The work was carried out by a student of group No. 4508 Gabidullina Aliya
Slide 2
Caries is caused not only by the love of sweets and poor oral hygiene, but also by such a seemingly harmless "process" as a kiss. The reason is that during it a person transfers part of his bacteria, including cariogenic ones. Caring for loved ones is a good reason to look after the health of your teeth. Right-handed people have another risk factor for caries, since they pay more attention to the right side of the jaw when brushing their teeth. Strange, but left-handed people do not have this feature.
Slide 3
Caries (Latin caries - decay) is a complex, slowly current pathological process in the hard tissues of the tooth, which develops as a result of the complex effects of unfavorable external and internal factors.
Slide 4
The main cause of the disease is cariogenic microorganisms (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcussanguis, etc.). They feed on carbohydrates and excrete waste products in the form of organic acids and toxins. It is the acids that “eat away” the enamel, that is, they violate its integrity, as a result of which a carious cavity is formed. Of course, harmful bacteria live in the mouth of any person. But why do some people constantly suffer from caries, while others do not need the help of a dentist at all? The thing is that microbes are activated only when exposed to external and internal unfavorable factors.
Slide 5
Local factors.
Presence of dental plaque Poor hygiene, irregular and inadequate cleaning of teeth lead to accumulation of plaque. They contain a large number of cariogenic bacteria. The soft bacterial plaque eventually turns into hard tartar, which adheres tightly to the enamel. It is no longer possible to remove it with a regular toothbrush, so you have to go to the dentist.
Slide 6
Violation of the composition, properties and pH of saliva
An adult produces about 2 liters of saliva per day. This liquid washes away plaque from the enamel surface and neutralizes the action of acids due to the alkaline environment. It also contains beneficial immunoglobulins (proteins that kill viruses and bacteria). Various functional disorders of the salivary glands lead to insufficient production of saliva, changes in its composition or pH level. All this increases the caries susceptibility of the tooth surface.
Slide 7
Features of the structure of the teeth
Tooth decay is more susceptible to teeth with bulbous fissures, these are natural grooves on the chewing surface. In such pits, food particles quickly accumulate, and microbial plaque forms.
Slide 8
Malocclusion
Crowded teeth make it difficult to maintain proper hygienic care, which creates conditions for the accumulation of food particles in the mouth. In addition, improper occlusion (closing of the jaws) leads to increased chewing load on individual teeth, which accelerates the carious process. You can also add the habit of chewing food on one side of the jaw.
Slide 9
Carbohydrates (carbohydrate food residues)
Remember the formula: carbohydrates + bacteria \u003d acids. As noted above, cariogenic bacteria (streptococci, lactobacilli, actinomycetes) feed on carbohydrates. As a result, the fermentation process begins in the mouth. The most intense fermentation is sucrose, a simple carbohydrate found in confectionery and sweet carbonated drinks. Starch and fructose are less dangerous.
Slide 10
Common cariogenic factors.
Biological Systemic diseases of the body. It has been proven that chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, endocrine and cardiovascular systems increase the risk of caries. Genetic predisposition. We inherit from our parents the structure of hard dental tissues, as well as their resistance to adverse effects.
Slide 11
Taking medications. Certain medications (antihistamines, sedatives, antidepressants) cause dry mouth, which encourages the growth of cariogenic bacteria. Immunity status. In people with high immunity, there is a low activity of pathogenic microflora in the mouth. Stress
Slide 12
The influence of the external environment
Climate, insolation (exposure to sunlight) also affect the occurrence of caries. People living in the northern regions, where cloudy weather prevails, are more likely to face the problem of tooth decay. The indicator of water hardness (concentration of calcium and magnesium salts) and its saturation with fluorine are also important. With a decrease in the amount of minerals, the risk of carious processes increases. Normally, the fluorine content in water is 0.8-1.2 mg / l. Air pollution must also be considered. In rural and mountainous areas, where the air is absolutely clean, the level of dental problems is 20% lower than in the city.
Slide 13
Social factors
Diet. Frequent snacks, fast food, and the use of exceptionally soft foods contribute to the formation of "holes" in the teeth. Profession. At risk are people working in factories that produce acids, alkalis, toxic drugs, as well as employees of pastry shops. Age. At the age from 2 to 11 years, the dynamics of caries formation increases by 60%, it begins to decline only after 40 years.
Slide 14
Floor. In women, enamel deteriorates more often, but this is mainly due to the period of pregnancy and lactation, when there is a deficiency of calcium and fluoride in the body. Origin (race). Statistics show that representatives of the Negroid race are less susceptible to cariogenic processes, compared to people of white skin color who live in the same territory. Country of Residence. In the United States, 99% of the population suffers from tooth decay, while in Nigeria only 2%. Why it happens? Most likely, this is influenced by the content of minerals in the soil and water, as well as the culture of food consumption (food in the United States is not the most healthy and natural).
Slide 15
The cariogenic situation in the oral cavity is the confluence of all necessary and sufficient risk factors for the development of caries, which ultimately will lead to the development of demineralization of the hard tooth tissues.
Slide 16
OV Udovitskaya (1987) identifies 7 main signs of caries risk: 1) viscous saliva; 2) acidic reaction of the oral cavity; 3) tendency to superficial plaque deposition under normal hygienic conditions; 4) hypoplasia of tooth enamel as an indicator of the vicious development of enamel; 5) premature teething (for six months or more - temporary, for a year or more - permanent); 6) and hereditary tendency; 7) toxicosis and pregnancy of the mother. The effect of these factors is easier to find out if the normal state of enamel is considered as a dynamic balance between the constant processes of de- and remineralization. In the case when demineralization processes prevail over remineralization in dental tissues, a demineralization site appears in the form of a carious spot. The subsequent progress of the process of demineralization of enamel and dentin leads to the formation of a carious cavity.
Slide 17
Ways to eliminate a cariogenic situation
One of the promising directions for increasing the effectiveness of anti-caries measures is the selection of risk groups that need a larger volume of caries-preventive effects. Along with oral hygiene and fluoridation, means and methods are used that increase the general resistance of the body, including hardening and sports, physiotherapeutic and medicinal means.
Slide 18
Recommendations for patients to reduce the cariogenic potential of nutrition: the need to reduce the total consumption of sugars; the benefits of reducing the frequency of sugar intake; the value of reducing the residence time of sugars in the mouth; the importance of replacing easily metabolizable sugars with non-metabolizable ones (sweeteners). In recommendations for rational nutrition, one should not forget about the role of food as a factor in self-cleaning of the oral cavity, the natural process of getting rid of food residues and soft dental plaque. One of the ways to increase self-cleaning of the oral cavity is to take solid food (raw vegetables, hard fruits). Good training of the dentoalveolar system occurs when eating solid dry food that requires abundant salivation and prolonged chewing
Slide 19
Enamel caries resistance Research methods.
To determine the resistance of tooth enamel to caries, an enamel resistance test (TEP-TEST) is used; V. G. Okushko, L. I. Kosareva, 1983 r.) It allows you to establish the functional resistance of the enamel to acid. The test can be used as a primary diagnostic, as well as for an objective assessment of the effectiveness of remineralizing therapy during dispensary observation and treatment of patients.
Slide 20
Test procedure
Professional oral hygiene is carried out - the teeth crowns are treated with distilled water and a cotton swab, dried - a drop of 1% hydrochloric acid solution with a diameter of no more than 2 mm is applied to the vestibular surface of the central upper incisor. - after 5s. the acid is washed off with distilled water - the crown of the tooth is dried with a cotton swab - a swab soaked in 1% aqueous solution of methylene blue is applied to the surface of the crown - with one movement of a cotton swab, the dye is removed from the enamel surface - the test is evaluated according to a special 10-point color scale - on the demineralization zone is applied with a fluorinated varnish.
Slide 21
According to a 10-point blue scale, the degree of tooth resistance to caries is determined:
1-3 points - the area is painted in a pale blue color, which determines the significant structural and functional resistance of the enamel and the high resistance of teeth to caries. 4-6 points - the area is colored blue, which determines the average structural and functional resistance of the enamel and the average resistance of teeth to caries 7-9 points, the area is colored blue, which determines the decrease in the structural and functional resistance of the enamel and a high risk of caries 10 points - the area is painted in dark blue, which characterizes an extremely reduced structural and functional resistance of the enamel and the maximum risk of caries.
Slide 22
Research methods CRT (color reaction time) - color reaction time (Walter, 1958; Maywold, Jager, 1978)
Purpose: to study the rate of dissolution of enamel in acid. Method: study the time required for neutralization of a standard amount of acid by ions, more or less actively leaving the enamel apatites, dissolved by this acid. The transition from an acidic environment to a neutral one is determined using an acid-base indicator. Material and equipment 1N hydrochloric acid solution. Micropipette. A disc of filter paper with a diameter of 3 mm, impregnated for 30 s with a 0.02% aqueous solution of crystal violet, which has a yellow color in acidic pH and violet in neutral pH. Stopwatch
Slide 23
Technique Tooth 12 is isolated from saliva, cleaned from plaque with a brush and dried. A disc of paper is placed on the vestibular surface, 1.5 μl of 1H HCI is applied to it using a micropipette (after the test, it is necessary to apply remineralizing agents!) Registration of the results The time during which the disc color changes from yellow to violet is noted Interpretation of CRT results\u003e 60 s - low solubility, high caries resistance; CRT< 60 с - растворимость высокая, кариесрезистентность
Slide 24
Laser reflectometry (Grisimov V.P., 1991)
Purpose: To determine the density of the crystal lattice of the enamel surface. The method is based on differences in the optical properties of resistive and labile enamel: well-mineralized, dense enamel reflects light more and absorbs it less (i.e. diffusely scatters) than loose caries-weakening enamel Material and equipment Helium-neon laser LGN- 105 with a wavelength of 0.63 microns. Device for photographing laser light reflected by enamel. Meter of reflected light characteristics Technique The tooth is cleaned, dried, and a beam of laser light is directed at it. The beam of light reflected by the enamel is photographed. Registration of the results. The characteristics of the reflected light are compared with a standard scale, the proportion of non-returned, i.e., scattered light (diffuse component) from the original beam is calculated. Interpretation of the results The diffuse component is less than 0.24 - the enamel is caries-resistant; more than 0.30 - caries-labile
Slide 25
Electrometry (Ivanova GG., 1984; Zhorova I.A., 1989)
Purpose: to determine the density of the crystal lattice of the tooth enamel. The method is based on the fact that mature healthy enamel with a dense crystalline structure is a dielectric for direct current (its electrical conductivity is zero), but the looser the structure of the enamel, the more current carriers it contains and, accordingly, the higher its electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity of the enamel is defined as the current strength in the DC circuit, the element of which is the tooth Material and equipment Galvanometer with a graduation value of 0.11x106 A, with an active electrode (capillary glass tube) and a passive electrode placed in front of the oral cavity ; a constant voltage of 3 V is created on the electrodes. An electrolyte solution of 10% NaCl, which provides an electrically conductive contact between the active electrode and the enamel
Slide 26
Technique The investigated surface is cleaned, dried, isolated. The capillary of the active electrode is filled with electrolyte (for this, the end of the tube is placed in a solution, after which it is installed on the test surface) Registration of results Using a galvanometer, determine the magnitude of the DC current conducted by the enamel Interpretation of the results Conductivity of the enamel up to 3-5 mA and more indicates its incomplete mineralization and, accordingly, low caries resistance or carious demineralization of the enamel
Slide 27
Determination of the amount of calcium and phosphorus in enamel ash
Purpose: to determine the quantitative content of Ca and P in the enamel composition by methods of chemical quantitative analysis of enamel in vitro Material and equipment Muffle furnace. Quantitative reagent kits. Laboratory glassware Method The enamel is ashed in an oven at t \u003d 500 °. 10 mg of the resulting ash is dissolved in 0.5 ml of concentrated HCI and adjusted with distilled water to the volume required for chemical analysis Registration of results Results are obtained using complexometric, photocolorimetric, spectrophotometric and other methods of quantitative analysis. Interpretation of the results The results are most informative in a comparative aspect
Slide 28
Enamel biopsy (determination of intravital enamel solubility); (Leontiev V.K., Distel V.A., 1974)
Purpose: quantitative analysis of the mineral composition (Ca, P) of enamel, or rather, that part of its apatite, which react with acid). The method is based on the version that calcium-saturated enamel can, in relatively large quantities than caries-labile enamel, give up ions of this element to neutralize acid, while maintaining the structure of apatite. The enamel is studied in vivo Material and equipment Hydrochloric acid buffer solution (97 ml 1N HCl and 50 ml KCl) is mixed and made up to 200 ml with distilled water; for viscosity, glycerin is added 1: 1. Microsyringe for application of buffer solution and aspiration of acidic biopsy of enamel
Slide 29
Technique The tooth is isolated from saliva, cleaned, dried. A drop of demineralizing buffer solution with a volume of 3 μl is applied to the enamel surface. After 1 min, the entire volume of the drop (biopsy) is taken with a microsyringe, the biopsy is transferred into a test tube with 1 ml of distilled water and used for quantitative chemical analysis Registration of results Results are obtained using complexometric, photocolorimetric, spectrophotometric and other methods of quantitative analysis Interpretation of results The technique allows you to assess the state of the enamel in a comparative aspect, therefore it is actively used to study the degree of risk of caries development in some people in comparison with others, to study changes in enamel that occur under the influence of mineralizing prophylaxis, etc. (it is important to remember that with an increase in caries resistance of enamel due to the formation of fluorapatites in it, the solubility of enamel decreases, the amount of calcium in the biopsy specimen decreases)
Slide 30
Spectrometry
Purpose: precise quantitative determination of the mineral composition of the enamel of extracted teeth using spectral analysis Material and equipment Diamond disc for the preparation of enamel samples. 10% formalin. Carbon-based glue, scanning electron microscope with a spectrometer Technique The extracted teeth are washed with distilled water, fixed in formalin, sawn in the vestibulo-oral direction, degreased, glued to the stage with conductive glue, placed on a vacuum post, where on samples are sprayed with a carbon film to obtain a conductive layer. Registration of results. Study the quantitative content of calcium, phosphorus, iron, carbon, sodium, silicon, chlorine, chromium, fluorine, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, copper, titanium in the enamel. comparatively informative
Slide 31
The mineralizing potential of saliva
It is believed that saliva nourishes the tooth as much as blood nourishes the body. Enamel is presented as crystals in a solution of its own ions. The fate of crystals - their dissolution, stability or restoration - is determined by the degree of saturation of saliva with calcium ions, phosphates and hydroxyl groups, and this, in turn, depends on the concentration of ions in saliva and on its acidity.
Slide 32
The concentration of ions in saliva is a homeostatic factor and is carefully controlled by neurohumoral mechanisms. The mineral content of saliva is thought to be age dependent and relatively lower in children. Usually, the average calcium content in the saliva of adults is 1.7 mmol / L (in the blood plasma - 2.5 mmol / L), the phosphate content in the saliva is 5.5 mmol / L, in the blood plasma is about 1 mmol / L. Due to the different ratios of calcium and phosphorus concentrations, it turns out that the blood is supersaturated with hydroxyapatite 2-3 times, and saliva - 4.5 times, due to which saliva has a high mineralizing potential. Supersaturated solutions do not precipitate due to the fact that ions are "interbedded" with staterin proteins, bound to proteins rich in proline, and to a large extent (about 45% of calcium ions and 6% of phosphates) are involved in the composition of micelles.
Slide 33
From the supersaturated solution, the ions easily penetrate into the hydration shell of the enamel apatites and create a depot in it, from which they slowly penetrate into the crystal structure along the concentration gradient. Thus, the oversaturated state of saliva organizes the mineralization and remineralization of the enamel, and the undersaturated state is the reverse process, i.e. demineralization of hard tissues. In the presence of certain microelements-accelerators, the most famous of which is fluoride, the processes of mineralization and remineralization proceed more efficiently: their speed increases, qualitative changes occur in the enamel apatites (magnesium ions, chlorine and hydroxyls are replaced by fluorides), leading to the formation of crystals that are less soluble, than the original.
Slide 34
Method for determination of saliva mineralizing potential (Leus P.A., 1977).
The mineralizing potential of saliva is indirectly assessed by whether crystals are formed when the saliva drops slowly dry. To carry out the study, you need to have a pipette, a glass slide and a microscope. Unstimulated saliva is collected from the bottom of the oral cavity with a pipette and applied to a glass slide. Saliva dries in air at room temperature or in a thermostat. The dried droplets are examined under a microscope in reflected light at low magnification (2x6). ...
Slide 35
The nature of the pattern on the glass is assessed as follows: 1 point - a scattering of randomly located structures of irregular shape; 2 points - a thin grid of lines across the entire field of view; 3 points - individual crystals of irregular shape against the background of a grid and lumps; 4 points - medium-sized tree crystals; 5 points - clear, large, fern-like or parquet-like crystal structure. Thus, each drop of saliva is assessed out of three and the average MPS value is calculated. MPS indicators from 0 to 1 are considered very low, from 1.1 to 2.0 - low, from 2.1 to 3.0 - satisfactory, from 3.1 to 4.0 - high, from 4.1 to 5, 0 - very high
LOGO FEBRUARY 9, 2011 International Day of the Dentist Dental diseases This is a group of diseases of the oral cavity organs, teeth, gums. The most common dental disease is tooth decay. Untreated caries is dangerous with complications (pulpitis, periodontitis). Dental diseases also include periodontal diseases (gingivitis, periodontitis, periodontal disease), non-carious lesions of the teeth (fluorosis, etc.). signs of periodontal disease: bleeding gums, tartar By the age of 35-44 and 65 years and older, all examined (89.5 - 99.5%) have more severe periodontal lesions, with the presence of tartar and periodontal pockets of varying depth. The highest indicators of the need for rehabilitation were noted in the age group of children 6 years old, as well as among the adult population (3544 years old and 65 years old and older). In the Volgograd region, the prevalence of caries in children is 88%. In the adult population, the incidence of caries reaches 100%. DENTAL CARIES Caries is a disease of the hard tissues of the tooth, which is expressed in its sequential destruction (enamel, dentin, cement), with the formation of a cavity. Depending on the degree of damage, uncomplicated and complicated caries (pulpitis and periodontitis) are distinguished. Caries of milk teeth: damage to dental germs.The primary cause of early caries may be damage to dental germs even in the prenatal period, which occurred due to diseases suffered by the mother during pregnancy (as well as as a result of taking certain medications during this period). These can be acute infectious diseases, toxicosis (especially late), stress, intoxication (bad ecology, occupational harm, bad habits). One of the factors that provoke caries in an unborn child may be frequent childbirth (with a break of less than 2 years.) The occurrence of caries can also be promoted by prematurity of the fetus, difficult labor, artificial feeding, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Caries of milk teeth: carbohydrates In the future, caries of milk teeth can occur in a child if he is fed a large amount of carbohydrates. The nature of caries is closely related to the presence in the mouth of a large number of pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria) that actively multiply in a carbohydrate environment. As a result of the vital activity of microorganisms (enzymatic processing of carbohydrates), organic acids are formed, which cause demineralization of the enamel. Therefore, dentists recommend replacing sugar-containing foods with foods containing xylitol (strawberries, onions, carrots). Dental Caries: Lack of Fluoride Lack of fluorides (fluoride compounds) contributes to the development of dental caries. Fluorides enter the body with water and food. Fluorides are a potential protective factor against caries because they inhibit the activity of enzymes involved in the formation of organic acids. At the same time, the introduction of fluorides inside is more effective than the local application of fluorine-containing drugs. However, it should be borne in mind that fluorides in excessive concentrations are toxic, cause fluorosis, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys. The optimal dose of fluoride is approximately 0.1 mg per 1 kg of body weight per day. There is an opinion that the degree of tooth decay in children in the first years of life is influenced by the age and state of health of the mother, seasonal characteristics, and the date of birth. For example, it has been found that the older the mother is, the lower the child's risk of dental caries. Children born in the spring are more likely to suffer from caries. Caries of primary teeth: breastfeeding An increase in the duration of breastfeeding (up to 12 months or more) has a positive effect on the health of the child's teeth. But at the same time, the child's consumption of sugar should be minimal. There is another side to this problem. Long-term (more than a year) breastfeeding must necessarily be combined with feeding the child with a variety of (including solid) foods, which leads to self-cleaning of the hard tissues of the teeth when chewing. At the same time, saliva is also cleared from the excess of lactic acid bacteria in it. Caries of primary teeth: breastfeeding An increase in the duration of breastfeeding (up to 12 months or more) has a positive effect on the health of the child's teeth. But at the same time, the child's consumption of sugar should be minimal. Long-term (more than a year) feeding should be combined with feeding the child with a variety of (including solid) food, which leads to self-cleaning of hard dental tissues. At the same time, saliva is also cleared from the excess of lactic acid bacteria in it. Caries of primary teeth: bottle caries A particular problem is the so-called bottle caries. Frequent bottle feeding, especially at night, causes easily fermentable carbohydrates to enter the baby's mouth and remain there overnight, feeding bacteria and causing tooth decay. "Bottle caries" is a very rapidly developing caries that occurs in 2.5-15% of cases. It is characterized by damage to the anterior 4-6 teeth and is manifested by a characteristic brownish coating. Later, the lesion can spread to the chewing teeth of both the upper and lower jaw. The onset of caries Caries occurs sequentially - first, a pigment spot appears on the surface of the tooth enamel (white, and then yellow). It soon turns brown in color. In the future, the enamel is destroyed, and then the dentin. This process proceeds rather slowly, in more rare cases - quickly. The resulting cavity, first in the enamel and then in the dentin, progresses in depth and width. Food residues in it are a breeding ground for bacteria that are in large quantities in the oral cavity. "The first stage of caries can remain unchanged for years. If a carious cavity is found, you should immediately contact your dentist. Otherwise, further tooth decay will lead to pulpitis, and cause severe toothache. CARIES RISK FACTORS 1. Inadequate diet and drinking water. 2. Somatic diseases during the period Text maturation of tooth tissues 3. Extreme effects on the body 4. Heredity ensuring the usefulness of enamel Text LOCAL FACTORS OF CARIES RISK 1. Dental plaque and plaque 2. Violation of the composition and properties of the oral fluid.Text 3. Carbohydrate food residues in the oral cavity 4. Deviation in the biochemical composition of hard tooth tissues and defective structure of tooth tissues. Text 5. The state of the dentition during the formation, development and eruption of teeth. Prevention strategy 1. Dental education of the population; 2. Teaching the rules of rational nutrition; 3. Teaching the rules hygienic care of the oral cavity; 4. Endogenous use of prep fluorine arat; 5. Application of means of local prevention; 6. Secondary prophylaxis (oral cavity sanitation). LOGO
Slide 1
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Slide 17
The presentation on the topic "Prevention of Dental Diseases in Pregnant Women" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Various. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report - click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 17 slide (s).
Presentation slides
Slide 1
Slide 2
Statistical data
It is known that in the physiological course of pregnancy, the prevalence of caries is 91.4%, periodontal disease occurs in 90% of cases, damage to previously intact teeth, mainly with an acute course of the carious process - in 38% of patients. Secondary caries, progression of the carious process, enamel hyperesthesia are found in 79% of pregnant women. A clinical feature of the course of the carious process in pregnant women is its rapid spread not only along the periphery, but also deep into the tooth tissues, which in a short time leads to the development of complicated caries. By the end of the second half of pregnancy, periodontal tissue damage is 100%.
Slide 3
Medical data
In pregnant women, an increased sensitivity of intact teeth to chemical thermal mechanical stimuli is determined, as well as non-carious lesions in the form of wedge-shaped defects and vertical pathological abrasion of teeth.
Slide 4
The need for therapeutic dental care for pregnant women occurs in 94.7% of cases, orthopedic - in 56.1%, emergency surgery - in 2.2% of the total number of pregnant women. It is noted that during pregnancy, an increase in dental morbidity is due not only to changes in the woman's body as a whole, but also to a deterioration in the condition of the hard tissues of the teeth, which is associated with: a change in the microflora of the oral cavity; a decrease in the resistance of tooth enamel to the effects of acids.
Slide 5
Prevention of dental caries and periodontal disease in pregnant women has a double goal: to improve the dental status of women, to carry out antenatal prevention of dental caries in children. Measures for the prevention of dental diseases during pregnancy should be organized taking into account the severity of dental diseases and the course of pregnancy.
Slide 6
The health of the mother during pregnancy affects the development of the baby's teeth, especially during the 6-7th week, when the process of laying the teeth begins. Studies of tooth rudiments have shown that in the pathological course of pregnancy, the mineralization of the enamel of the fetal teeth slows down, and often stops at the stage of initial calcification
Slide 7
A group of factors is distinguished, the action of which disrupts the full formation of the dentoalveolar system. These include: the presence of extragenital pathology in the mother; complications of pregnancy (toxicosis of the first and second half); early artificial feeding. stressful situations during pregnancy; diseases of newborns and infants;
Slide 8
Already in the early stages of pregnancy, the condition of the hard tissues of the teeth and periodontium deteriorates against the background of an unsatisfactory hygienic state of the oral cavity and changes in the composition of the oral fluid. This necessitates preventive measures throughout the entire period of pregnancy.
Women are advised to carry out a set of general preventive measures, including: the correct mode of work and rest, good nutrition, vitamin therapy. Adequate sleep for up to 8-9 hours, staying in the fresh air, in combination with dosed physical activity, promotes oxygen intake.
Slide 10
Nutrition should be varied, with the required amount of vitamins and minerals. In the first half of pregnancy, a woman's body needs a continuous supply of protein. In the second half, the need for vitamins, trace elements and mineral salts increases. Vegetables and fruits should be constant ingredients in the diet. The main sources of vitamins should be food, as well as taking multivitamin preparations - "Dekamevit", "Undevit", "Gendevit", etc.
Slide 11
Multivitamins
Multivitamin preparation with mineral additives "Pregnovit" containing vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6 hydrochloride, B12 cyanocomplex, calcium pantothenic acid, iron furamate, anhydrous calcium phosphate is prescribed in the following dosages: up to 4 months of pregnancy - 1 capsule with 5 to 7 months - 2 capsules from 8 to 9 months - 3 capsules a day. The drug is especially effective for iron deficiency anemia, the development of which can lead to a decrease in the intake of iron from food, a violation of its absorption, multiple pregnancy, prolonged breastfeeding
Slide 12
Dentist
To achieve the maximum effect, it is necessary to undergo medical examination of women throughout the entire period of pregnancy and to coordinate the work of a gynecologist and a dentist, to whom a woman should be referred when she first visits an antenatal clinic. In the dental office it is necessary to organize: training in rational oral hygiene with controlled teeth cleaning, assistance in the selection of basic and additional hygiene products; sanitation of the oral cavity; professional hygiene; carrying out remineralizing therapy in order to increase the resistance of tooth enamel.
Slide 13
Promotion of medical knowledge
Of particular importance is the organization of educational work on the prevention of dental diseases and motivation for caring for children's teeth immediately after their eruption. In addition, dental education should include: promotion of breastfeeding until the child reaches 12 months of age, recommendations for limiting sugar in the diet of children (up to 20 g per day), rules for using a pacifier. The implementation of a complex of therapeutic and prophylactic measures undoubtedly improves the state of the dental health level of both the mother and the unborn child.
Slide 14
Scheme for the prevention of dental diseases in pregnant women:
TACTICS. Obstetrician-gynecologist At the first visit to the antenatal clinic, refer the woman to the dentist. Explain the need for training in rational oral hygiene, dental treatment, and professional hygiene.
Slide 15
DENTIST 1. Examination of the oral cavity, individual recommendations for dental care. 2. Teaching rational oral hygiene. 3. Professional hygiene at intervals of 2-3 months. 4. Motivation of women to take care of children's teeth immediately after their teething. 5. Recommendations for limiting sugar in the diet of children to 20 g per day and the use of pacifiers.
Tips on how to make a good presentation or project presentation
- Try to involve the audience in the story, set up interaction with the audience with leading questions, playful part, do not be afraid to joke and sincerely smile (where appropriate).
- Try to explain the slide in your own words, add additional interesting facts, you don't just need to read the information from the slides, the audience can read it themselves.
- No need to overload your project slides with text blocks, more illustrations and a minimum of text will allow you to better convey information and attract attention. The slide should contain only the key information, the rest is better to tell the audience orally.
- The text should be well readable, otherwise the audience will not be able to see the information being presented, will be greatly distracted from the story, trying to make out at least something, or will completely lose all interest. To do this, you need to choose the right font, taking into account where and how the presentation will be broadcast, and also choose the right combination of background and text.
- It is important to rehearse your presentation, think about how you greet the audience, what you say first, how you finish your presentation. All comes with experience.
- Choose the right outfit, because The speaker's clothing also plays a big role in the perception of his speech.
- Try to speak confidently, fluently, and coherently.
- Try to enjoy the performance so you can be more relaxed and less anxious.
Slide 1
Sanitation of the oral cavity in children and its role in the prevention of dental diseases. Clinical examination of the child population at the dentist.Slide 2
SECONDARY PREVENTION 1. Early early detection of the first signs of the disease in the oral cavity 2. Application of traditional methods of treating diseases (therapeutic, surgical) in order to prevent their progression.
Slide 3
The main groups of secondary prevention measures 1. National: Rehabilitation of the oral cavity of children and adolescents Rehabilitation of pregnant women Clinical examination of the child population 2. Individual: Regular removal of dental plaque Treatment of gingivitis Treatment of initial forms of caries Surgical and orthodontic measures Physiotherapy
Slide 4
The sanitation system is a regular examination after a certain time and sanitation of the oral cavity. Treatment of all teeth affected by caries and its complications (permanent and temporary). Removal of supra- and subgingival dental plaque. Replacement of irrational fillings Removal of damaged teeth and roots that cannot be treated. Treatment of periodontal and oral mucosa diseases Identification and treatment in the early stages of malocclusion
Slide 5
The planned rehabilitation should cover the entire child population. Rehabilitation is carried out at least once a year, professional examinations 2 times a year. Rehabilitation should include the full range of measures for each child. Planned rehabilitation is accompanied by an analysis of morbidity, study of the dynamics of morbidity, taking into account the effectiveness of measures. Hygienic education of children, the formation of their oral care skills.
Slide 6
Reorganization forms 1. Individual 2. One-time 3. Planned Remediation methods 1. Centralized 2. Decentralized
Slide 7
1. Centralized Pros: Possibility of carrying out additional survey methods. The presence of junior and middle honey. staff. Possibility of carrying out physiotherapy. Consultation of dentists of other specialties. Possibility of removing temporary teeth Cons: The need to accompany children for sanitation Separation of schoolchildren from school The child gets tired, waiting for an appointment
Slide 8
Decentralized Pros: 100% coverage of sanitation Students do not break away from classes No need to transport children and their accompaniment Doctor is not limited in time There is an opportunity to carry out sanitary and educational work Cons: There is no possibility of additional examination methods and physiotherapy Impossibility of removal There is no possibility of consulting other specialists Insufficient equipment possible.
Slide 9
Documentation 1. Rehabilitation card, form # 267 Life history, child's health, oral hygiene, fills in the dental formula. 2. Log book of the work of a dentist Daily work record 3. Monthly report of the work of a dentist
Slide 10
Quantitative indicators of sanitation 1. Percentage of children in need of sanitation out of the number of examined children 2. Number of missing teeth per 1000 children 3. Sanitation coverage: number of sanitized / number in need of sanitation x 100% 4. Coverage of sanitation of patients with uncomplicated caries 5 Rehabilitation coverage of patients with complicated caries treated in one visit. 6. The number of cases of complicated caries in temporary teeth, permanent teeth per 1000 children 7. The number of UET performed by a doctor per day
Slide 11
Qualitative indicators of sanitation 1. Duration of treatment 2. Timeliness of treatment 3. Completeness of treatment 4. Outcomes of treatment
Slide 12
Clinical examination is a method of medical and sanitary services for the population, including a complex of health-improving measures.This is a method of dynamic monitoring of the health of a practically healthy population and patients with chronic diseases
Slide 13
Clinical examination of children in the first 3 years of life. 1. Healthy children. 2. Healthy children, but with risk factors for caries. 3. Children with malformations of dental tissues: hypoplasia, dental caries, formed by 3 years of malocclusion.
Slide 14
Preschoolers and schoolchildren 1. healthy children who do not have dental caries and risk factors for its development 2. healthy children with risk factors for the development of caries 3. children who have damage to hard dental tissues, have caries, risk factors for its development, KPU \u003d 1-4 4 .the presence of caries, the presence of risk factors for caries, KPU \u003d 5-7 5.the presence of caries, its complications, KPU\u003e 8 The defeat of immune zones by caries, the presence of foci of demineralization, an increase in caries per year 3 or more
Problem situation The expectant mother turned to the dentist for a preventive examination. From the anamnesis: 1 pregnancy, weeks, notes the presence of morning sickness, refusal to take meat products. For a period of 7-8 weeks, she suffered from ARVI. I did not take any medications. Notes bleeding gums when brushing teeth.
Among the key risk factors for caries in early childhood is early infection of the baby. The main source of infection is usually the mother and other family members who are in close contact with the child. Therefore, the dental status of the mother (including during pregnancy) must be taken into account when assessing the risk of dental caries in young children.
Pregnant women have one of the highest risks of major dental diseases - dental caries and inflammatory periodontal disease. In the physiological course of pregnancy, the prevalence of dental caries is 91.4 ± 0.7%, periodontal tissue diseases occur in 90% of cases, damage to previously intact teeth (with a predominantly acute course of the carious process) - in 38% of pregnant patients
The emergence of these problems is associated with quite specific reasons: Changes in hormonal levels during pregnancy leads to impaired blood circulation in the oral mucosa. The clinical signs of gingivitis are clearly correlated with blood progesterone levels at this time. changes in the tone of the autonomic nervous system and vascular pathologies in the gums associated with impaired calcium metabolism, hypovitaminosis C, A, E and disorders of the function of the parathyroid glands.
Local factors. Changes in the composition of dental plaque are observed: periodontal pathogenic species of bacteria (Prevotella intermedia, Bacteroides subspecies, etc.) are more common, which can replace the naphthoquinone, an important food product for their vital activity, with hormones found in significant quantities in the gingival fluid during pregnancy. Soreness and bleeding of the gums aggravates the situation. As a rule, this causes pregnant women to stop brushing their teeth and eating solid foods. This leads to the deposition of dental plaque, deterioration of the hygienic state of the oral cavity and, as a consequence, to the progression of pathological processes in the periodontium and the development of dental caries.
During pregnancy, the need for nutrients, vitamins and minerals always increases, including two to four times the need for calcium. However, very often pregnant women are deficient in this essential trace element. And the child takes calcium, which is necessary for the formation of the skeleton, from the mother's body. Lack of calcium in the mother's blood leads to the activation of the process of resorption of its own bones, which contributes to their increased fragility and deformation. Bone tissue of the upper and lower jaws is among the first to suffer. The alveolar processes that create the tooth socket lose calcium, which ultimately contributes to the development of periodontitis. Teeth also lose calcium.
Often calcium deficiency occurs against the background of chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, which interfere with the natural process of absorption of this trace element. That is why the lack of calcium cannot always be eliminated with the help of a balanced diet or taking special vitamin and mineral complexes. Toxicosis, accompanied by vomiting, constant nausea and lack of appetite, also lead to a decrease in the intake of calcium in the body of a pregnant woman.
The growth of pathogenic microflora is also facilitated by the development of immunosuppression in the body of a pregnant woman, which makes her more susceptible to the development of pathological processes, including in the oral cavity. It is known that these diseases are dangerous not only for the teeth, but also for the woman's body as a whole, as well as for the unborn child. Dental and periodontal pathologies are chronioseptic foci, from which microorganisms and their metabolic products spread throughout the woman's body, causing complications of pregnancy.
In pregnant women with hidden foci of infection, fetal infection is observed in 30% of cases. In addition, the presence of dental caries in the mother means an increased risk for the child. Close contact between mother and baby in the first months of life leads to infection of the child with maternal microorganisms. As a result, caries often develops on the very first erupting teeth of the baby. Therefore, it is very important to monitor a pregnant woman, examine her for predisposition to major dental diseases, early detection and treatment of dental caries and inflammatory periodontal diseases, as well as professional oral hygiene and specific preventive measures.
During pregnancy, a woman should be examined by a dentist at least four times - at 6-8, 16-18, and weeks. When risk factors for the development of major dental diseases are identified (aggressive microflora of the oral cavity, a significant decrease in the remineralizing properties of saliva, etc.), the number of examinations increases.
It is very important for the expectant mother to maintain a high level of oral hygiene. Therefore, the main task of the dentist is to teach rational oral hygiene with controlled tooth cleaning and individual selection of hygiene products. Due to the high risk of developing major dental diseases, they should have the maximum anti-carious and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as be safe for the mother and her unborn child.
During visits to the dentist, a woman is given professional oral hygiene, as well as several courses of remineralizing therapy are performed or prescribed. The theoretical justification for the use of the remineralization method in the prevention and treatment of caries is the preservation of the protein matrix in the tooth enamel in the early stages of caries (caries in the stain stage), the collagen proteins of which, interacting with calcium ions and phosphates, contribute to the formation of properly organized nuclei of crystallization
Studies carried out at TsNIIS using immobilized alkaline phosphatase have demonstrated that in the presence of calcium glycerophosphate, the remineralization process proceeds most successfully. Therefore, the drug of choice for remineralizing therapy in pregnant women can be remineralizing gel R.O.C.S. Medical Minerals containing calcium glycerophosphate and magnesium chloride.
But only this should not be limited to visits to the dentist. Even before the appearance of the baby, the mother needs to learn how to care for his oral cavity, temporary and permanent teeth, as well as learn about those preventive measures that will keep the child's teeth healthy.
It is known that in the physiological course of pregnancy, the prevalence of caries is 91.4%, periodontal disease occurs in 90% of cases, damage to previously intact teeth, mainly with an acute course of the carious process - in 38% of patients.
Secondary caries, the progression of the carious process, enamel hyperesthesia are found in 79% of pregnant women, while the growth rate of caries is 0.83%. A clinical feature of the course of the carious process in pregnant women is its rapid spread not only along the periphery, but also deep into the tooth tissues, which in a short time leads to the development of complicated caries.
By the end of the second half of pregnancy, periodontal tissue damage is 100%. In pregnant women, the increased sensitivity of intact teeth to chemical, thermal and mechanical stimuli is determined. With toxicosis in the second half of pregnancy, the prevalence of caries increases to 94.0%, and the intensity of the lesion depends on the severity of the toxicosis.
The purpose of the prevention of dental caries and periodontal disease in pregnant women: to improve the dental status of women, to carry out antenatal prevention of dental caries in children. Measures to prevent dental diseases during pregnancy should be organized taking into account the severity of dental diseases and the course of pregnancy.
Factors disrupting the full-fledged formation of the dentoalveolar system: the presence of extragenital pathology in the mother; complications of pregnancy (toxicosis of the first and second half); stressful situations during pregnancy; diseases of newborns and infants; early artificial feeding.
The main sources of vitamins should be food, as well as taking multivitamin preparations - "Dekamevit", "Undevit", "Gendevit", etc. Multivitamin preparation with mineral additives "Pregnovit" containing vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6 hydrochloride, B12 cyano complex, calcium pantothenic acid, iron furamate, anhydrous calcium phosphate. From 32 weeks of pregnancy, it is necessary to prescribe vitamin D3 in order to prevent dental caries.
Pregnavit is prescribed in the following dosages: up to 4 months of pregnancy - 1 capsule, from 5 to 7 months - 2 capsules, from 8 to 9 months - 3 capsules per day. The drug is especially effective in iron deficiency anemia, the development of which can lead to a decrease in the intake of iron from food, a violation of its absorption, multiple pregnancies, prolonged breastfeeding.
When carrying out preventive and therapeutic dental measures in pregnant women, it is necessary to take into account that a woman should be in a semi-sitting position, since the horizontal position provokes an increase in intra-abdominal pressure in combination with relaxation of the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, clinically manifests itself as heartburn, nausea, vomiting, sternum pain ... Manipulations should be carried out under the control of heart rate, heart rate, blood pressure, changes in which are possible at the reception and are caused by psycho-emotional stress associated with a visit to the dentist and expectation of pain.
39
Astrological predictions for other signs
Fortune telling to find out "Do he like me
How to tell fortunes whether there will be improvements in a career
Alignment for unclear situations
Predicting the fate of a person