparing the structure of DNA and RNA. Education of collectivism, accuracy and speed of answers.

Slide 3

Equipment: DNA model; Illustrations of DNA, RNA, ATP from the textbook by D.K. Belyaeva, presentation of the lesson.

Slide 4

Lesson course: O P R O S - What is the peculiarity of the chemical composition of proteins? Why was F. Engels right when he expressed the thought: "Life is a way of existence of protein bodies ..." What structures of proteins are found in nature and what is their peculiarity? How is the specificity of proteins expressed? Expand the concepts of "denaturation" and "renaturation"

Slide 5

Remember: Proteins are biopolymers. Protein-amino acid monomers (AK-20). The species specificity of proteins is determined by the set of AAs, the number and sequence in the polypeptide chain. The functions of proteins are manifold; they determine the place of B. in nature. Distinguish between I, II, III, IV structures B, differing in the type of connection. In the human body - 5 mln. Proteins.

Slide 6

II. Learning new material. Nucleic acids / characteristic / "nucleus" - from lat. -core. NK biopolymers. They were first discovered in the core. They play an important role in the synthesis of proteins in the cell, in mutations. Monomers NK-nucleotides. Found in the nuclei of leukocytes in 1869. F. Mischer.

Slide 7

Comparative characteristics of NK Signs of RNA DNA 1. Location in the cell Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, chloroplasts. Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts. 2.Location in the nucleus Nucleolus Chromosomes 3.Nucleotide composition Single polynucleotide chain, except for viruses Double, coiled right-handed helix (J. Watson and F. Crick in 1953)

Slide 8

Comparative characteristics of NK Signs of RNA DNA 4. Nucleotide composition 1. Nitrogen base (A-adenine, U-uracil, G-guanine, C-cytosine). 2.Ribose carbohydrate 3.Phosphoric acid residue 1.Nitrogen base (A-adenine, T-thymine, G-guanine, C-cytosine). 2.Deoxyribose carbohydrate 3.Phosphoric acid residue

Slide 9

Comparative characteristics of NK Signs of RNA DNA 5. Properties Not capable of self-doubling. Labile Capable of self-doubling according to the principle of complementarity: AT; T-A; G-C; C-G. Stable. 6.Functions of i-RNA (or m-RNA) determines the order of AK arrangement in a protein; T-RNA - brings AK to the site of protein synthesis (to ribosomes); p-RNA determines the structure of ribosomes. The chemical basis of the gene. Storage and transmission of hereditary information about the structure of proteins.

Slide 10

Write down: DNA - double helix J. Watson, F. Crick - 1953 Nobel Prize A \u003d T, G \u003d C - complementarity Functions: 1. storage 2. reproduction 3. transmission of Hereditary information RNA - single chain A, U, C, G- nucleotides Types of RNA: I- RNA T- RNA R- RNA Functions: protein biosynthesis

Slide 11

Solve the problem: One of the chains of a fragment of a DNA molecule has the following structure: G-G-G-A-T-A-A-C-A-G-A-T. Indicate the structure of the opposite chain. Indicate the sequence of nucleotides in the m-RNA molecule built on this part of the DNA chain.

Slide 12

Solution: I chain of DNA G-G-G-A-T-A-A-C-A-G-A-T C-C-C-T-A-T-T-G-T-C-T- A (according to the principle of complementarity) i-RNA G-G-G-A-U-A-A-Ts-A-G-Ts-U-

Slide 13

ATP. Why is ATP called the "battery" of the cell? ATP-adenosine triphosphoric acid

Slide 14

Molecule structure ATP adenine F F F Ribose Macroergic bonds ATP + H 2 O ADP + F + E (40 kJ / mol) 2. ADP + H 2 O AMP + F + E (40 kJ / mol) Energy efficiency of two high-energy bonds -80 kJ / mole

Slide 15

Remember: ATP is formed in the mitochondria of animal cells and plant chloroplasts. The energy of ATP is used for movement, biosynthesis, fission, etc. The average lifespan of 1 ATP molecule is less! Min. it is broken down and restored 2400 times a day.

Slide 16

Solve the problem: №1. ATP is a constant source of energy for the cell. Its role can be compared to that of a battery. Explain what is the similarity?

Slide 17

Perform the test (choosing the correct answer, you will receive a keyword) 1. Which of the nucleotides is not a part of DNA? a) thymine; m) uracil; n) guanine; d) cytosine; f) adenine. 2. If the nucleotide composition of DNA-ATT-GCG-TAT, what should be the nucleotide composition of i-RNA? a) TAA-CGTs-UTA; j) TAA-GCG-UTU; y) waa-tsgts-aua; d) waa-cgts-ata

Full name of the educational institution:Department of secondary vocational education of the Tomsk region OGBPOU "Kolpashevsky social-industrial college"

Course: Biology

Section: General Biology

Age group:Grade 10

Topic: Biopolymers. Nucleic acids, ATP and other organic compounds.

The purpose of the lesson: continue the study of biopolymers, contribute to the formation of methods of logical activity, cognitive abilities.

Lesson objectives:

Educational:to acquaint students with the concepts of nucleic acids, to promote understanding and assimilation of the material.

Developing: develop the cognitive qualities of students (the ability to see the problem, the ability to ask questions).

Educational: to form a positive motivation to study biology, the desire to get the final result, the ability to make decisions and draw conclusions.

Implementation time: 90 minutes

Equipment:

PC and video projector;
author's presentation created in the Power Point environment;
handout didactic material (amino acid coding list);

Plan:

1. Types of nucleic acids.

2. The structure of DNA.

3. The main types of RNA.

4. Transcription.

5. ATP and other organic compounds of the cell.

Course of the lesson:

I. Organizational moment.
Checking the readiness for the lesson.

II. Reiteration.

Oral survey:

1. Describe the function of fats in the cell.

2. What is the difference between protein biopolymers and carbohydrate biopolymers? What are their similarities?

Testing (3 options)

III. Learning new material.

1. Types of nucleic acids. The name nucleic acid comes from the Latin word "nucleos", i.e. nucleus: they were first found in cell nuclei. There are two types of nucleic acids in cells: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). These biopolymers are made up of monomers called nucleotides. Monomers-nucleotides of DNA and RNA are similar in basic structural features and play a central role in the storage and transmission of hereditary information. Each nucleotide consists of three components linked by strong chemical bonds. Each of the nucleotides that make up the RNA contains a tri-carbon sugar - ribose; one of the four organic compounds called nitrogenous bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil (A, G, C, U); the remainder of phosphoric acid.

2. The structure of DNA ... The nucleotides that make up DNA contain a five-carbon sugar - deoxyribose; one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (A, G, C, T); the remainder of phosphoric acid.

As part of the nucleotides, a nitrogenous base is attached to the ribose (or deoxyribose) molecule on one side, and a phosphoric acid residue is attached to the other. type of irregularly alternating nitrogenous bases.

A DNA molecule is a structure consisting of two strands that are hydrogen bonded to each other along their entire length. This structure, inherent only to DNA molecules, is called a double helix. A peculiarity of the DNA structure is that opposite the nitrogenous base A in one there is a nitrogenous base T in the other chain, and opposite the nitrogenous base G there is always a nitrogenous base C.

Schematically, what has been said can be expressed as follows:

A (adenine) - T (thymine)

T (thymine) - A (adenine)

G (guanine) - C (cytosine)

C (cytosine) - G (guanine)

These base pairs are called complementary bases (complementary). DNA strands in which the bases are complementary to each other are called complementary strands.

The model of the structure of the DNA molecule was proposed by J. Watson and F. Crick in 1953. It has been fully confirmed experimentally and played an extremely important role in the development of molecular biology and genetics.

The order of arrangement of nucleotides in DNA molecules determines the order of arrangement of amino acids in linear protein molecules, i.e., their primary structure. A set of proteins (enzymes, hormones, etc.) determines the properties of a cell and an organism. DNA molecules store information about these properties and pass them on to generations of descendants, that is, they are carriers of hereditary information. DNA molecules are mainly found in the nuclei of cells and in small numbers in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

3. The main types of RNA. The hereditary information stored in DNA molecules is realized through protein molecules. Information about the structure of the protein is transmitted to the cytoplasm by special RNA molecules called informational (i-RNA) molecules. The messenger RNA is transferred to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis takes place with the help of special organelles - ribosomes. It is the informational RNA, which is built complementary to one of the DNA strands, that determines the order of arrangement of amino acids in protein molecules.

Another type of RNA is also involved in protein synthesis - transport RNA (t-RNA), which brings amino acids to the place of formation of protein molecules - ribosomes, a kind of factories for the production of proteins.

Ribosomes include a third type of RNA, the so-called ribosomal (r-RNA), which determines the structure and function of ribosomes.

Each RNA molecule, in contrast to the DNA molecule, is represented by one strand; instead of deoxyribose, it contains ribose, and instead of thymine, it contains uracil.

So, nucleic acids perform essential biological functions in the cell. DNA stores hereditary information about all properties of the cell and the organism as a whole. Various types of RNA are involved in the realization of hereditary information through protein synthesis.

4. Transcription.

The process of formation of m-RNA is called transcription (from the Latin "transcription" - rewriting). Transcription takes place in the cell nucleus. DNA → i-RNA with the participation of the polymerase enzyme.t-RNA acts as a translator from the “language” of nucleotides into the “language” of amino acids,t-RNA receives a command from i-RNA - the anticodon recognizes the codon and carries the amino acid.

5. ATP and other organic compounds of the cell

In any cell, in addition to proteins, fats, polysaccharides and nucleic acids, there are several thousand other organic compounds. They can be conditionally divided into final and intermediate products of biosynthesis and decay.

End products of biosynthesis are called organic compounds that play an independent role in the body or serve as monomers for the synthesis of biopolymers. The end products of biosynthesis include amino acids, from which proteins are synthesized in cells; nucleotides - monomers from which nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) are synthesized; glucose, which serves as a monomer for the synthesis of glycogen, starch, cellulose.

The path to the synthesis of each of the final products lies through a series of intermediate compounds. Many substances in cells undergo enzymatic cleavage, decay.

The end products of biosynthesis are substances that play an important role in the regulation of physiological processes and the development of the body. These include many animal hormones. Anxiety or stress hormones (for example, adrenaline) under stress conditions increase the release of glucose into the bloodstream, which ultimately leads to an increase in ATP synthesis and the active use of energy stored by the body.

Adenosine phosphoric acids. A particularly important role in the bioenergetics of the cell is played by the adenyl nucleotide, to which two more phosphoric acid residues are attached. This substance is called adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP).ATP molecule is a nucleotide formed by a nitrogenous base adenine, a five-carbon sugar ribose and three phosphoric acid residues. Phosphate groups in the ATP molecule are interconnected by high-energy (high-energy) bonds.

ATF - universal biological energy accumulator. The light energy of the Sun and the energy contained in the consumed food are stored in the ATP molecules.

The average lifespan of 1 ATP molecule in the human body is less than a minute, so it is broken down and restored 2400 times a day.

In the chemical bonds between the phosphoric acid residues of the ATP molecule, energy (E) is stored, which is released when phosphate is cleaved:

ATP \u003d ADP + F + E

In this reaction, adenosine diphosphoric acid (ADP) and phosphoric acid (phosphate, P) are formed.

ATP + H2O → ADP + H3PO4 + energy (40 kJ / mol)

ATP + H2O → AMP + H4P2O7 + energy (40 kJ / mol)

ADP + H3PO4 + energy (60 kJ / mol) → ATP + H2O

All cells use the energy of ATP for biosynthesis, movement, heat production, transmission of nerve impulses, luminescence (for example, in luminescent bacteria), i.e., for all vital processes.

IV. Lesson summary.

1. Generalization of the studied material.

Questions for students:

1. What are the components of the nucleotides?

2. Why is the constancy of the DNA content in different cells of the body considered proof that DNA is genetic material?

3. Give a comparative description of DNA and RNA.

4. Solve the tasks:

G-G-G-A-T-A-A-Ts-A-G-A-T complete the second chain.

Answer: DNA G-G-G-A-T-A-A-C-A-G-A-T

C-C-C-T-A-T-T-G-T-C-T-A

(according to the principle of complementarity)

2) Indicate the sequence of nucleotides in the m-RNA molecule built on this part of the DNA chain.